# structural organisation in Animals

∀ tissue ⇒ group of similar cells having common origin with some intercellular substance

& Performing a specific functions

# Four types of tissues ⇒

① Epithelial tissue ② Connective tissue ③ muscular tissue ① neural tissue

Absorption,secretion support locomotion control & coordination

Covering, lining,diffusion & linkage & movement

# Epithelial/ Epithelium tissue This tissue always rest upon some other tissue (connective tissue)

cells are compactly Packed with less intercellular space hence little intercellular matrix

> Apical surface

Basal surface

nucleus
- 3- -
Basement membrane

highly vascular connective 2 Blood vessels

tissue

* it is non cellular & made up of Glycoprotein & mucopolly sacharides with Protein fibers & secreted by Both epithelium &
connective

* it is Avascular (absence of Blood vessels)

① Ectodermal
# Note 7 Epithelium has all 3 origins ② mesodermal → means epithelium at Particular location will have all cell derived from common
origin

③ Endo dermal

# Free surface may have modification

Also known as Brush bonded epithelium

microvilli Secretion to (Absorption) to go inside illia

Release something

mumin
* Fingers like projection that are the folds of Plasma membrane * Hairs like Projection that helps in movement
o

of Epithelial cells to ↑ the surface area for secretion & Absorption of substance

Epithelium 2 ① simple epithelium ⇒ * made up of single layer * major Role in Secretion, Absorption,filtration, diffusion
#

Example > Present as lining the body cavity (like around, lungs, heart, ducts, tubes)

② Compound epithelium ⇒ * made up of 2 or more than layer of cells * major Role in Protection against chemical & mechanical stress
- v 9=7 skin
" ✓ I
" ✓

# on the basic of . structural modification of cell, simple epithelium is classified

✓

② ③
①
simple Squamous Epithelium simple cuboidol Epithelium Simple Squamous epithelium
 # S im p le S q u a m o u s E p i t h e liu m * cells a r e f la t * n u cl eu s a r e a lso f la t & l o c a t ed i n c en t e r

* c e lls w i t h ir r eg u la r B o u n d a r y * it is k n o w n a s P a v em e n t e p i t h elia

# f u n ct io n ⇒ f ilt r a t i o n & d if f u s io n m o v em en t o f * A p p ea r lik e ti les o n f o r

S u b st a n c e f r o m h i g h t o lo w c o n ce n t r a t i o n

# E x a m p le ⇒ A ir s a c o f l u n g s ( A l v e o l i •) • B1 o o d c a p i il l a r y → s im p le s qu a m o u s ep it heliu m o n this p la ce is k n o w n a s E n d o t heliu m

# s im p le c u b o i d a l e p it h e li u m * c u b e l ik e st r * n u cl eu s is r o u n d & in c e n t er

① S im p l e c u b o i d a l E p it h e li u m ② B r u sh b o r d er ed e p it h e liu m ③ c i li a t e d cu b o i d a l

◦
◦
o
◦ ◦
•

* f r ee s u r f a ce n o m o d if ica ti o n * f r ee s u r f a ce h a s m i c r o v i lli * f r ee s u r f a ce h a s c illi a

* f u n c t io n : s e c r e t i o n & A b s o r p t io n
* f u n ct io n : s ecr et ion & a b s o r p t ion * f u n ct io n : m o v e m en t of sp e cif ic p a r t ic l es a lon g a sp ecif ic
* E x a m p le : D C I ( d i st a l c on v u l a t e d
d ir ect i o n
t u b u le) * E x a m p le 8 1 * E x a m p le s : S m a ll b r on c h i o le s
* S m a l l er d u ct s o f G l a n d s

* T h y r o i d f o l lic les ( thy r o i d G lan d ) m o v em en t o f m u cu s t r ap p ed d u st p a r t icl e s

* G er m i n a l e p it h e li u m ⇒ d iary &

# s im p le col u m n a r e p i t h e l iu m * t a ll , s l en d er c e l ls * n u c leu s , o v a l , B a s e * f r ee s u r f a ce m a y o r m a y

n o t h a v e m o d if i ed h en c e i s
2
d iv id ed in t o

① S im p le c o l u m n a r ② B r u s h b o r a d e r ed ③ C ili a t ed colum n a r
o v a l n u cl e u s
C o lu m n a r
B a y m en t
* F r ee s u r f a ce m em b r a n e
o o O 7 7 7 7
n o m o d if ica t ion f u n ct io n → s ec r e t ion & * f r ee s u r f a ce m i cro * f r ee s u r f a ce → cilia

A b s o tio n * f u n ct io n → s ecr e t io n * f u n c t io n → m ov em e n t o f su b s t a n ce
& A b s or p ti o n
eg " f a llo p i a n tu b e → m o v em en t o f O V A

E x a m p le ⇒ G I t r a c t * larg e B r on c h iol es → m o v em en t o f m u cu s

G a s t ro i n t est in a l

t r a c t

* s m a ll i n t es t in e G lo b le t ce ll"

m u cu s s o r t in g c e l ls
 # Glandular epithelium its a type of simple epithelium either cuboidal or columnar specialised for

secretion
ftC [Link]. ON THE BASES OF GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM

① on the basic of number of cells

⇒ unicellular Gland ⇒ multicellular Gland

* single isolated cell con produce secretion * many cells together form secretion.

