A.

BIỂU ĐỒ SỐ LIỆU (LINE-BAR-PIE-TABLE-MIXED CHARTS)

II. TEMPLATE
1. Introduction

The graph below shows acid rain emissions from four different sectors in the UK
S V O place
between 1990 and 2007.
time

S(1) + V(1) + O + place +time

1. S (name of the The line/pie/bar graph/chart, the table

chart/graph) The given/provided/shown + graph/chart
2. V Show = describe = illustrate
Compare = Make a comparison
Give information about/on
Demonstrate/Elucidate
3. Data The rate/proportion/ratio/percentage/(portion)
The number of = the quantity of
The production of A = the amount/number of A
produced (how much/many A was produced)
Namely, including, ...
4. Place In the UK, Italy, Germany and France respectively
= in four different countries/nations
= in four European countries
5. Time A continual period between…and… /from…to…
= over a period of … years, beginning/starting in …
Over a period of 17 years, beginning in 1990
In separate years:
In the two years … and …
In two separate years … and …
 In the years … and …
In 2007:
= In the year 2007
= In the separate year 2007

2. Overview
Có xu hướng: 1 câu overall trend + 1 câu highest lowest
Không có xu hướng: 1 câu highest + 1 câu lowest
Overall, there was an upward/a downward trend in the ... of A, B and C.
Overall
Overall, there was an upward trend in the ...of A, B and C, despite some
trend
fluctuations in the middle years.
Overall, there was an upward trend in the ...of almost of ..., except for that of D
The figure for A was constantly/always the highest/lowest
Highest A constantly had the highest/lowest figure
Lowest A had the most significant growth/decrease
+ while the opposite was recorded in the figure for B

3. Body
a. Pie/bar
Theo thời gian:
Số liệu luôn lớn/nhỏ nhất
Số liệu thay đổi nhiều/ít nhất
Số liệu có sự thay đổi giống/khác nhau nhất (đều tăng, đều giảm, cái giảm cái tăng)
Số liệu năm này gấp năm trước bao nhiêu lần
Không có thời gian:
Đối tượng luôn lớn nhất/nhỏ nhất
Đối tượng giống/khác nhau nhất
Đối tượng của này gấp số liệu của đối tượng kia bao nhiêu lần, ...
Cách 1: Mỗi body phân tích 1 năm, body 2 phải có sự so sánh
Cách 2: Chia theo nhóm
Body 1: Flat-screen TV tăng nhiều nhất, Mobile phone + Tablet (đều tăng tầm 1-%)
Body 2: Conventional TV giảm nhiều nhất, Laptop + Desktop (đều giảm tầm < 10%)

Body 1: Everyday + Never + A few times a year số liệu thay đổi gần giống nhau,
2006+2013 = nhau còn 2003 thì lớn hơn hoặc nhỏ hơn
Body 2: Several times a week(1)+Once a week(2)+Once or twice a month (3) dao động
giữa các năm khác nhau nhất, (1) và (2) tăng rồi giảm, (3) giảm rồi tăng
b. Line
Đối tượng luôn cao/thấp nhất, xu hướng luôn tăng/giảm, các đối tượng xu hướng
giống/khác nhau (tăng, giảm), dao động nhiều nhất

Cách 1: Chia theo giai đoạn (1967-1987; 1987-2007)

Cách 2: Chia theo nhóm đối tượng
Body 1: Italy và Portugal có xu hướng tăng gần như nhau
Body 2: United Kingdom có xu hướng ngược lại là giảm dần, Sweden dao động nhiều
nhất
c. Table

Body 1: make calls luôn cao nhất và không thay đổi nhiều, play music luôn thấp nhất.
Take photos và send & receive text messages tăng dần đều

Body 2: search the internet (1) và record video (2) ko có data năm đầu, tăng nhiều 2 năm sau,
(1) gấp hơn 2 lần (2). play games tăng nhiều năm thứ 2 nhưng giảm 1 năm cuối.

*Mixed charts
Line + bar/pie/table
Bar + line/pie/table
Pie + line/bar/table
Table + line/bar/pie
Introduction
The (bar/pie chart/line graph/table) illustrates/gives information about/depicts … (biểu
đồ 1) and/while the (bar/pie chart/line graph/table) provides information
about/describes/compares … (biểu đồ 2) + thời gian + địa điểm

Overview
Các nhóm thông tin: số liệu cao/thấp nhất, sự chênh lệch giữa các số liệu, xu hướng (nếu
biểu đồ có sự thay đổi về thời gian)
Cách 1: Overall, (it can be seen that)… (biểu đồ 1). In addition, … (biểu đồ 2).
Cách 2: Overall, so sánh/miêu tả song song số liệu nổi bật của 2 biểu đồ.

