AREA I (Research) Q1

The Research Process ----- is a simple means of effectively locating information in research project, an oral
presentation, or something else assigned by your professor. Because research is a process, you will need to allow ample
time to refine or change topic.
1. Identification and definition of a research problem- the first thing a researcher does id identify and clearly define
the problem to be studied first, it is stated in a form of question, which serves as the focus of the investigation.
The problem definition must show how that the problem needs serious attention because many people
are on will be affected by it, it is very important for the researcher to present a valid justification for the conduct
of the study. It must show that answers to the researcher questions are not yet available. To do so, the
definition should present relevant data from services statistics and related literature.
It is crucial that the research team identifies, understands and defines the problem in its entire
capacity, as it affects all the subsequent activities involved in the research process.
2. Statement of the Research Problem- According to Frankel and Wallen, !996 a research problem should possess
essential characteristics: it should be relevant, feasible, clear and ethical.
A research problem must be relevant. The problem must be timely and relevant. It must be of interest to
the one of interest to the one investigating it. It should yield answers that will contribute to knowledge
and development. To determined whether a possible problem is relevant or not, one should consider
the following answer: will answer to the researcher questions help advance knowledge , can answer to
the researchers questions help in improving practices/behaviors/performance and will answers to the
researcher problems improve human condition.
A researcher problem must be feasible. A research problem can only be investigated if resources like
time, money and personnel are available. A research problem must be relevant but if funds are not
available and there are no skilled researcher or tools for data gathering then it would be not feasible to
conduct it.
A research problem must be clear. It must be clearly stated so that what is being investigated is made
clear. Major variables of the study should be measureable and must be specified in the problem
statement . The use of ambiguous terms must be avoided.
A research problem must be ethical. The conduct of the study should not pose any danger,
embarrassment, hurt or any risk to the research respondents or subjects or any one. Information
needed t answer the right questions of the sources of information. The respondent privacy must
therefore be protected. They should be informed about the purpose of the study and be given the right
to consent or refuse to participate in the study.
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework Formulation
Research Framework- a problem exist because certain reasons. Even if the cause or causes of a problem
cannot pinpointed, its existence may be discussed by examining certain patterns that relate to the
problem situation.
Theoretical Framework(Mercado 1994)- Presents a theory that explain why a problem under study exist
and explains the connection between certain factors and the problem. The choice of theory depends on
the number and nature of variables and the relationship being examined. The theoretical framework
provides the general framework which can guide data analysis and it identifies the variables to be
measured.
The purpose of a problem statement is to: Introduce the reader to the importance of the topic being studied.
The reader is oriented to the significance of the study and the research questions or hypothesis to follow. Place the
problem into a particular context that defines the parameters of what is to be investigated. Provide the framework for
reporting the results and indicates what is probably necessary to conduct the study and explain how the findings will
present information.

3. Operational Definition of Variables- is a result of the process of operationalization and is issued to define
something(e.g. a variable, term, or object) in terms of a process ( or set of validation test)needed to determine its
existence, duration, and quantity. Since the degree of operationalization can vary itself, it can result in a more or less
operational definition. The procedures included in definitions should be repeatable by anyone or at least by peers.

4. Hypothesis Formulation-The hypothesis is a tentative solution of a problem. The research activities are planned to
verify the hypothesis and not to find out solution of the problem or o seek an answer of a question. It is very essential to
search worker understand the meaning and nature of hypothesis and assumption and postulate , function and
importance of hypothesis, kind of hypothesis, and formulate hypothesis.
In writing hypothesis, one must remember the following, It must be written in simple understandable language,
must focus on the variables and one must keep in mind the distinction between independent variables and
dependent variables.
[Link] Appropriate Research Design- A research design is the blue print of the study. It guides the collection
measurement and analysis of data. (Coujur and Schinder 2001)
Choosing a good research requires a good design, the use of an appropriate design minimizes the
occurrence of error in the conduct of the study and in the conclusions drawn from the body. Before the researcher is
implemented, the researcher must be already be able to determine the research design intended to use: experimental
or non-experimental design.
A research design is a plan for answering a research question, a plan for testing the hypothesis. The
design researchers choose depends on the research question and hypothesis, and ultimately, their goal for the research.
Research design is one of the most important steps in the research process.
6. Identification of the Target Population and Sampling- Once the research design has been chosen, identify the target
population and sampling. Production in research refers to the total number of elements to be studied. Target population
is the population for which representative information is desired. Sampling is the process of choosing a representative
portion of a population or some elements in population that represents the whole population.