9g → Goblet cell 2 mucus Example ⇒ Salivary • sweat, Pituitary Gland

② on the basic of mode of Pouring secretions

If Exocrine gland # Endocrine Gland (ductless Gland)

* Glands that Pour, But, release their secretion * Glands that Pour their secretion without duct

• ... • .. .
via ducts Gland secretion Gland → " "secretion

Example ⇒ mucus, milk * Glands that Pour their secretion called as

Sebum (oil), sweat, digestive hormones directly into the fluid Bathing them

Enzyme etc are Exocrine Secretion Example ⇒ thyroid, Pituitary, sweat Gland

# mixed Gland /Heterocrine Gland/composite

* Glands that has both Exocrine & Endocrine Parts Example → Pancreas

H Compound epithelium * multilayered

•
* major role in covering & Protection & less role in secretion & absorption

① strchable (transitional non strechable /stratified

* it can be stretched * non strechable

Example-2 urinary bladder I

ureter Renal Pelvis ⑦ Dry ② moist

* Keratin Protein deposited * no Keratin Protein deposited

on top making the on top hence the top is

surface Dry moist

Example → skin → Keratinised Example ⇒ Pharynx, Buccal cavity, oesophagus

stratified epithelium vagina, larger duct of Glands

(Pancreatic duct, salivary duct)

 # C ell J u n c t i o n s 2 t h es e a r e t h e f u n ct io n & s t r u ct u ra l c o n n e ct ion b / w c el ls

l ig h t J u n c t i on s A d h er i n g J u n c t io n s G a p J u n ct io n s

* P r e v en t in g l ea k a g e a cro ss * h e lp i n c em e n t in g B / w * C o n n ect s t h e c y t op la s m o f

t h e t is s u e c e l ls A d j ien t c e l ls & B y t ra n s f er o f

E x a m p l es ⇒ u r i n a ry b la d d er E x a m p les ⇒ c a r d a ic m u s cl es i on s, s m a l l m o lecu l e

E x a m p le ⇒ S m oo t h m u s cl es

# C o n n e c t iv e t i s s u e 2 * o r ig in a l : m es od erm a l

* m e m o st a b u n d a n t Re m i d e l y d i s t r i b u t ed in t he B o d y

# C o n n ec t i v e t i s s u e

① l oo s e c on n e c t i v e T i s s u e ② d en s e c o n n e ct iv e ti s s u e ③ s p e cia lis ed c o n n e c t i v e t i s s u e

⇒ A r eo lar 6 1 ⇒ d en s e r eg u la r C t

⇒ A d ip o s e C T ⇒ d en se i r re g u la r C t

1 s k e le t a l 1 .1 2 f lu i d ( 7

7 C a r ti l a g e ⇒ B l o o d

⇒ B o n e s ⇒ ly m p h

# A r eo l a r C on n e c t i v e T iss u e

E la s t ic f ib er s

≠ c el ls E o s i n o p h il s
A d ip o c y t e s

① f ib r o b la st ⇒ m o st a b u n d a n t

* s ecr e t e the g r o u n d s u b st a n ce & f ib er s

② m a cr o p h a g e s ⇒ P h a g o cy t ic c ells

P la s m a B - c e l ls
* E n g u lf f or e i g n P a r t ic le & d e st r o y n eu t r o p h i ls B lo o d v e s s e ls

③ E o s in o p h i ls

④ n e u t r o p h i ls 2 T h ey a r e t y p e o f w h it e B lo o d ce lls

⑤ P la s m a B c e l ls

s e c r e t e A n ti b o d ie s
 ⑥ m a s t ce ll ⇒ a r e in v o lv ed in i n f la m m a t o r y r e sin

t h i s c e ll s ecr e t e ① H i st a m i n e ⇒ v a s o d i la t o r

② s er o t o n in ⇒ v aso con s t r icto r

③ H ep a r i n - A n t i c o ag u l a n t

# typ es o f f ib ers ① C o l la g e n f i b e r s ② E la s t ic f i b e r s

* w h i t e in co lo u r * Y e llo w in colou r

* P r es en t in B u n d le s * P r es en t in d iv id u a l ly

* R e s p o n s ib le f or s t r en g t h * R e s p o n s i b le f o r e la st ici t y

* u n b r a n ch ed * B r a n ch ed

# n o t e - Z R et icu la r f ib er s ( a typ e o f c o lla g e n f ib er s a r e a lso i n t r es p o n si b l e f o r f lex i b i l i t y )