Body
Body 1: With regard to the (bar/pie chart/line graph/table), …
-> phân tích số liệu nổi bật của biểu đồ 1
Body 2: Regarding/Concerning the (bar/pie chart/line graph/table), …
-> phân tích số liệu nổi bật của biểu đồ 2

II. VOCABS
1. Trends

2. Proximate figures

around, about, roughly, approximately, nearly, just over, just under, more than,
less/fewer than, between ... and ...
3. Describing percentages

50% = ½ = a half, 33% = 1/3 = a third, 25% = ¼ = a quarter

66% = 2/3 = two thirds, 75% = ¾ = three quarters
10%, 20% = 1/10, 2/10 = one in ten, two in ten

76% = seventy – six percent = roughly three quarters = under eight in ten

4. Describing figures
a. Comparison

In comparison with A, which V, (that for) B + V

Ex: In comparison with the figure for the US, which decreased exponentially by three-fifths
from 10M, that for China increased steadily from 2M to 4M.

A & B (follow broadly similar/opposite trends/patterns)/(share similar/opposite

figures,) + with the former Ving & the latter Ving

Ex: The figure for the US and that for China followed opposite trends, with the former
decreasing exponentially by three-fifths from 10M and the latter increasing steadily from 2M to
4M.
Ex: The figure for the Us and that for China followed broadly similar patterns, increasing by
around 2M and 3M, respectively.

Double, triple (quadruple, quintuple, …) (verb)

A twofold/threefold rise/decrease (noun phrase)
Two-folds/three-folds/… as much/many as (adjectives)

Ex: The number of visitors going to the coast nearly doubled at the end of the period, from 40
thousand in 1987 to nearly 75 thousand in 2007.
The number of visitors going to the coast witnessed a twofold rise at the end of the period, from 40
thousand in 1987 to nearly 75 thousand in 2007
The figure for visitors going to the coast, which stood at nearly 75 thousand in 2007, was two-folds as
much as that for visitors going to the city.

Making a discrepancy/disparity/gap/difference of + figure

 Such a discrepancy was even more pronounced/significant/remarkable in the case of…

Ex: The amount of money made by male professionals was $2000, while that by their female
counterparts was $1900, making a discrepancy of $100 per month.
Such a disparity was even more pronounced in the case of Service Workers, with men earning
$1300 a month and women earning $350 fewer, at $950 a month.
b. Single figures

A consistently rank (first/second/…) in

A was constantly highest except for (time) when it was
exceeded/surpassed/outnumbered by B
A was the highest from … to …, then B took up its position to become top 1.
Ex: It’s also worth noting that, the USA consistently ranked first in terms of oil consumption.
The USA’s oil consumption was the highest from 2000 to 2005, then that of the UK took up its position
to become top 1.

A overtook B to become the most preferable/common/popular/prevale N among …

Ex: The age group 35-64 overtook the group of 15-34 NewZealander to become the demographic
experiencing the largest growth in population.
Ex: In addition, the percentage of Australian exports to Japan was always the highest until it
was surpassed by that of China in 2007 / Japan had always been the biggest Australian
export market until it was outperformed by China in 2007.

S+V, followed by N
Ex: From 2009 to 2015, the figure for the US remained stable at 10M, followed by an
exponential decline to 4M in 2020.

S+V before/after Ving

Ex: From 2009 to 2015, the figure for the US remained stable at 10M before declining
significantly to 4M in 2020.
 S increase by a factor of (number): tăng lên gấp mấy lần

B. PROCESS
I. TEMPLATE
Introduction: The diagram depicts/pictures the process by which N is produced/made/done (tea
is made, a car is produced, …)
Overview: Overall, there are … main steps/stages/phases in the process/N pass through
(number) distinct steps/stages/phrases, beginning with … and finishing with …
*Nếu bài có 2 process, chỉ cần giới thiệu mỗi process có bao nhiêu bước, dùng từ nối “while”
Ex: There are five main steps in the process of producing milk while only three stages are
required to store it after that.
The first stage:
Firstly, First of all, In the first stage, At the beginning
Middle stages:
Next, then, after that,
In the following stage
At this point/At the same time
Just before the final step/stage/phase

Last stage:
Finally/In the final step
The process ends when/with

Conclusion (optional):
the cycle repeats itself/ start again
the life cycle takes/lasts … days/weeks/…
normally live for … to … weeks/ months/ years

II. VOCABS
1. Manufacturing process
a. Verbs
 Solid liquid gas
- squeeze - cool down - expand
- wind - condense - heat up
- reverse - move/flow - be fuelled by
- shrink - evaporate - compress
- collect - circulate - burn
- accumulate - flow into - release/send out
- unwind - pour into - ignite
- fade - filter out
- bend - lead to
- fold - melt
- harden
- press
- grind
- unfold
- soften
- separate
- combine
- pile up

b. Structures
to transform sth into sth
to obtain sth by doing sth
to be mixed with
to be picked by hand/manually
to be sold to …
to be packaged