7. Data Collection- Data refer to any kind of information researches obtain on the subject, respondents or participants
of a study. In research, data are collected and used to answer the research questions or objectives of the study. The
choice of the best way to collect data depends largely on the type of data collected and the source of the data. Before
starting to collect data, a researcher should decide; what data to collect, where of from whom data will be obtained and
what instruments or devices to use in collecting data. The two most common means of collecting primary quantitative
information are the self administered questionnaire and the structured interview. Quantitative information may also be
collected from secondary sources and service statistics.
One of the most important stage in conducting research. You can have the best research design in the world but
if you cannot collect required data you will not be able to complete your project. Data collection is a very demanding job
which needed thorough hard work, patience, perseverance and more able to complete the task successfully. Data
collection starts with determining what kind of data required followed by the selection of a sample from a certain
population. After that instruments to collect the data selected sample.
This includes:
Preparation of Research Instrument- before the group can collect any data, the researchers will need to
design research instruments; tools they will use to collect data.
Reliability Testing and Validation- Validity refers to the appropriateness, meaningfulness and usefulness
of inferences a researcher makes on the data they collect. The instrument is valid when it measures what it intend to
measures, the researcher should make sure an instrument serves the purpose for which it is collected.
Question Administration/Interview- studies which obtain data by interviewing people or by
administering questionnaires are called surveys. When the people interviewed or asked to respond to questionnaire are
representative sample of a larger population, such studies are called sample surveys.
Quality Control

8. Data Processing- is a set of procedures of categorizing, organizing and preventing data in suitable forms that will
make data meaningful to the researcher and suggest what statistical analysis need to be done so that these can be
correctly interpreted.
5 Steps in Data Processing
1. Editing- it is done on accomplished questionnaires/ interview schedule to discover omissions,
inconsistencies of information, error and omissions should be remedial before data are encoded.
There is a big difference between data and useful data. While there are huge volumes of data available on
the internet, useful data has to be extracted from huge volume of the same. Extracting relevant data is one
of the core procedures of data processing. When data has been accumulated from the various sources. It is
edited in order to discard the inappropriate data and retain relevant data.
2. Coding- is the process of converting all possible responses categories to a questions to unique numerical
code. The codes may be marked on the questionnaire/interview schedule, or written in a specially prepared
coding sheet, the codes are usually defined in a coding manual. Even after the editing process, the available
data is not in any specific order. To make it more sensible and usable for further use, it needs to be aligned
into a particular system. The method of coding ensures just that and arranges data in a comprehendible
format. The process is also known as netting or bucketing.
3. Encoding and creating data files- when the raw data have been coded, data files are created. These data
are stored in a data sheet, then in a computer drive to facilitate retrieval processing and statistical
manipulation. Encoding allows the perceived item of use or interest to be converted into a construct that
can be stored within the brain and recalled later short term or long term memory.
4. Tabulation: Generating Data Summaries- Before statistical computation and analysis are performed,
initial descriptive tables per variable must be generated. Table allows the researcher to have a general
picture study population in terms of the variables to be studied. The outputs of the proven are single
variables, cross tabulations, graphs or charts and other outputs that will enable the research to have a
preliminary view of the findings. This preliminary view of the data will also allow the researcher to identify
and correct errors in coding and data entry.
 5. The final product is the data tabulated and arranged in a systematic format so that it can be further
analysed.

9. Data Analysis and Interpretation-

Data Interpretation- is the process of explaining the meaning of the data in a table with emphasis on the
highlights and rends shown by the data.
The purpose of data analysis and interpretation phase is to transform the data collected into credible
evidence about the development of the intervention and its performance.
This stage mainly include:
Statistical Analysis- the goal of the statistical analysis is to identify trends.
Interpretation- is the process of explaining the meaning of the data in a table with emphasis on the
highlights and trends shown by the data. It further explains the meaning of the data and relates the finding
to results of related studies and to the theoretical framework or conceptual; framework. Before
interpretation is made, however, the data must first be presented in reference to a table, graphics
or other form that make it easy for the researcher to see patterns, trends, relationship, which aids the
making of generalization.

10. Report Preparation and Information Dissemination- the researcher is not complete unless the findings of a study
are reported. Research becomes useful only when the results are communicated to possible users in a form that is
understandable and usable. Research results can be disseminated in many forms, the most common of which are the
thesis/dissertation, scientific papers and articles in research journals.

Q2
The eight point criteria by Good and Scates for Questionnaire Validation

Criteria for Validating Research Instrument( Good and Scates)

1. Are the questions on the subject?
In order to validate the personnel instrument, the topic to be asked should be related to the
subject. In most cases, the focus is on object questions which place the helping verb before the subject
followed by the main verb. However, there are also subject questions. Questions we ask to find out
about the subject. These questions are asked using “who, what’ and which.
2. Are the questions perfectly clear and unambiguous?
The questions should be stated in simple, clear and understandable. Avoid complex and
convoluted sentence constructions; double negatives, and idiomatic language that may be
difficult for students, especially international students to understand also, in multiple-choice
questions, avoid using absolute such as “never” or “always” which can lead to confusion.
3. Do the questions get at something stable, well considered, non-superficial and non-ephemeral but
something which is typical of the individual or of the situation?
The question should be consistent reliable and valid.
4. Do the questions pull or have extractive power that is it will be respondents to by a large enough
proportion of respondents?
The question should be suited to your respondents. It should be carefully selected.
5. Do the responses shown reasonable range of variation?
The responses should be suited within the range of respondents.
6. Is the information obtained consistent? Does it agree with what is shown?
The data collected should be coherent to the problem.
7. Are the items sufficiently inclusive?
The items in the test or questionnaire should be within the scope of problem.
8. Is there a possibility of using an external criterion to evaluate the questionnaire?
The use of criterion should not be limited when validating the questionnaire.
Q3

1. Independent Variable- is the condition that you change in an experiment. It is the variable that you control. It is
independent variable because its value does not depend on and is not affected by the state of any other variable
in the experiment.
2. Dependent Variable- is the condition that you measure in an experiment. You are assessing how it responds to a
change in the independent variable, so you can think of it as depending on the independent variable.
3. Intervening Variable- is one that occurs between the independent and dependent variables. It is caused by the
independent and dependent variable and is itself a cause of the dependent variable.
It facilitates a better understanding of the relationship between the independent and
dependent variables when the variables appear to not have a definite connection. They are studied by means of
operational definitions and have no existence apart.
4. Random sample- is a subset of individuals that are randomly selected from a population. Because researchers
usually cannot obtain data from every single person in a group, a smaller portion is randomly selected to
represent the entire group as a whole. The goal is to obtain a sample that is representative of the larger
population. To order or select in a random manner, as in a sample or experiment, especially in order to reduce
bias and interference caused by irrelevant variables.

