Advance Computer

Architecture and x86 ISA

University of Science and Technology of Hanoi
MS. LE Nhu Chu Hiep
Personal Introduction
Personal Introduction: Basic Information
Contact:

● Name: LE Nhu Chu Hiep

● Email: <[Link]@[Link]>

Education:

● Master for ICT at USTH (2023)

○ Speciality: Data Mining for IoT

● Bachelor for ICT at USTH (2020)

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Personal Introduction: Teaching Career
Teaching:

● Lecturer of ICTLab USTH from 2024 ( I’m young !!! )

● Major: Cyber Security

● Teaching courses:

○ Distributed System (ICT3)

○ Advance Computer Architecture and x86 ISA (CS2)

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Personal Introduction: Research Career

Research:

● Interested Domain:
○ Operating System
○ Networking
○ And Distributed System
●

● Research Topics:
○ Ulake: Microservice based data lake framework retrieving, storing, and querying scientific data
○ Pswap: Migration framework to move stateful container from VM to Host and vice versa

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 Personal Introduction: Working at ICTLab USTH

ICT Department:

● Role: Researcher and Lecturer

● Website: [Link] (OLD !!!)

● Location: 408, A21, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet,

Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi

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Personal Introduction: Working at ICTLab USTH (cont.)

● Machine Learning, Deep Learning and Data

Mining
● Image and Speech Processing
● Modeling and Simulation
● Sensor Networks and Embedded Systems
● High Performance Computing
● Health Informatics and BioInformatics

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 Personal Introduction: Working at INP ENSEEIHT
● National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse 1
● Role: M2 Internship ~ 6 months
● Ranking: #943 in Best GLobal Universities 2
● Website: [Link]
(Not OLD, but FRENCH)
● Location: 2 Rue Charles Camichel, 31000
Toulouse, France

1. C. (n.d.). Ingénieur N7, Créateur du monde de demain. Ametys V3. [Link]

2. See where Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse ranks among the world’s Best Universities. (n.d.-a).
[Link] 8
Personal Introduction: Working at INP ENSEEIHT (cont.)

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Personal Introduction: Working at INP ENSEEIHT (cont.)
● Top ranking universities (INP)
● Air France headquarter
● Old city with beautiful buildings
● Cheap cost of living
● Peaceful ( Not like Paris !!! )
● Connect to USTH

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Personal Introduction: Working at INP ENSEEIHT (cont.)

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Course Introduction

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Course Introduction
● 4 ETCS (40 hours)
○ 24h Lecturers - 16h Practical
○ Lecturers: 8 classes, 3 hours / class
○ Practicals: 4 classes, 4 hours / class
● Prerequisites:
○ Basic Programming
○ Computer Architecture
● Assessment:
○ Attendance: 10%
○ Assignment: 10%
○ Midterm: 30% (Project)
○ Final: 50% (Moodle Exam / Writing Exam)
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Course Introduction: Objectives

● Understand basic concept of computer architecture (CA)

● Understand CA advance techniques to improve instruction execution

● Learn basic concept of x86 ISA

● Apply learned knowledge to improve instruction execution

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Course Introduction: Textbooks
● John L. Hennessy & David A. Patterson, Computer architecture : a
quantitative approach, 5th Edition, Morgan Kaufmann, 2011
● Andrew Tanenbaum & Todd Austin, Structured Computer Organization, 6th
Edition, Pearson, 2012
● William Stallings, Computer organization and architecture, 10th Edition, 2015
● Barry Wilkinson & Michael Allen, Parallel programming, techniques and
applications using networked workstations and parallel computers,Pearson,
2004

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Computer Architecture

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Computer
● A digital system
○ The finite state machine
○ The combination and sequential logic
○ The register and memory
● Purpose
○ Do whatever the software tell it to do
○ Software is a series of instructions

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Computer Architecture
● Conceptual structure and functional behavior of
computer
● Defines
○ Hardware components and their organization
○ Interaction among components to execute the program
instructions
● Includes
○ Instruction set architecture (ISA)
○ Memory organization
○ Data paths and control mechanism
○ IO systems

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Computer History

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Computer History: Early Computer
● 1940s - 1950s: First general purpose computers

using vacuum tubes and punched cards

● ENIAC: chiefly served the military like calculating

artillery firing table

● UNIVAC: meant for scientific and business purpose

● Authors: Dr. Presper Eckert and Dr. John Mauchly

● Interface: IBM card reader and card punch

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Computer History: Commercial Computer

● 1950s - 1960s: Introduction of transistors, leading to

smaller, faster, and more reliable computers

● 1960s - 1970s: Emergence of integrated circuits

(ICs) and microprocessors

● 1970s - 1980s: Rise of personal computers (PCs)

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Computer History: Commercial Computer (cont.)
● In 1969, the creation of UNIX