# lo c a t ion & u n c t io n o ( A r eo l a r C o n n e c t iv e t i ss u e )

0 I
* P r es en t b r ea th sk in / u n d er s k in : m ea ns it con n ects the sk in w i th the u n d e r g li n g m u s cl es

* it A cts as sup p or t f ram e w or k f or e p i t h e li u m

# - A d ip o s e C on n e c t iv e t i ss u e it is a sp e cial is e d loo s e con n ect iv e t i ss u e

* A ll c e l ls s im i la r t o A r eo la r B u t a s A b u n d a n t A d ip o cy t e t h a t a r e

t he f a t f ille d c ells

* f ib r o b la st m od if y

to s t or e f a t

# l o c a t i o n & u n c t io n s

* B e n ea t h s k in

* A r o u n d v is u a l o r g a n s lik e k i d n ey : A cts a s c u sh i o n & s h o c k A b s or b er

* in s om e A q u a t ic A n im a l s lik e : u n a le t h ic k la y er o f g ets ca lled a s

B lu b b er e n t B elow s k in : A ct a s i n s u l a t or
# dense connective tissue 2

* matrix ↓ cells &fibers, compactly packed in ground substance

① Dense Regwar Ct ② Dense

g
in ular Course

✓
* *
*
*
* *
*
*
≠ * *

* cells and fibers Parallely arranged (uniform) * cells & fibers (mostly collagen randomly)

p g
Exam Ies ⇒ liament & tendons Example ⇒ Present in the screen

# g
Ii ament # Tendon Tendon

* Bones ligament muscle

Bone

# Specialised Connective Tissue

0 skeletal connective tissue ⇒ * Basic framework of Body

* matrix solids

* 27ps of skeletal connective tissue ① cartilage ② Bones

# cartilage * matrix- solid, soft & Pliable

it resists compression
⇒ immature cartilage cells

* matrix?
Mondeo •ytt Perichondrium

High Hyaluronic Acid [Link] •

+ coruing of cartilage
chondroitin sulphate i

• Lacunae

"Chandro g * fluid filled space

* matured cartilage cell int in lacunae in the matrix

* secretes matrix

* can be 1 upton within a single lacunae

# Examples of cartilage ⇒ ① outer ear Joints

② lip of nose ③ tracheal rings Blaynx ① intervertebral disc (b/w 2 vertebra)

⑤ inter costal cartilage (costal cartilage → attaches ribs with sternum) ⑥ nasal septum

⑦ limbs & Hands

# note ⇒ most of cartilage of the embryonic stage is replaced by bone in Adults

# Bones ⇒ this matrix is solid But hard & non pliable it is hard due to calcium salts * only collagen

# matrix fiber

L
organic Inorganic

* 10-30% → 70-90%

* ossein protein > Calcium salts, calcium carbonate &

: > Red Bone marrow

> yellow Bone marrow 2 Homatopoesis: Blood cell formation calcium finosfinate etc
÷
•

# Section of Bone-2

Peristeum ⇒ covering of Bone

•
•
•

osteoblast lamella * Bong matrix +at in

* immature Bone cell lacunae the form of rings

osteocyte * matured Bone cell

Haversion Conal * I osteocytein I lacuane

* tut in mammalian Conal

* Here the Blood vessels are seen

# Examples of Bong ⇒ ① limb bony ③ vertebrae

② Ribcage ① cranium .

l1 functions ⇒ protects the soft organs

* some Bones are site of Blood cellproduction

② Fluid connective tissue 2 matrix & cells do not shuctes fibers"

fluid it
① Blood ② lymph

Plasma ormed element

Blood cells Blood Platelets

RBL/Erythrocytes WBC/leucocytes

# muscular tissue

* muscles ⇒ mesodermal in origin/ 40-501 weight of Body / 639 muscles

* Properties of musles

① contractibity → muscles can shorten with response to stimuli

② Excitibility → muscles respond towards stimuli

③ Elasticity → return Back to their original state

④ Extensability→ muscles can be stretched/length end

# muscular tissue 2 muscle fibers: muscle cells 7 inside musclefiber

myofilament/myogibrils

whole mo des
Easicle muscle fiber Endomysium 9
connective tissue aroun

Perimysicum­ muscle fiber

[Link] tissue around foside)

Grimysium
fasicle/muscle Bundle
* connective tissue around

complete muscle
 t * of muscle fibers

① skeletal muscle&iboy I ① cylindrical muscle fiber

•o

② unbranched ③ multi nucleated, nucleus inperiphery Alternot

noday • light {dark

④ it show stirations/Dark & light Bonds)
••
Band
⑤ voluntary ⑥ fast contraction ⑦ Rich Blood supply