5. Sampling- is concerned with the selection of a subset of individuals from within a statistical population to
estimate characteristics of the whole population. Each observation measures one or more properties (such as
weight, location, color) of observable bodies distinguished as independent objects or individuals. In survey
sampling, weights can be applied to the data to adjust for the sample design, particularly stratified sampling.
Results from probability theory and statistical theory are employed to guide practice.

6. Number of Entities (subject, etc.) in a subset of a population selected analysis. The number of units (persons,
animals, patients, specified circumstances, etc.) in a population to be studied. The sample size should be big
enough to have a high likehood of detecting a true difference between two groups.

7. Reliability- is the degree to which measurement instrument gives the same result each time that it is used,
assuming that the underlying thing being measured does not change. Reliability is measure of stability and
overall performance of a system collated during an extended period of time under various sets of test
conditions.

8. Validity- is the extent a concept, conclusion or measurement is well-founded and corresponds accurately to the
real world. The word valid is derived from the Latin word “Validus” meaning strong. The validity of the
measurement tool is considered to be the degree to which the tool measures what it claims to measure

9. Type I Error-- 0ccurs when the null hypothesis is falsely rejected. A type I error is the incorrect rejection of a
true null hypothesis (false positive). Is the incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis. Usually a type I error
leads one to conclude that a supposed effect or relationship exist when in fact it doesn’t.

10. Type II Error—is a failure to reject a false null hypothesis (a false negative). Also known as an error of the second
kind, occurs when the null hypothesis is false, but erroneously fails to be rejected. It is failing to assert what is
present, a miss. A type II error may be compared with a so-called false negative (where an actual hit was
disregarded by the test and as seen as a miss) in a test checking for single condition with a definite result of
true or false. A type II error is committed when we fail to believe in a truth.

Area II

1. A. Strategic Planning- is an organizations process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on
allocating resources to pursue this strategy. It may also extend to control mechanisms for the guiding
implementation of the strategy.

In Department of Education strategic planning is a management tool that helps our organization to improve its
performance by ensuring that we teachers are working to the same goal and by continuously adjusting the
 direction of DepEd to the changing environment on the basis of results obtained. Its purpose is to direct and
guide the implementers in making everyday choices about what actions should be taken in order to produce
expected results.

Strategic planning is very important to a school because it gives direction to the organization of the school. It
serves as guiding principle to the school It will be used to set priorities, focus energy and resources, strengthen
operations, ensures that employees and other stakeholders are working toward common goals, establish
agreement around intend outcomes/results, and assess and adjust organizations goals.
B. Theory- is an idea that is suggested or presented as possibly true but that is not known or proven true. It
is a systematic grouping of interrelated principles. Its task is to tie together, to give framework to significant
knowledge.
Principle is generally accepted truth which is based on experience and the available information. It is a
fundamental truth for what we believe truth in a given time. It is a belief that helps you know what is right and
wrong and that influence your actions. A fundamental source or basis of something.

These theories and principles in educational management helps or leads any group of people towards
the attainment of common objectives in any walk of life. In DepEd, theories and principles serves our guidelines
for the improvement and achievement of our organizational goal.
For example, theories and principles in educational management it is the sad reality of the
principles of accountability and transparency that are always stress to all government institution and
agencies should be operationalized in the performance and responsibilities at levels of government
offices but for some they are not committed and supportive.

It is the goal of educators to have good educational management. This allows things to be
organized and the students to learn more efficiently. For the administrator and supervisor, it is very
important to have good principle, because these will serve as his guide in his reflective thinking and in
his choice of program of activities.

2.A. The essence of leadership is individuality………..Agree? Disagree?

Agree, one of the important characteristics of an effective leader is to have the capacity t think
himself and act on his own understanding, values and beliefs rather than merely reflect and conform to
establish social norms. The true essence of leadership is indeed individuality. However, individuality
here does not means elf centeredness, as usually contrasted by collectivism as approved by those who
are group oriented, the true individual identifies himself with the whole society. He acts not for
approval but in order to discover his own creativity and motivates others to act in the same way.
Furthermore, individuality in leadership is the capacity to identify with wider aspirations, values and
potentials of other people, society or humanity with such kind of a leader’s attitude, there is no doubt
that people in an entire gain of and act in a manner that promotes progress.

B. Leadership
Leadership—is not management or directing. It is the ability to inspire or influence others
towards the leaders goal. Leadership is both research area and a practical skills, regarding the ability of
an individual or organization to “lead” or guide other individuals, teams or organizations. Leadership is
an ability, meaning a leader has a capacity to do something through talent and skill. Leadership is
adaptive, meaning that a leader makes adjustments.

