3.
2 Solution of triangle
3.2. I Polar co-ordinates : Let O be a fixed point in a plane. Let OX be
a fixed ray in the plane. O is called the pole and ray OX is called the r
polar axis. Let P be a point in the plane other than pole O.
Let OP = r and m Z XOP = [Link] ordered pair ( r. O) determines the
position of P in the plane. They are called the polar co-ordinates of P o (fixed ray)
Ixed point)
'r' is called the radius vector and O is called the vectorial angle of point
Fig 3.1
Remarks :
j)_ Vectorial angle Ois the smallest non-negative angle made by OP with the ray O
iJi)_ Pole has no polar co-ordinates.
3.2.2 Relation between the Cartesian and the Polar co-ordinates: Let O be the pole and OX be the
polar axis of polar co-ordinates system. We take line along OX as the X - axis and line perpendicular
to OX through O as the Y - axis.
Let P be any point in the plane other than origin. Let (x , y) and (r , O) be n and polar
co-ordinates of P. To find the relation between them.
By definition of trigonometric functions, we have sin O= — an
P (x,y)
r
cos 0 = —
x
x = r cos Oand rsin O
Fig 3.2
This is the relation between Cartesian and polar co-ordinates,
3.2.3 Solving a Triangle :
Three sides and three angles of a triangle are called the elements of the triangle. If we have
a certain set of three elements of a triangle, in which at least one element is a side, then we can de-
termineotherthreeelementsof the [Link] solve a trianglemeansto find unkownelementsof
the triangle. Using three angles of a triangle we can't solve it. At least one side should be known.
In AABC. we use the following notations : I(BC) = BC = a. I(CA) = AC = b. I(AB) = AB = c. This
notationis called as the usual [Link] somestandardrelationsbetweenelementsof
triangle.
b
. .4 e Sine Rule: In AABC, = 2R, where R is the circumradius of AABC.
sin A ¯ sin B sinc
Proof: Let AD be perpendicularto BC.
AD = b sin C
c b
1
A (AABC)= BC x AD
2
1
a x b sin C
2 D a c
1
A (AABC) = — ab sin C Fig 3.3
2
2A (AABC) = ab sin C
Similarly 2A (AABC) = ac sinB and 2A (AABC) = bc sin A
bc sin A = ac sin B = ab sin C
Divide by abc,
c
be sin A acsinB absin C
abc abc abc
sin A sin B sin C a: c
a b
a b c
sin A sin B sin C
To prove that each ratio is equal to 2R.
As the sum of three angles is 1800,at least one of the angle of the triangle is not right angle.
Suppose A is not right angle.
Draw diameter through A. Let it meet circle in P.
AP = 2R and AACP is a right angled triangle. Z ABC and Z APC are inscribed in the same
arc.
m Z ABC = m Z APC
b b
sin B = sin P =
AP 2R
b
sin B = —
sin B
From (1) and (2), we get
b c
sin A sin B sin C
Different forms of Sine rule : Following are the different forms of the Sine rule.
In AABC.
a
sin A sin B sin C
a = 2R sin A, b = 2R sinB c
sin A sin B sin C
(iii)
a b c
b sin A = a sin B, c sin B = b sin C, c sin A = a sin C
a sin A b sin B
(v)
b sin B c sinc
.3.5 The Cosine Rule : In ABC,
a2 = b2 + c2 —2bc cos A (ii) b2 = c2 + a2 —2ca cosB (iii) c2 = a2 + b2 —2ab cos C
Proof : Take A as the origin, X - axis along AB and the line perpendicular to AB through A as the
Y - axis. The co-ordinates of A, B and C are (0,0). (c, 0) and (b cos A, b sin A) respectively.
To prove that a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc cos A
L.H.S. = BC2
C (bcosA,bsinA)
(c —b cos + (O—b sin (by distance formula)
c2 + b2 cos 2 A— 2 bc cos A + b2 sin2 A
c2 + b2 cos2 A + b2 sin2 A— 2bc cos A a
c2 + b2 —2 bc cos A
R.H.S.
a2 = b2 + c2 —2bc cosA x
Similarly, we can prove that (0,0)
2 — 2ca cos B
c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos C Fig 3.5
Remark : The cosine rule can be stated as : In AABC,
& + 02 —b2
cosA = cos B = , cosC=
2bc 2ca 2ab
3.3.6 The projection Rule: In AABC,
(i) a = b cos C + c cos B
(ii) b = c cos A + a cos C
(iii) c = a cos B + b cos A
Proof : Here we give proof of one of these three statements, by considering all possible cases.
To prove that a = b cos C + c cos B
Let altitudedrawn from A meets BC in D.
BD is called the peojection of AB on BC.
DC is called the projectionof AC on BC. b
Projection Of AB on BC = c cos B
And projection OfAC on BC = DC = b cos C
Case (i) B and C are acute angles. D a c
Projection of AB on BC = BD = c cos B
And projectionof AC on BC = DC = b cos C Fig 3.6
From figure we have,
= c cos B + b cos C
= b cos C + c cos B
:. a =bcosC+ccosB
Case (ii) B is obtuse angle.
Projection AB on BC = BD = c cos (Tt - B) = —ccos B
And projection of AC on BC = DC = b cos C
From figure we have,
= BC -DC - BD c
= b cos C —(—c cos B)
= b cos C + c cos B D B a c
a = b cos C + c cos B Fig 3.7
Case (iii) B is right angle. In this case D coincides with B.
R.H.S. = b cos C + c cos B
a = L.H.S.
a = b cos C + c cos B
Similarly we can prove the cases where C is obtuse angle and C right angle.