⑧ Easily fatigue ⑨ intercalated disc absent

Example ⇒ Biscop, triceps, facial muscles

note ⇒ skeletal muscles in close association with Bong bring movement

② Smooth muscles ① spindle (fusiform) ② unbranched

y
③ uninucleated , center no striations

⑤ Involuntary control of N's ⑥ slow contraction Nuday

⑦ low Blood supply ⑧ slowly fatigue

⑨ inter related disc-ut (Gap & adhering Junctions

which hold together

Eg⇒ Blood vessels, iris, capillary, intestine, stroma etc

auday
③ Cardiac muscles fibers 2 ① Clyndrical ② Branched

③ uninudeated, center ① striation tat also k/a striatedmuscles

⑤ Involuntary ⑥ fastest contraction ⑦ abundant Blood supply

⑧ neverfatigue ⑨ intercalated disc tint (gap + adhering)

interrelated disc
Eg→ Heart Broached
 #
N eu r a l t i s su e E ct o d erm a l in o r i g in

① N eu ro n s n eu ro g l i a l c e l ls

* lon g e st c ell of t he B o d y

* u n i t o f n a v a l t i ss u e * t h ey m a k e up m o r e t ha n j o t . ⑨

* E x c i t a b le c ells v olu m e o f e n t ir e n a v a l t i ss u e

* C o n d u ct i b ility / f lo w o f * n on E x ci t a b le

i on s / c u r ren t * n o c on d u c t ion

* t h is h e lp i n s u p p o r t & P ack a gin g o f n a v o r s

* s e cr e tio n o f m y l ein s h e a t h

# s tru ct u re o f N eu ro n

① D en d r i t y ⇒ s m a ll c y t op la sm i c

ext e n sion tha t r eci n g in f o r m a t ion .

& p a rt s to c ell B o d y

② ce ll B o d y

③ n u cl eu s

④ c y t op la sm

⑤ n i s s l 's G r a n u l e s ⇒ R E R + R ib o s o m e

t u t in d en d r it es & c ell B o d y

⑥ A x o n

⑦ A x o lem m a ⇒ P la s m a m em b r a n e o f A x o n c y t o p la s m o f A x o n : A x o p la s m

⑧ A xon t erm in a l / T elod en d r i t y

⑨ s y n a p tic v e s ic les ⇒ B a g f i lle d w it h c h em i ca ls ( 1a n eu ro t r a n s m i t t e r

⑩ sy n o p t ic k n ob ⇒

⑪ n eu r o t r a n sm i tte r ⇒
⑫ my kin sheath ⇒ suited by Schwann cell and oligo dontrocyte

* lipid enriched, act as insulator

free conduction not possible

⑬ nodes of Ranvir ⇒ the gap b/w successive myelin sheath

* A nation communicate with others

neuron muscle Glands

By forming a Junction & Releasing the chemical called as

narro transmitter

✓
• Electric disturbance

neuron no!

synapse neuron-no-2

it is a junction b/w Inewous

* when a neuron is suitably stimulated, on electric disturbance (Action Potential/

is generated → it swiftly travels along the axonal membrane to reach the

Axon terminal neurotransmitter released may that may excite

or inhibit the adjeant neuron/Glands/muscles depending on whether the

nuron transmitter is Excitatory or inhibitory

 #dog commonly found in india is Ranaligrina

* Kingdom → animalia # general characteristics ⇒ Belong to animals

* Phylum? chordates * live in Both water and land

* subfingham → vertebrates * they are cold Blooded(POIKILO THERMSJ

* divison → Guathosome * may do not have constant Body-temp

* super class → tetrapoda * they are not spotted Rokwinter & Peaksumma
↓
* class → amphibious Hibernation Asterotion

* genus ⇒ Rona * when on grass take colour of gross (camouflage)

* species → Tigrina

# frog ⇒ → Head (no neck, tail) Body colour ⇒ dorsally olive green (Block Patch of

2 trunk ventral ⇒ Role yellow dorsally side)

* kin has no scales itis moist & has mucus

* frog never drinks water through mouth but absorb through skin

* simple eyes int in orbit of skull & nicititating membrane protect eyes underwater

* near eye membrane fold 1a Infonum that ispresent collect sound vibration

#0orelimb ① Ends with"digit ② Both help in swiming Burrowing, leafing

# Hind limb ① Ends with 5 digit ② specifically helps in swiming③ more musular

① webbed feet

# sexual dimorphism ① male 2 soundproducing vocal sac (use to attract thefemale

• * femalefrog ⇒ ✗ during Breeding season

② * male ⇒ male has copularyfad in the first digit of

fore limb (it help to hold the female during sex)

"femalefrog ⇒ x
 # A n a tom y of f rog ① d ig e s t iv e s y st e m ⇒ A lim e n t ary c a n a l + G lan d s

① m o u t h → B u cca l cav i t y → P h a y n ic l l i v e r 2 P a n cr e a s

o e sop h a g u s

st o m a c h
> s e n a t e g a st r ic

J u i ce H d , p ep sin
D u d en u m
i n t e sti n e ① d u d en u m
il eu m
② ileu m