C. Situational Leadership
Situational Leadership—is an approach that makes the assumption that leadership will look
different depending o what the situation requires and that no one approach will work effectively in all
environments.
According to situational leadership theory, a leader’s effectiveness in contingent on his ability
to modify his management behaviour to the level of his subordinates’ maturity or sophistication.
 The style a leader uses situational leadership is based upon combining levels of directive
behaviour and supportive behaviour. You can think of directive behaviour as an order and supportive
behaviour as providing support or guidance.

1. A. What do you mean by Administration by School Personnel?

Administration by School Personnel—can be defined as the effective recruitment, selection,
development and utilization of the manpower resources of an organization. The phase of
management concerned with the engagement and effective utilization of manpower to obtain
optimum efficiency of human resources. It emphasizes the principles and practices of Personnel
Management, with a focus on instructional staff and education as a whole. Administration of school
personnel is job centered and the nature of the work to be done makes a difference in administrative
functions, are always developed in reference to policies that have been established and jobs that have
to be done and effectiveness of administration is shown in the quality of job performances.
YES. This is necessary for the reason that good personnel make the quality school. A school
needs a well- trained and highly efficient teachers who represent several fields of specialization. A
school teacher should administer their personnel properly and in accordance to the chosen fields of
specialization for them to teach what they have mastered. Tact, sympathy, square dealing and all other
factors found in successful personnel administration must be used with the students, teachers and
employees rather than repressive disciplines.

B. Supervision

Supervision—is to watch others work to find the weak and strong points, solve the problems,
guiding, motivating and supporting them to achieve the objectives towards the goals of program or
project.
It is a process which provides an individual with the opportunity to clarify and resolve issues
and dilemmas presented by their clients and workplaces. It is widely used by human services workers
and teams. The supervision process has been found to reduce the risk of burn-out, enhance work
performance and increase job satisfaction. The purpose of the supervision process provide a safe,
supportive opportunity for individuals to engage in critical reflection in order to raise issues, explore
problems, and discover new ways of handling both the situation and oneself.
Generally, supervision contains elements of providing knowledge, helping to organize tasks,
enhance motivation, and monitoring activity and results; the amount of each element is varying in
different contexts.

2. A. Efficiency and Effectiveness

Efficiency—is the state or quality of being efficient. An accomplishment of or ability to
accomplish a job with a minimum expenditure of time and effort. Efficiency is about doing things in an
optimal way, for example doing it the fastest or in the least expensive way. It could be the wrong thing,
but it was done optimally while Effectiveness—is about doing the right task, completing activities and
achieving goals.
In contrast to efficiency, effectiveness is determined without reference to cost and, whereas
efficiency means “doing the thing right”, effectiveness means “doing the right thing”.
For example, the principal act in the school managing the faculty and staff and employing the
rules and regulations of the school.
To be an effective and efficient school administrator, he must set by examples to his
subordinates, learn to accept suggestions and be open minded. For example, efficiency will be
achieved by each person if he is given a specific task to do while effectiveness will be analysed by
comparing the result/ outcome to what is the standard. It is important to note that always effective. An
effective administrator produces at a high level while an efficient administrator produces quickly and
 intelligent. By combining effectiveness and efficiency, a school produces globally competitive
graduates. It is important note that what is efficacious is not always efficient, and what is efficient is
not always efficacious.

B. Administration

Administration—is defined as the act of managing duties, responsibilities, or rules. Refers to

the group of individuals who are in-charge of creating and enforcing rules and regulations, or those in
leadership positions who complete important tasks.
Administration is used to implement the policies, rules and techniques passed by management.
It is a job centered and the nature of the work to be done make a difference in administrative
functions, are always developed in reference policies that have been established and jobs that have to
be done and the effectiveness of administration is reflected in the quality of job performance.
3. A. Education should be directed towards effective learning situation. Why?

Education is the process of facilitating learning, knowledge, skills, beliefs and habits of people
being transferred to other people. Thus, education should be directed towards an effective learning
situation because the essence of genuine education is for a person to learn both theories and
application in a real score. In addition, a teacher for example, should be a key propeller in facilitating
the learning of students. Learners should be the primary focus of the teacher. The teacher should act
as flexible facilitator of learning. Through constant teaching and precise assessment to students, most
likely best result be achieved.

It develop students/ pupils’ desire and ability to think and learn about the world around them.
Further, to learn how to develop relationships that will enable students/pupils to work with their
peers, throughout their schooling and beyond. “Furthermore, to prepare our children for higher
education, teach them to navigate social interactions with peers from different backgrounds, and to
help them become tax paying members of society. It is to provide them with the building blocks to
figure out what they want to do with their lives and to spark their curiosity to learn more and to build
on the skills that they already have. In the case of the children with disabilities it is also to teach them
functional skills so that they can function on their own once they leave school behind and to potentially
obtain and keep a job for those that are high functioning.”