Thereforein all possible cases, a = b cos C + c cos B
Similarly we can prove other statements.
.3.7Applicationsof Sine rule, Cosine rule and Projection rule:
(1) Half angle formulae : In AABC, if a + b + c = 2s then
(s —b)(s —c)
sin — — (ii) cos —= (iii) tan — =
2 bc 2 bc 2
82
Proof : (i) We have, I —cos A = 2 sin 2 —
2
1- = 2sin 2 — [ by cosine rule I
2bc 2
2bc—b 2 —c z + a 2
= 2 sin? —
2bc 2
a 2 —(b 2 + c 2 —2bc)
= 2 sin2—
2bc 2
= 2 sin 2 —
2bc 2
{a—(b—c)}{a+(b—c)}
= 2 sin
2bc 2
=2sin —
2bc 2
=2sin —
2bc 2
(s —b)(s —c)
= sin
bc 2
A (s —b)(s —c)
sin
2 bc
(ii) We have, 1 + cosA = 2 cos2 ¯
2
= 2cos2¯ by cosine rule
2bc 2
= 2 cos2 —
2bc 2
= 2cos2
2bc 2
(b+ —a2
= 2cos2 —
2bc 2
(b + c + a)(b+ c—a) = 2cos 2
2bc 2
= 2cos 2
2
2bc
= 2cos 2 —
2bc 2
s(s— a)
cos — =
2 bc
(s —b)(s —c)
sin
2 bc
(iii) tan
2 14 s(s— a)
cos
2 bc
(s —b)(s —c)
s(s— a)
(s —b)(s —c)
tan 2 ¯
Similarly we can prove that
B (s —a)(s —c) C
sin sin — =
2 ac 2 ab
s(s —c)
B s(s —b)
cos — — , cos ab
2 ac 2
(s —a)(s —c) C (s —a)(s —b)
tan —
B
tan s(s —b) s(s —c)
2 2
(2) Heron's Formula : If a,b,c are sides of AABC and a + b + c = 2s then
A (AABC) = s(s —a)(s —b)(s —c)
Proof : We know that A(AABC) = — ab sin C
1
2
A (AABC) - — ab 2 sin — cos —
2 2 2
s(s —c)
ab ab s(s —a)(s —b)(s —c)
ab
(3) Napier's Analogy : In AABC, cot ¯2
Proof : By sine rule b = 2R sin B and c =2Rsin C
2R sin C
2R sin B + 2R sin C
sin B —sin C
sin B + sin C
2 cos
B+C
sin
B-C
2 2
2 sin
B+C
cos
B-C
2 2
= cot B+C tan B-C
2 2
B-C
= cot tan 2
2 2
= tan tan B-C
2 2
tan cot —
2 2
Similarly we can prove that
tan cot —
2 2
¯
tan cot 2
2
Let's remember!
* An equation involving trigonometric function (or functions) is called a trigonometric equation.
* A value of a variable in a trigonometric equation which satisfies the equation is called a solution
of the trigonometric equation.
A solution (1 of a trigonometric equation is called a principal solution if O u < 27t.
The solution of a trigonometric equation which is generalized by using its periodicity is called the
general solution.
The general solution of sin O= sin a is 0 = n It + (—1y u, where n e Z.
The general solution of cosO = cos (1 is O= 2n Tt+ a, where n e Z.
The general solution of tan O = tan (1 is 0 = nn + u, where n e Z.
The general solution of sin2 0 = sin2(1is 0 = nn ± a, where n e Z
The general solution of cos2 0 = cos2 a is 0 = n ± u, where n e Z.
The general solution of tan2 0 = tan2 (1 is 0 = n 7t ± a, where n e Z.
Inverse Trigonometric functions :
(i) sin(sin-lx) = x, for x e [—1,11
(ii) sin l(sin y) — for ye
(iii) cos(cos -lx) = x, for x e [—1,l]
(iv) cos-l(cos y) = y, for y e [0, It]
(v) tan(tan -lx) = x, for x e R
(vi) tan l(tan y) = y, for y e
{4)
(vii) cosec(cosec -l x) = x, for x ER —(—1, l)
(viii) cosec-l (cosec y) = y, for y e
(ix) sec(sec -l x) = x , for x e R— (—1,l)
(x) sec-l(sec y) = y , for y e [0, It]
(xi) cot(cot -l x) = x , for x e R
(xii) cot-l(cot y) = y , for y e (0 , It)
* Properties of inverse trigonometric functions :
(i) sin-l x = cosec if -l S x S 1 and 0
(ii) cos- 1x = sec- if-lś x' I
(iii) tan-l x = cot i ifx>0
(iv) If— I S x S I then sin 1 = —sin-1(x)
(v) If —1 x S I then = It —cos
-l(x)
(vi) For all x e R, tan -l(x) = -tan l(x)
(vii) If 1x1 1 then = —cosec-l(x)
(viii) If 1x1 1 then sec -l(x) = r —sec-l(x)
(ix) For all x e R, = It —cot-l(x)
—l x S I then sin -lx + cos -lx= —
2
(xi) For x e R, tan 1x + cot-1x = —
2
(xii) For x 1 , cosec -1x + sec-1x = —
2
(xiii) Ifx > 0 , y > 0 andxy < 1 then tan 1x + tan-l y = tan
l— xy
(xiv) If x > O, y > O and xy > 1 then tan-Ix+ tan-I y + tan-I
I—xy
(xv) If x > O , y > O and xy then tan-I x + tan-I y = —
2
(xvi) If x > O , y > O then tan-I x —tan-I y = tan-I