③ R ect u m

c l o a ca → o p en o u t s id e , v ia , c loa ca l a p er t u r e

# n o t e liv er sy n t h es is ① G a ll B l a d d er → B i l e d u c t ] f u se ( co m m o n B i le d u c t )

② Pon u ca s e → P a n cr e a t ic d u c t o p en s in t o d u d en u m
C a r n i v o r e / A l im e n t ar y ( an d s h or t / i n t es t in e is s h o r t a s t hey d o n o t h a ve d ig e st
* d og
c ellu l os e

# m ech a n i s m o f d ig e s t ion > f oo d c ap t u r ed w it h h elp o f B ilo b e d l u n g

P r e h en s i l e

m ov em en t f or w a r d -b ack w a r d

B u c cal c a v i l

* P ep s in d i g e st P r o t e i n st o m a c h f o o d t h a t = K / a c h y m e

b e d i g e s t io n s t a r t i n s t o m a c h

* P on u co t ic E n z y m es h e lp s i n P r o t ein i n t e s t i n e > P a r t ia l ly d ig e st ed f o o d r eac h t h e i n t e st i n e

d u d e n um
c ar b o h y d r a t es d i g e s t io n ↳ B ile + P an cr ea t ic J uice h a v e c o m m o n B i le d u c t

B i le + e m u lif ica t ion o f d u c t

 # Absorption 2 moxmium absorption in ileum as it has figerlike

Projections. I a villi & microvilli

# Engestion undigested focal matter removed via Rectum

cloaca

doacolaperature

Respiration
"
① in water ⇒ (cutaneous respiration) ⇒ the Exchange of
gases through skin, which is highly vascular
② on loud ∃ cutaneous Buccal cavity, Pulmonary Reiratory
③ during Hibernation & Asterotion ⇒ cutaneous Respiration

# mouth closed Air Ext-nostrils Buccal cavil

External nostrils Airfilled in Buccal

^

# Bucal covi lovil (Pressure) ↑

month

* when air fills Buccal cavity lowers Pushed into long (exchange)

* vascular
nigh

# Pulmonary Respiration > "foie: pinkish sac like ent in upper front oftrunk

# circulato
g system

*
> Blood vascular
Portal circulation
system/lymphatic system

① Blood vascular system of the frog → closed circulatory system

① Heart 2 Blood ③ Blood vessels

 ① H ea r t loca t ed b / w lon g s * m u s cu l a r - 3 c h a m b er e d h ea r t * 2 a d d i t ion a l

c h am b er ed h ear t 7 ① S in u s v en o u s

② c on o u s A r t er iou s / C a n ce r A r t er i o u s

A o r t ic t a n k s

le f t o t r iu m

co m m o n v en t r ic le

m ix e d cir c u la t i o n

"

S in u s v en o u s d og B lo o d

d o 2 0 2 B loo d ( R e in )
LA
R A
v en a la v a l o n
d og ½

- d og m ix e d B lo o d
v e in s m i x ed B loo

I - d og C on u s A r t er io u s P u lm o n a r y A r t er y

t is su e / ar g o n m ix ed B loo d

A o r t ic a r c h

N ote • C on u s v en o u s j oin s R A 4 p r es en t d o r s a l ly

• s in u s a r t er io u s p r es e n t v e n t r a l ly c o n n e ct e d to v en t r ic le
 "Blood: Plasma + RBC + WB1 + Platelets (Meombocytes)

nucleated with Haemoglobin (Red colour)

# lymphatic syste ① lymph → colourlessfluid formed by filament of Blood

② lympotic channels

③ lymf notes

# Portal circulations 2 Special venous coins] connection b/w Lorgan, starts with

a capillary & ends with capillary

* naming of Portal system: on the Basicof argon 2

① Hepatic portal system

co capillary
Artery "
Intestiny Liver
→ attract

Blood → Hepatic vein

Heart

② Renal Portal system > connection B/w lowers Bodyparts & Kidney

kidney

7
Renal
lower
Portalvein Body
 # E x cr e t o r y s y s t e m 7 w e ll d ev e lo p ed h a v in g v er t e b r a l c o lu m n

① A p a ir o f k i d n e y > k i d n e y ⇒ D a r k R ed

② p a ir o f u r e t er ( carry w i n e) A d a nal B ean lik e loca ted o n

G lan d
③ A u rin a r y B l a d d e r . ( sto r e u r i n e ) i n t m i d v e n t r a lly e i t h er s i d e o f v er t e b r a l

④ C lo a ca C o lu m n , p o s t e r i o r l y

* a r i n if ero u s tu b u l es / n ep h e o n s
↓
# E x cr et or y p ro d u c t o f G r o g : U R E A ( a r co t e lic a n i m a ls) s t ru ct u r a l & f u n ct io n a l

la rv a / T a d p o le ? N H 3 A m m o n i o t e li c ) u n it of k i d n ey

# m a le R ep r o d u c t ive s y st e m # f e m a le r e p r o d u c t i v e s y st e m

7 f a t B od y

2 k id n ey

> B i d d e r 's
can a l

① t e s t ig e / p ain - y ellow is h , a v o id a t ta c h e d ① o v a r i es ⇒ ( p a ir

a n t eri o r ly to k i d n ey w i t h t h e h elp o f * o v a i sp r o d u ced

d o u b le m em b r a n o u s p er i to n eu m * n o f un c tio n a l c o n n ec t io n b / w o v a r y