B. Path-Goal Theory

Path-Goal Theory—was founded by Robert J. House, believes that a leader’s behaviour is

contingent to employee satisfaction, employee motivation and employee performance. Path-Goal
Theory states that a good leader provides clear direction, sets high goals, gets involved in goal
achievement and supports his employees. The employees, as a result, will be a more satisfied and
productive team. It also states that employees will accept a leader’s direction if the employee believes
that there will be an immediate for future benefits that results from work.
The theory states that a leader's behavior is contingent to the satisfaction, motivation and
performance of her or his subordinates. Path–goal theory assumes that leaders are flexible and that
they can change their style, as situations require. The theory proposes two contingency variables, such
as environment and follower characteristics, that moderate the leader behavior-outcome relationship.
Environment is outside the control of the follower-task structure, authority system, and work
group. Environmental factors determine the type of leader behavior required if the follower outcomes
are to be maximized. Follower characteristics are the locus of control, experience, and perceived
ability. Personal characteristics of subordinates determine how the environment and leader are
interpreted. Effective leaders clarify the path to help their followers achieve goals and make the
journey easier by reducing roadblocks and pitfalls. Research demonstrates that employee
performance and satisfaction are positively influenced when the leader compensates for the
shortcomings in either the employee or the work setting. The theory is useful because it reminds
 leaders that their central purpose as a leader is to help subordinates define and reach their goals in an
efficient manner.

Area III

Area 3
1.
A. School Finance- school has an accounting focus. Provides clear and detailed explanations of financials flow of
the school includes the financial sources, financial, concerns, management, priorities of the school. Aside from funding
for school property, government money for state and integrated school comes in two main parcels: the salaries of all
teaches and support staff, this commonly called PS or personnel salaries and operational funding called maintenance
and other operating expenses or MOOE.
 B. Scope School Finance
1. MOOE- procurement of school supplies necessary in classroom teaching. Utilities and communication like
electric, water, and telephone expenses. Training activities that will address the school most critical needs to improved
learning outcomes, graduation rites expenses that should not exceed a cost of P250/graduating students, security and
janitorial services, minor school repairs and activities stated in the approved school year and in the annual
implementation plan of school.
2. PTA Fund- a must in every elementary and secondary school, the Parents Teachers Association (PTA) for the
purpose of providing a forum for the discussion of issues and solution of the school program. And ensure full support to
it. Providing solution to school expenses like activities of their children and school minor problems.

C. Major Function of school business management is designed to familiarized prospective principals with the
financial and business management function associated with school administration. Emphasis is placed on the
understanding of the structure of scope the total financing system, the structure of education finance in the Philippines,
the role and responsibility of the principal, and budget development and management.
2.
A. the budget preparation process begins with the completion and submitting of budget from budget holders or
cost centers to the finance office. The fiancé office collates the first draft budget for the attention of management
budget hearing are held after the first draft is prepared for budget holders to justify their request. The fiancé officers
complies the second draft in line with the budget hearing outcomes for the attention of senate through the estimate
committee. The final is then prepared after senates consideration for the board of trustee attention through the finance
and audit committee. The final copies of the budget are then entered into the finance office financial system and closely
monitored. At the start of every quarter of the financial year, budgets holder are notified budget of their budget
allocation for the period. Budget holders are expected to spend within their budget allocation.
B. savings- is the portion of income not spent on current expenditures.
Income- that an individual or business receives in exchange for providing a good or service or through investing
capital. Money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments.
Expenses- Money spent or cost incurred in an organization’s efforts to generate revenue. Representing the cost
of doing business.
C. Capital Outlay or Capital Expenditure Budget – is referred as amount of money needed to spend on capital
items or fixed assets such as land, buildings, roads, equipment, etc. that are projected to generate income in the future.
Capital expenditure to be budgeted include replacement, acquisition, or construction of plants and major equipment,
capital expenditure is plan prepared for individual capital expenditure projects.
-expenditures/appropriation for the payment/purchase of goods and services having a life expectancy extending beyond
the fiscal year which added to the assets of the local government until concerned and of value as determined by the
commissions on audit to be considered as such.
D. Annual Budget- A plan for an organization or company's expenditures for a fiscal year .
An annual budget is any budget that is prepared for a 12-month period. An annual budget outlines both
the income and expenditures that are expected to be received and paid over the coming year. Annual budgets
are used by individuals, corporations, governments and various other types of organizations.. Making an annual
budget involves balancing an organization's revenue or income with its expenses. A budget is in balance if
revenues equal expenditures, it is in deficit if the person or company must resort to borrowing to meet
expenses, and it is in surplus if money is left over to be used for savings or expansion.
E. Long Range Financial Budget- is a strategy tool to help the business consider revenues and expenses based on
set of factors over a long range period such as six year period. This tool helps to assess whether revenue sources and the
mix revenues will be sufficient to continue to provide the current level of services and or if changes need to be consider
in our expenditures, cost recovery or rates and fees.
F. Yearly Budget Vs Continuous Budget-
Budget year the calendar year for which the budget estimate are being prepared which, under
prudential decree no. 777, begins on January 1 and ends on December 31 of every year while continuous budget
that rolls ahead each time period without regard to the fiscal year, i.e a twelve-month or other period forecast
is always available; also called a roll forward budget.