○ Operating System developed at AT&T Bell Labs

○ Invented by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson

○ Lower the cost and risk of bringing out a new architecture

● In 1972, the creation of C programming language

○ First general purpose programming language

○ Invented by Dennis Ritchie

○ Reduce the need for object-code compatibility

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Computer History: RISC vs CISC
● 1980s-1990s: RISC and CISC

● RISC: Reduced Instruction Set Computing is a small, highly optimized

set of instruction that are executed in a single clock cycle

● CISC: Complex Instruction Set Computing is a larger set of more

complex instructions that can performance multiple operations

● Performance: RISC is highly suitable to parallelize instructions

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Computer History: Modern computer
● 1990s - Present: Shift toward parallel computing and multicore
processors to improve performance

● 21st Century: Power-efficient design and specialized architectures for

tasks like graphics processing and AI

● Future Trends: Exploration of quantum computing for exponential

processing

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Computer Components

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 Computer Components: John von Neumann

● CPU: Central Processing Unit

○ Control Unit: coordinating and controlling the
operation flow of computer
○ Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): performing a
wide range of arithmetic, logical, and data
manipulation operations
● Memory: primary storage for both instructions and
data
● IO Unit: Input vs Output play essential roles in data
exchange between the computer and the external
world
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Computer Components (cont.)
● CPU: General-Purpose Processors
○ Designed for wide range of computing tasks
○ Examples: Intel Core series, AMD Ryzen series

● FPGA: Field-Programmable Gate Arrays

○ Programmable logic devices that can be configured to perform
specific tasks
○ Examples: Xilinx UltraScale series, Intel (formerly Altera) Stratix
series

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Computer Components (cont.)

● GPU: graphics Processing Units

○ Specialized for rendering graphics and
accelerating parallel computations
○ Examples: NVIDIA GeForce, AMD
Radeon

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Computer Components: Memory
● RAM: Random Access Memory
○ Primary storage medium for data and instructions feeding to CPU during program
execution
○ High transfer rate, volatile memory, small, expensive
○ Example: SRAM, DRAM, and DDR
● ROM: Read-Only Memory
○ Storing firmware and essential system instructions that is not frequently changed
such as BIOS or embedded system firmware
○ Fast access specifically, difficult to write, non-volatile memory
○ Example: PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM
● Secondary Storage
○ Persisting data and program instruction in long time even after turning off power
supply
○ Slow transfer rate, non-volatile memory, large, cheaper
○ Example: HDDs, SSDs, CD-ROM, and DVD

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Computer Components: IO Devices
● Input Devices: Capture data and commands from
user or other devices
○ Examples: Keyboards, mice, scanners, sensors, etc.

● Output Devices: Present information, results, or

feedback to users or other devices
○ Examples: Monitors, printers, speakers, etc.

● Communication Devices: Communication between

the computer and other devices or networks
○ Examples: Ethernet, Wi-fi, Bluetooth adapters, etc.

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Binary number system &
Digital logic

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Binary number system

● Base-2 numeral system

● Represents using only 2 digitals: 0 and 1

● Each digit in a binary number is called a bit

● A bit have one of 2 possible values: 0 or 1

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Digital Logic
● Boolean algebra:
○ Mathematical system for expressing and manipulating logic expressions that take into
account 2 values of false (0) and true (1)
○ Defines logical operations on binary values: AND, OR, NOT, XOR, NAND, etc.
● Logic Gates:
○ Electronic circuits performing logical operations on input signals to produce output signals
○ Building blocks of digital circuits, enabling more complex logic functions
● Combinational Logic:
○ Outputs depend only on the current inputs, with no memory or feedback
● Sequential Logic:
○ Outputs depend on both current inputs and the state of memory elements

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Digital Logic (cont.)

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Data Representation

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Data Representation

● Computer understands only binary data

● Human works with different data types:
text, number, image, etc.
● So, data representation: the process of
encoding data in a format suitable for
computer
● Binary representation: encode data using
only 2 symbols 0 and 1

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Data Representation: Primary Data
● Integer: converting directly to binary bases format
(holded by 4 bytes in C)
● Floating: using a sign bit, mantissa, and exponent
with wide range of values with varying precision
(holded by 8 bytes in C)
● Character: applying ASCII to map characters to
7-bit binary codes, providing a standard encoding
for text characters (holded by 1 byte in C)

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Data Representation: Complex Data
● Image: represented as grids of pixels, with each pixel encoded
to represent color or grayscale using binary values
● Audio: a sequence of discrete samples using binary values
encoded by pulse-code modulation (PCM)
● Video: Encodes moving images using binary data employing
compression techniques (MPEG)

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Data Representation: Stored format
● File Formats:
○ The structure and organization of data within files, facilitating interoperability and
data exchange between different systems and applications
○ Examples: text format (plain text, CSV, etc.), binary formats (JPEG, MP3, etc.)

● Endianness:
○ Order in which bytes are stored in memory
○ Little-Endian: Least significant byte stored first
○ Big-Endian: Most significant byte stored first

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Thank you for you listening

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