( in t ern a l lin in g B od y c av it y ) : H a a n d k i d n ey

m eso r c h i u m ② o v id u ct ⇒ p ai r of o v id u ct c o l lec t s e g g

• s p er m f orm s f rom o v a ry

② v os a l d d u en t i a ⇒ 1 0 - 12 v a s o - e d d or e n t i a o p e n s s ep a r at e ly i n c lo a c a

f ro m e ach t est in g c a r r i es sp u r s c lo a c a , c lo a c a l a p er a t u r e , o u t s i d e

in to t h e B i d d e r 's C o n a l in s id e

k id n ey
 → mere is afonctional connection

b/w testis & kidney

③ meter/winogential duct) in mole

water. can carry both urine as well or

sperms
spam
①Testing 1 7 vosa 2 Bidders → ureter
effercutio
Cloaca

cloacal Aperture

# fertilization and development 2 External fertilization outside the Body

'2500- 3000 "ava are laid of one & ovA

fuses with sperm to from zygote

* indirect develo ment ⇒ development through larval stages

↳ Tadpole larva' that has no limbs & • tail undergoes metamorphosis

(change in morphology) to convert into ADULT frog (tail disappear, limbs present)

# Control & Coordination 2 well developed structures for control

& coordination
Control & Coordination

neural control Endocrine control Chemical

* A few prominent Endocrine glands are int

that surety normong for the coordination

→ Pituitary Gland/ thyroid Gland, Parathyear Gland

, Ponucatic islets, Adrenal, Gonads

(testis, ovary)
 Nervous system

① central Peripheral Autonomic nervous

nervous system nervous system system

↘

spinal spinal Empathetic Para sympathic

cord cranial
Brain nervy nerves

(lopoir)
Brain (topair)

cranial nerves

spinal nerves

2 spinal cord

# central nervous system

→ Brain: Is covered with hard Bony 'uranium'→ Brain Box

→ spinal cord: is protected in vertebral column

Brain
forebrain midbrain Hindbrain

* it has:

• one pair. cerebellum

• Paired lacteal hemisfinue
•

OPTICLOBES medulla
◦ Paired olfactory lobes
a

• U
oiled Diencephalon

# Note > foramen magnum is a large opening at the base of skull from where

medulla a Hindbrain posses & connects with spinal cord medulla

# Sensory structures foramen

① Sensory papillae: Touch cellular aggregation. → spinal cord

0 taste Bud -Taste around nerve ending ∃ cellular

aggregation
③ Nasal Epithelium: olfaction

④ simple eye : vision

⑤ tympanum with : Hearing & Balancing] well ""108
have
internal Ear
# importance of dog to mankind:

① muscular leg eaten in some countries

② Eat insects hence protect our crop.

③ importance link'of ourfood chain food web (Ecological Balance)

# COCKROACH The most common species of cockroach foundin

india isperiplonta americance

⇒ classification:

* Kingdom: animalia # General characteristic

Phylum: Arthropoda ① Ramericona: Blackish & Brownish, length:31-53mm long

clogs: Insecta ② in some tropical regions: (near the Equator.) Bright

Genug: Periploneta Red, Yellow & Green Cockroach con also Be seen

species: emotional ③ Are Nocturnal Active during Night * sizes ranges from ¼ inch

④ omnivores: eat every thing (Plant, animals 1 to sinches (0.6-76cm)

④ They are Cursorial: fast runner

⑥ are serious Pest/contaminate the food) & also vector (disease causing agents)

⑦ Their Body is covered with hard c 'tinous Exoskeleton

Li'chitin' deposition

# morphology Body is divided into 3 parts ⇒① Head, moral, abdomen

* Muir Body is divided into

segments da metamore & # dig: cockroach

Segmentation is k/a meta- Antennae

- mail Segmentation Head

7forewings
o

Thorax
Hindwings

Abdomen
Anal cerci

legs
* Each metamere has chitinous exoskeleton a/a'seluite'

Terga (dorsal sclerite)

Dorsal

Planar 2 Pleura (lateral sclerite)

> Sterna (ventral selenite)

ventral

# I SUERITE (metamore) 7 1. terga, 2 Sterna, 3 Pleura

* Sclerites are connected with aflexible articular membrane called Arthrodial membrane