3.
A. Single executive head there is no single basis or principles for the organization without its own advantages
and disadvantages. The executive head is a real dynamic force in the organization. He/She can bring vigor, energy and
strength at the same time make organization as static as well. Therefore the executive head must have the qualities if
both the head and heart merits of single headship includes the following less expensive, easy to fix responsibility, quick
decision, uniformity of purpose, better discipline and efficiency.
B. Moulding young minds and shaping and shaping characters has been the primary functions of the schools.
Main functions
  Developing the basic skills of communication and rational thought.
 Developing mathematical skills and scientific concepts and in calculate desirable habits.
 to foster the desire for continuous education both in and out of school,
 to develop a habit of critical thinking and effective study and to develop and practices desirable traits,
attitudes, and appreciations of right behavior which will enable the children to live more effectively and
to cooperate in home and community life.
C. It is important/desirable for school principals/supervisors of the Philippine School to apply the principle “good
supervisor is democratic” because it keep open the channels of cooperative interactions so that the best minds among
the staff will emerge. In democratic leadership, people are respected. No one is pushed around. Individuals try to help
one another rather than get ahead through ruthless competitions. Workers accept one another without suspicion or
distrust. It ensures the making of cooperative or shared decision which are generally lasting and more likely to be right
than the decision of any one person. It is essentials that it may be administered and supervised in democratic basis.
Good administration, like good supervision, is not a luxury but a necessity, especially in the country. The success of any
school administration depends upon the leadership of the administrators or supervisors.
D. School plant which includes all educational facilities has been repeatedly found to have a positive
relationship with quality of education.
These educational facilities include the site, the buildings, physical equipment, recreational spaces and
textbooks used for the achievement of educational objectives (Oluchuckwu 2002).
Odupurokan (2011) states that a well planned school plant will gear up expected outcomes of education, that
will facilitate good social, political and economic emancipation; effective teaching and learning and academic
performance of students. Therefore it can be said that the school plant is an essential aspect of educational planning
because unless schools are well suited, buildings adequately constructed and equipment adequately provided much
teaching and learning may not take place.
The school plant is the sum total of building, equipment, textbook including the surrounding where teaching and
learning takes place. The school plant includes all permanent and semi – permanent structures in the school.
Its material condition should be conducive for all-round development of the pupil. The physical, emotional,
social, cultural, aesthetic and moral Good learning environment should be created by the school plant because it is the
most important factor in the whole educational process.

3. A. 10 Good Practices
1. Use of modern technology-proved to be great help for speedy outputs. It includes computer tasks as math
calculations, writings and searching for the net and for background information.
2. Teaching for understanding- this effort encompasses activities oriented toward higher order thinking skills.
3. Educating all students-reforms in this direction include individualized instruction, non graded classrooms
and mainstreaming of pupils with special needs.
4. Integrated Services –development of links to the community for educational purposes along with links to
other services such as agencies providing social services.
5. Designing a child centers curriculum-it is just another way of saying relating learning to the world of child.
6. - Use Humour
Relevant doses of humour to spice up your teaching are highly recommended. Forget about the authoritative
and coercive style of teaching , for experience proved that it only disheartens learners and kills their motivation. Use
humour at appropriate times; this can lead to students engagement and build up their confidence.
7. Positive feedback-" good job, excellent,..ect" are simple words that might not mean anything to you but
they mean the whole world to students. Think back to the days when you were a student and how a positive
feedback from your teacher would make both your and your parents whole day. Publicly praise positive
behaviour and show your students that you are celebrating their achievements as well.
8. Maintain good communication skills
A successful teacher is one that is able to build a rapport with his /her students, one that can easily connect
with his learners and feel their needs as individuals. Open and clear communication is the key to develop a healthy
friendly learning atmosphere inside your class.
9. Feeding program- free lunch for selected students with low social economic status.
10. For the classroom rules- raised hand and stand to answer a question when called. From a line outside the
classroom and when walking the hallways. Should bring their parents for any violations or tardy. And excuse letter for
absences.

B. 10 bad practices (explain each)

1. Mismatch- there is a large proportion of mismatch between training and actual jobs. Assigning teachers to
teachers to teach subjects of not their field of concentration.
2. Budget- the Philippine constitution has mandated the government to allocate the highest proportion of its
budget to education however our country has one of the lowest budget allocations to education among ASEAN
countries.
3. Affordability- there is also big disparity in educational achievements across social groups like for instance, the
socio-economically advantaged pupils have higher drop-out rates especially on the elementary level and most of the
tertiary level come from relatively well off families.
 4. Quality- there was a decline in the quality of the Philippine education especially in elementary and secondary
level. For example the results of standardized test conducted among elementary levels and high school students as well
as in the entrance of college students, we are way below the target mean score.
5. Upgrade the teachers Salary Scale-teachers have been underpaid. Thus there is a very little incentive for the
most of them to take advanced training.
6. Amend the current system of budgeting for education across the region which is based on participation rates
and unit costs. This clearly favors the more developed regions. There is a need to provide more allocations to lagging
regions to narrow the disparity across the regions.
7. Develop a rationalized apprenticeship program with heavy inputs from the private sector. Further transfer the
control of technical training to industry groups which are more attuned to the needs of business and industry.
8. Overcrowding of pupils in a class- Construct more classrooms and employ teachers so as school children will
be given proper attention.
9. Payment of debts- public school teachers and school officials who willful fail pay their debts are subjected to
disciplinary action. The bureau will not permit its personnel to shirt the settlement of their just obligation. They are
expected to arrange satisfactorily their private financial affairs with their creditors. The school and the school official
should not made collections agencies for commercial firms.
10. making gifts to officials superiors- it is improper from an officer or employee to make as donation or present
gifts of substantial value to an official to whom he is subordinate. It is likewise for any official to accept any donation or
gift as offered or presented to him by a person or persons in the government service subordinate himself.