2. Natural process
a. Nature
- circulation: the circulation of water in nature
- evaporation: There are three main stages in this process, beginning with the
evaporation of water and the formation of a cloud.
- intrusion: The next step shows the water‘s journey after falling to the ground, and the
process ends with salt water intrusion.
- condensation: a cloud is formed by the condensation of water vapor.
b. Animals
Lay eggs -> begin life as eggs -> hatch within (3) to (5) days -> hatch into/ emerge = appear ->
grow to adult size/ grow to maturity/ turn into an adult/make it to the adult stage
Description:
to be termed…/ to be commonly called…
to be … cm in length/ to be … long
vary in size/colors/shapes
grow quickly in size/ double in size
moult several times
shed their old skin/ shed their outer layer
make mass migration across long distances
build their nests in trees/ on the ground
C. MAP
I. TEMPLATE
Introduction:
The diagram illustrates/depicts/pictures some changes/transformations/modifications
which have taken place in (map place) over a (number) year period between/from...to
The drawing gives a bird’s eye view of (map place) experiencing some changes/
transformations/modifications over a (number) year period between/from...to
Overview:
It is clear that the … has changed considerably with the main developments are that the
introduction/development/reconstruction/relocation/expansion/... of ...
II. VOCABS
1. Location
At, in, on, beside
To the left/right, on the right/left side of
In the top left/right corner of, In the bottom left/right corner of
In the top centre of, in the centre of, in the bottom centre of
 North, east, south, west
To the N/S/W/E of the ...
At the Southeast/... corner of

Perpendicular to: vuông góc

(The main road is perpendicular to the train station)
Clockwise: theo chiều kim đồng hồ >< Anticlockwise
Moving in a clockwise direction from the hospital, we can see the new car park.
Adjacent to = next to
A drinks machine adjacent to the refrigerator
2. Noun
a. Area
Area = zone
Site = place = location
Outlying area: Khu vực xa trung tâm
Reclaimed land: đất cải tạo
Suburb(s): ngoại ô - in a suburb/in the suburbs
Outskirts: vùng ngoại ô - in/on the outskirts
Housing area = residential area = sleeping area
Town center/ city center/ downtown
Pedestrianized area/ traffic-free zone
b. Landscape
Bay: Vịnh
Harbour: Cảng
Archipelago: quần đảo
Canal: kênh
Canyon: hẻm núi
Hedge: hàng rào/bờ giậu
Tributary: nhánh sông
Valley: thung lũng
 Field/ farm/ meadow: cánh đồng/trang trại/đồng cỏ
Forest/ woodland: Rừng
Inland: Nội địa, sâu trong đất liền
Coast/ coastline/ seaside: bờ biển
c. Traffic
Path = way: Đường
Rail tracks: Đường ray
Bypass: Đường vòng
Crossroad = intersection = junction: giao lộ/ngã ba
Pavement/sidewalk: Vỉa hè
Roundabout: Vòng xuyến
Roadside: Lề đường

d. Infrastructure
Accommodation/ accommodations/ housing/ residential building
Block of flats/ apartment buildings/ condo/ condominium
Shopping center/ (shopping) mall
Car park/ parking lot
3. Verb
Trees and Forests: clear, cut down, remove (X)
plant
Buildings: demolish, knock-down, flatten (X)
built, construct, develop, extend, expand
Roads, bridges: remove (X)
construct, built, extend, expand
Leisure facilities: open, set up, develop

4. Phrases/structures
a. General changes
Great changes are evident if we look…
There was a (significant) relocation/rearrangement in terms of sth
There is a noticeable lack of…
There is a mix of natural and manmade…
The most noticeable feature is the contrast between the Western…
The map(s) also show that changed were made to … area (s)
Some major changes include …
b. Existence:
A positioned/situated/located + location
Ex: The fountain positioned in the center of the park
A occupying + location
Ex: The fountain occupying the center of the park
There is a range of (transport connections), namely…
There was a cluster of (facilities)
Adding extra information:
A is situated in the northeast of the town, just behind the housing area.
A is located in the northeast of B, which has a lot of population.
A is located in the center of the town, which has a railway running through it from north
to south.
c. Appearance:
Some physical structures/features that have been added are …
The new facilities on/in … include …
d. Disappearance:
A was no longer present/exist in …
A had vanished, (replaced by N)
e. Replacement:
Location, S+V, which necessitated the removal of N
Ex: In the center of the park, a rose garden has been constructed, which necessitated the
removal of the fountain
Location, N1 has been removed in favour of N2
Ex: In the center of the park, the fountain has been removed in favour of a rose garden
surrounded by seats
Location, where there was …, S+V
Ex: In the middle of the park, where there was a fountain, a rose garden has been built
Take up the space of
Make way/room for
Pave the way for
At the expense of
Allow for
Develop/convert/transform + into

f. Relocation:
A was relocated to a position where it is …
There used to be A + location, but it was then repositioned to …
g. Expansion:
To be enlarged in a (north/south/west/east)ly direction
To be extended towards the left/right
h. Unchanged:
A(and B, …) managed to evade this sweeping transformation
Remained at the same location
Remained unchanged/intact over the given period