* segments
Head Throat Abdomen
nymph. 6
3 "
10
Adult I

# Head Head is triangular and formed of a segment & perpendicular

to the Body Antennae
a compound age
* Neck is the extension of prothrax functional.
& due to this Head is mobile in all Present do My
direction. [membrane socket
ocelli (simply)
mouth Parts from this
#
Reduced antennae arisy
* toward/ facing ground; this condition

iskypognathum condition

(Bitting& chewing type of mouth Parts

⇒① labrum 2 upper lip

⇒ ① labium → lower lip

⇒ ② mandibles ⇒

⇒ ② monillac

⇒ ① Hypo pharynx ⇒ tongue

# mouth Parts labrum

{mandible ☐ typopnarynx ⑤ mandible

→ monillary props
maxillae labium Moyi oc

labial props
# ② TORAX > 3 segments
: Prothorax, meso thorax, metamorax

wings & legs are associated

70 meso thoracic wings

① wings • ist pair' arise from meso thorax

Pro
2-pairs • Dark, opaque, leathery:
Meso
- R/a forewings, protect hind wings
meta
during Rest
② meta Moracic wings • not used for/light
• 2nd foie: arises from meta ◦ also called Tegming or Elytra
MOROIL

◦ these are, membranous, Gonsparent

• K/a Hindwings

• used for flight

③ legs
Pro Prothoracic legs
miso
→ mesothoraciclegs
meta
→ meta thoracic legs
 ① Abdomen: losegments

* sexual dimorphism is int in cockroach: mings extend beyond abdomen

in mak & presence of Anal style onl in female

- Mole demote
0 mole has Genital pouch ① female has Genital pouch
formed by fusion of 9, 10ᵗʰ formed by fusion of 7,8, 9
Terga along with 9ᵗʰ sternum sternum 17ᵗʰ sternum is
Boat shaped)
② hacoining of mole cronopore ② her of female Gonofore
dorsal anus and opening of collaterial & spermathecal for
Phallomer
③ male has oral cocci on ③ female only nos anal cerci
lo' Tagum also Anol style on on 10ᵗʰ Tergum
9th sternum ↳ ungegmented

# Note Hard chitoneory plate present on prothorax & conceals someparts

of Heads

# Anatom Digestive system

→ thar Alimentary canal divided into 3 parts
① foregut→ mouth → Buccal cavity → Pharynx → oesophagus → Gop

(lined by cuticle) Gizzard

② midgut/mesention
③ Hindgut,7 ileum → colon → Rectum
(lined by cuticle)
 s a liv a r y G la n d P h a r y n x ( s h o r t , ta b u la )
( P a ir)
o esop h a g u s ( n a rr o w tu b u la r )

s a liv a r y
r e s e r v i o r .( p a ir ) c r o p ( la rg e , S a c li k e & con

s to re f oo d )

G iz z a r d / P r o v e n t r i c u l u s

G a s t r i c ( H ep a t i c c a e c a o u t er t h ic k ci rc u la r

* 6 - 8 in n u m b e r ; B lin d m u s c l e s , h a s c h i ti n

tu b u le s o p en a t o n e i n s id e t h ic k c u t i c le

en d o n ly ) t u t in th e t h a t f o r m s G e n it in o u s

s u c ti o n of a eg u t & t ee t h f o r G r i n d in g

m id g u t
⑨ f ood
S ecr e t e d ig e s ti v e J u i ces

m a lf in i g o n 4 b u le m id g u t ( m a x - d i g e s t io n )
• y e l lo w is h • a or at o r y

s t r u c t u r e 10 0 - 15 0 a t m1 e j u n c t i o n

of m id & k in d o u t
c o lo n "" " ⑦ → h in d g ut : B r oa d er t h o u -m i d g et

R ect u m
A n u s
R e ct u m o p en s o u t s id e d e v i a A n n s
 # Respiratory system ⇒ Ha tracheal system,
2
sphincter puticular Rings. 102

tissue

simplidaffision
Air Air
Spiracle trachea tracheole > in contact with tissue

(to Pair) simple diffision across

• lateral side this.

• Gaurded by "sphincter"

regulated movement of air

# circulatory system > open circulatory system: Poorly developed &

Blood(haemolymfin) is int in open space Klaas Haemooell

* circulatory system →① Heart sinuses

420 Haemolymfin.
↳ ③ Anterior Aorta

#① Heart 13 chambered, muscular tube int mid dorsally

* the chambers are funnel system with opening as OSTIA present on either side

for entry of haemolytic

Heart 2 Pericardial sinus (around heart)

2middorsal heart

Anterior
Aorta Perivisereal

Sinus

cephalic sinus (around alimentary

(sinus in head) canal)

Haemolymph

Perineural sinus

(around nerve cord)

 Anterior.