5. “Education plays a significant role in the task of a nation building” since it is considered as the life of every individual
and the life of the nation as well. Likewise, it isa foundation of the moral regeration and rival of its people. Thus, it is
need for a crucial planning, directing, coordination, reporting and budgeting in order a competent and highly improved
nation. Education is the process of facilitating learning, knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits of a group of people
are transferred to other people, through storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, or research. Education frequently
takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may also educate themselves. Quality education is an
important precursor to nation building. It is clear that education quantity and quality have a distinct impact on the
economic progress of a nation by improving productivity and competitiveness. It is clear that using education as a means
of fostering understanding of clusters increases the level of tolerance in communities. The goal must be clear, the inputs,
processes and outputs measured and individual and collective accountability taken to deliver education which is of a
quality and quantity that builds nations, we want to live and work in.

Area IV

1. A. Philosophy helps teachers to reflect on key issues and concepts in education. Your educational philosophy is
your beliefs about why, what and how you teach, and about the nature of learning. It is a set of principles that
guides professional action through the events and issues teachers face daily. Sources of your educational
philosophy are your life experiences, values, the environment in which you live, interaction with others and of
philosophical awareness.
 B. Educational philosophy is perceived as personal effort to arrive at solutions for educational problems based
upon the experience of the thinker. The general aim of the educational philosophy is to provide students of
education with the basis of philosophical understanding which will enable them to arrive of an understanding of
the philosophical solution to the important problems of the nature and destiny of man, the nature of knowledge
and truth, and the nature and essence of the universe and the nature and source of values.

The fundamental aims of philosophy are to give a person a unified view of the universe in which he lives
and to make person more critical by sharpening his ability to think clearly and precisely.

Behind every school and every teacher is a set of related beliefs- a philosophy of education-that
influences what and how students are taught. A philosophy of education represents answers to questions about
the purpose of schooling, a teacher’s role, and what should be taught and by what methods.

C. BE MINDFUL IN YOUR PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL LIFE…

-Being mindful and aware of our mental and physical state, we can guide his actions and thought with thoughtful
intention. Mindfulness has helped to succeed in almost every dimension of our life

D. Changes in school system

-changes is difficult but necessary. It is often avoided because it can disrupt routines, shift resource,
upset people and cause controversy, but if we want a healthy system, for teachers, for those who work in it we
must take a risk, proper communication from top to bottom is essential . Dessiminate information properly sa as
to avoid conflicts. In doing so persons concerned with the changes you want to make will learn to adopt and on
it because your purpose was clear to them.
- a transformative leader endeavors to effect change in school system. As a leader I will invite the
stakeholders for the crafting of the school improvement plan that will serve as our bible in the implementation
of the programs and projects leading to the realization of our school vision. I will encourage each stakeholder to
contribute ideas, suggestions and innovations that will generally included in our school improvement plan. By
doing so, each stakeholder will be involved, collaborate and participate in the implementation of the programs
and projects implemented. There is an ownership of the vision if all will be involved. Moreover, as a leader you
should be transparent in all your dealings. Report all the achievements, accomplishments and expenditures of
the school as well as donations coming from the stakeholders. It is then that you will establish trust and
confidence wholehearted support and cooperation will be established lading to smooth implementation of your
projects, programs that includes innovations and activities towards the realization of your vision, mission, goals
and objectives.

2. 4 MAJOR PHILOSOPHIES

1. Realism- is a doctrine that things have reality apart from the consciousness perception of them. It
involves the application of learning to real life and establishing harmonious relationship with others. The goal of
education in this philosophy is to let pupils learn to apply their learning’s in school to their real life; to attain
harmonious relationship with others and use their senses to develop their society for themselves and others.

Its implication to education are: teacher must have full mastery of the knowledge of the present life; he
must guide the student towards the hard realities of life; all subjects should be taught in proper order; the child
has to be given as much freedom as possible; the child can reach near reality through learning the reason.

2. Existentialism – is a philosophy that emphasizes individual existence, freedom and choice. It puts emphasis on
the uniqueness of the individual. Jean – Paul Satre was an advocate of this philosophy. Man is responsible for
himself. The purpose of education in existentialism is to provide varied activities to learners give them the
opportunities to make upright, wise, right and sound decision that is good for himself and others. Thus, it
acknowledges the theory of individual differences, freedom of choice, and individual dignity or respecting the
rights of an individual.
3. Reconstructionism – a philosophy that stands for change. It draws its strength in the fact society is not static. It
believes that students learn through experience. The teacher’s main role is facilitator of learning who guides the
student’s learning. It favors in applying the problem solving method to real-life problems. Reconstructionist feels
that students should be grouped only on the basis of common interests. They also like flexible seating
arrangements. They believe that the school should train students to be social activists.

4. Pragmatism – this philosophy views the child as the center of educative process. The aims of education are
formulated in terms of child growth development. The theory of self-activity is the basis of learning. The school
curriculum is organized in terms of activities and projects. Informal control is exercised inside the classroom.
Also, guidance and counseling are essential part of education. The school is used as an agency to develop
democracy.