> Anterior Aorta 2 chamber of Heart

> ist chamber Zostia

> movement of haemolyrfin

Note ⇒ Pericardial sinus

haemolymfis
↓
ostia

Alary muscles (Pump,posterior. ← Heart

to anterior)
last chamber ◦ 12fair, pair b/w 2 chambers Ant. Aorta

refinolic sing
Posterior * Regulate movement of haemolymph

via ostia

# Haemolynfn? ① Colour less Blood

② Tnt in haemoloel/ sinuses

3 it has plasma + haemoyty [Blood cells

④ it has no role in transport of Gases

# Excreto system has excretory Product Haemolymph

① malphigan tubules dissolved in it, in the format -mainly

" . Potassium
i mate &-No wot
2 nephrocytes
i

③ urease gland (only in ♂) midget KYNot absorbed

① at bodies converted ← and secreted into lumen
infaid of molphigon tubule
* malpignon tubule.⇒ * 100-150

in no, yellowish located cells

injunction. o midgut & hindgut

* it is lined by ciliated Hindgut * uric acid from molphigon tubule eliminated

& glandular cells via hindgut to outside wricotelic Animals

 # N er v o u s s y s t em

* m a in ly i n t : v en t ra l

* B r a in : s u p r a - e so p h a g e a l

G o n g lio n ( a b ove o eso p h a g u s /

c o l lec ti o n o f c e ll B od ies

n er v es f ro m h er e co n tro ls A n t o n n a c
1 0 o un d ey e, s o m e m o u t h p a r t

n o t in M R I )

c on n ect ed to s u b o p h a g ea l g o n a ti o n .

d o u b le v en tra l s o li d n er v e co r d

A lo n g t h is , 3 th o r acic & a b d o m in a l g a n g l io n

# N ote ⇒ if w e cu t t h e h ea d s → con s t ill s u r v iv e f o r . / w e ek

s in ce h ea d / B ra in h a s les s c o n t r o l , m a j o r

c o n tro l b y v en t r a l / B e lly r eg io n u n or e

h a v e co r d g a n g lion loca ted m a j o r l y

 # S e n s o r y s tr u c t u r e 2 t h is in c l u d e s :

① A n t e n n a e : T ou c h , ta s t e & o l a ctor y ( s m e l l) r ec e p t o r

② la b ia l p o p s .
③ m a x i l la r y p a lp s ] ⇒ T a s k & o lf a c t o r y r ecep t or s

4 A n a l c er c i : s o u n d r ecep tor s
⑤ com p o u n d ey e : v is io n
* E a ch co m p o u n d e y e 2 0 0 0 h e x a g o n a l s t r u c ture c a lle d O T IM A T I D IA
* w i t h o m a tid i a i t r ec i v e s s e v er a l i m a g es o f o b j ect a n d
t his t yp e o f v i sio n is P a M O S A IC V IS IO N '
S e n s itiv i ty , P oo r R es o lu t i o n ( low c la r i t y) c om m o n i n
n o ct ur n a l a n i m a ls

im a g e f or m e d in low lig h t
# m a k R e p r o d u c t iv e s y s t em

# d em o k R ep r o d u c t i v e s y s tem
 mak Reproductive system female Reproductive system
① testies: pair Each testis trilobular ① ovary ⇒ Hair Each ovary nos 8
• 4ᵗʰ-6ᵗʰ abdominal segment ovariole

* helps in sperm formation * 2- 6ᵗʰ abdominal segmentation

* help in ormation of Ova

f
* lovaride ⇒ produced legg

② vas deferens: pair 2 oviduct ⇒ pair

* carry spam * carry out

③ common Ejaculatory duct: Both ③ Common oviduct/ vagina: Both

d
vasdeans fuses toform common oviduct fuses toform common
Ejaculatory duct whose opening oviduct whose opening is 12/a
is mak gonopore female Gonofore
④ seminal vesicle:→ white, shiny 4 spermatheca⇒ it is paired
sac like
structure that helps in storage → paired
filamentary
of sperm and gluing of sperm
to form spermato more spermathecalpore

⑤ thalic gland/conglobate gland: its * it store the spam recived during

secretion forms protective covering around copulation

spermatophore ⑤ Collatrial gland. (pair.

⑥ mushroom/reticular gland ⇒ located * secretion form egg case known •

6-7ᵗʰ abdomen segment 'GOTHECA'(dark Redish to Blackish

* mak acessory whose secretion nourishmiat Brownish) around utilized egg

of developing spam ⑥ Genital pouch: • .

Abu:genital chomba

⑦ male genital pouch ⇒ (allopening nae)

⑧ Phalomerc/Ext-genital (Gonopofingsis lower:vestibulum

Chitinous, asymmetrical structure around ⑦ Phallomera/External genital/

gonophore, nap during copulation Gonopophyses ⇒ Hard chitinous str.

help during copulation

 #fertilisation & development-

fertilization ⇒ internalfertilization → spams Rova fuse inside the body

fertilization./zygote

Development ⇒ Paurametabolus Development→

•fertilized Egg on this * I ootheca has: 14-16 fertilized Eggs

collateral glandform * At one time female release ⇒

OOTHEAEEgg case 910 oothecae"

fertised Egg in Irons in a device/ crack, near

• . . . .. ... .

a . . . . . . . . .. .

food source& Damp place

8mm long By inches

# Paurometabolus development:

mean slow, gradual metamorphosis of ample that

resembles the adult (but lack wings) &grows into Adult

cockroach by moulting (shedding of Exoskeleton)

for ☐ times to form Adult cockroach

* only adult has wings, next to last nymphal stage has wing pads.