3. A. The socio transformation happening among school children inside the school.

Socio transformation- is the process by which an individual alters the socially prescribed status of themselves.
- refers to large scale of social changes as in cultural reforms or transformation. The first occur with the
individual the second, with the social system.
Socio Transformation occurs among school children as they starts schooling. It is a process wherein the child
socializes with their environment. Children interaction among their environment is a big help in their
educational process. It is the time wherein the children interact with their other individuals. With this they can
make their own personality towards themselves and others. It will help them also build their learning because
not all lessons can be found inside the classroom.

3. B. Modern Philosophers and their contribution to education

John Dewey and The Progressivism Dewey (1859-1952) famous for his ideas on pragmatism and educational
progressivism he said that the education is a “participation of individual in the social consciousness of the race”,
and that it has two sides: the psychological, which forms the basis of the child’s instincts and the sociological, on
which the instinct will be used to form the basis of what is around him. He believed in the philosophy of
education as a “social continuity of life,” this is why he championed Educational Progressivism.

Socrates – famous for the Socratic Method of Logic and a co-founder of western philosophy. His story began in
his hometown of Athens, Greece but unfolded through the writings of his students and fellow philosophers. The
field of ethics was the specialty of Socrates and introduced a concept that has been dubbed as elenchus, or the
Socratic method. He contributed much to the field of logic and epistemology.

Plato – famous for his Platonic Idealism & the theory of forms
Athenian native Plato, and his role in Western Philosophy can be traced back to when he was a student of
Socrates. He also excelled in Mathematics, logic, ethics, rhetoric and religion. He founded the Academy in
Athens. He also believed in equal education for all, whether male or female. Plato believed that the state should
provide the schooling not the parents.

William James and Pragmatism – He believed that the value of any truth was utterly dependent upon its use to
the person who held it. He maintained that the world is like mosaic of different experiences that can only be
interpreted through what he calls as “radical empiricism”, this means that no observation is completely
objective. As the mind of observer and the act of observing will simply just affect the outcome of the
observation.

Jean Piaget and Genetic Epistemology Piaget (1086-1980) it aims to explain knowledge on the basis of its
history, its sociogenesis, and particularly, the psychological origins of the nations and operations upon which it is
based. Piaget concluded he could test epistemological questions by studying the development of thought and
action in children. Because of this, he created Genetic epistemology with its own approaches and questions.

John Locke and the Tabula Rasa Locke(1632-1704) – on his treatise “Some Thoughts Concerning Education” he
emphasized that the knowledge taught during younger years are more influential than those during maturity
because they will be the foundations of the human mind. Due to this process of association of ideas, he stressed
out that punishments are unhealthy and education should teach by examples rather than rules.
 Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Emile Plato – on his book, Rousseau outlines the process of an ideal education
through a hypothetical boy of the titular name, from twelve years of age to the age to the time he marries a
woman. Critics said this work of his foreshadowed most modern system of education we have now.

4.

A. Probably the earliest systematic concept of mind and body stems from the philosophy of the Greek
philosopher Plato. Plato, like Descartes, saw the mind as identical with the soul. However, unlike Descartes,
Plato argued that the soul both pre-existed and survived the body, going through a continual process of
reincarnation or “transmigration”.

An important concept to bear in mind when considering Plato’s understanding of the souls relationship to
the body is his “Theory of Forms”. According to this view, each thing that exist on Earth or even as object of
language – has a corresponding form or perfect idea. So, in the example used by Plato, a simple thing such
as a bed would be linked to the perfect idea of a bed that exists independently (which all other beds share).
The same thing would also apply to such thing as colors, moral values, or types of animals. For instance, the
thing that as the different shades of red have in common is that they all correspond in the same way to the
form or perfect idea of red. So Plato, the soul – or mind- obtained knowledge through recollection of these
forms by dong this, the soul the soul was simply returning the state of knowledge, which it had before birth.

B. Expectancy theory is about the mental processes that an individual undergoes to make choices. In the study
of organizational behavior, expectancy theory is a motivation theory first proposed by Victor Vroom of the
Yale School of Management. This theory emphasizes the needs of organizations to relate rewards directly to
performance and to ensure that the rewards provided are those rewards deserved and wanted by the
recipients.

Expectancy theory proposes that an individual will decide to behave or act in certain way because they are
motivated to select a specific behavior over other behaviors due to what they expect the result of that
selected behavior will e, in essence, the motivation of the behavior selection is determined by the
desirability of the outcome. However at the core of the theory is the cognitive process of how an individual
process the different motivational elements. This done before making the ultimate choice. The outcome is
not sole determining factor in making the decision of how to behave.
5. The information processing theory is a cognitive approach to understanding how the human minds transform
sensory information. It provides important implications for improving learning and instructions. It is essential for
students to become automated at basis skills such as letter and word encoding, number instruction and simple
procedural skills such as handwriting, multiplication and spelling.

The information-processing model provides four implications for improving and learning and instruction. The
first is that the memory stores are extremely limited I both sensory and working memory. A second implication
is that relevant prior knowledge facilitates encoding and retrieval process. A third implication is that automated
information processing increases cognitive efficiency by reducing information processing demand and a fourth
implication is that learning strategies improve information processing because learners are more efficient and
process information at a deeper level.