Microprocessor o m

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Chapter 19

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Chapter Objectives
 Explain the functions of Microprocessor
 Explain the role of Microprocessor as ac o
CPU
m
 Describe the Pentium processor rs
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g i n
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Recall

m
 Computer organization refers to the operational unit of
o
the computers
. c
rs
 Main functional units of a computer are input unit,
e
i n e
central processing unit, and output unit

n g
 Four basic functions of a computer are data
processing, data storage, data movement and control
O E
 Three main techniques through which the
D o
microprocessor speed can be increased are by using
a a
branch prediction, data flow analysis and speculative
F
execution.

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Microprocessors

m
 A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable
o
storage device called memory s . c
logic device that reads binary instruction from a

e r
i n e
n g
 It accepts binary data as input,
according to those instructions
processes data
and provides results as
output O E
D o
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 A set of instructions written for the microprocessor to
perform a task is called a program and a group of
programs is called software
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Binary Digits
 The microprocessor operates in binary digits, 0 and 1
which are also known as bits. Bit is an abbreviationo m
. c
for the term binary digit
e rs
i n e
 These digits are represented in terms of electrical
n g
voltages in the machine. Generally, 0 represents low
O E
voltage level (e.g. 0.3V) and 1 represents high
o
voltage level (e.g. 5V)
D
a a
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 Each microprocessor recognizes and processes a
group of bits called the word.
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Question for GD Time Limit-2mins

 What is a microprocessor?
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Microprocessor as a Programmable
Device
 Microprocessors can be instructed to perform given
o m
tasks within its capability
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e rs
i n e
 It is a multipurpose device that can be used to

n g
perform various sophisticated computing functions as
well as simple tasks such as turning devices on or off
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Memory

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 Memory is like the pages of a notebook with space
o
These pages are generally made upsof . c
for a fixed number of binary numbers on each
a
line.

semiconductor material e r
i n e
n g
 Each line is an 8-bit register that can store eight
binary bits O E
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 The registers are arranged in a sequence called
memory

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Input/Output Devices

m
 The user can enter instructions and data into the
o
memory through devices such as keyboard.
devices are called input devices. s.
c These

e r
e
 The result is displayed byian
segment LEDs (Lightn
g device such as seven-
Emitting Diodes) or printed by a
O E
printer. These devices are called output devices.
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Microprocessor as CPU
 Microprocessor is a primary component of a
o m
computer
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Computer with Microprocessor - I

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 The CPU is the primary device in communicating with
o
s . c
devices such as memory, input and output.

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Computer with Microprocessor - II
 ALU – Performs the entire arithmetic and logic
functions o m
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e rs
 Control Unit – Controls the entire process of a
microprocessor
i n e
n g
 Instruction Cache – Determine how the
microprocessorO Efunction and respond to external
will
commands o
a D
a
F Unit – Analyzes the data and decides how
 Prefetch
to process it by looking for instructions in the
instruction cache
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Computer with Microprocessor - III
 Decode Unit – Decodes or translates complex
machine language instructions into a simple format
o m
understood by the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and
. c
the Registers
e rs
i n e
 Bus Unit – Manages the flow in and out of
n g
instructions between the microprocessors and the
E
main memory of computer.
O
 Registers D –
oALU uses registers to store the data in
orderatoacomplete the task requested by the Control
F
Unit

 Data Cache – Data from the Decoder Unit which will

be used by the ALU are stored
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Question for GD Time Limit-2mins

 Draw the Block Diagram of a Computer with

o m
Microprocessor . c
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Pentium microprocessor
 Developed by Intel
o m
s . c
e r
 Branch is a point in a program which causes program

i n e
execution to jump to a new point instead of executing
the next instruction
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Pentium Features I
 Power management
 Dual processing support o m
. c


Performance monitoring
e rs
On-chip APIC (Advanced Programmable Interrupt
Controller)
i n e
 3.3V operation
n g

data bus O E
Integer Processor - two pipelines: U and V: 64 bit

 D o
On chip cache memory – separate code cache and
a
data cache each 8 KB
a
 F
Parity Logic – available for data bus, address bus
and internal transfers

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Pentium Package
 Packaging - Process or method used for connecting
o m
the microprocessor to the motherboard
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e rs
i n e
 Previously microprocessors were packed by using
g
highly protective enclosure
n
O E
o
 Packaging is done by considering the electrical and
D
a
thermal characteristics of the microprocessor
a
F
 PGA package able to accommodate a large number
of I/O connections in a small area
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Intel Pentium Package Types
 Intel generally uses different package types for
o m
packing its microprocessors.
. c
e rs

i n e
Single Edge Contact Cartridge (SECC)

n g
Single Edge Processor Package (SEPP)

O E
Plastic Pin Grid Array (PPGA)

D o
Pin Grid Array (PGA)

aa
Flip Chip Pin Grid Array (FC-PGA)

F
Flip Chip Pin Grid Array 2 (FC-PGA2)

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Question for GD Time Limit-2mins

 List down the intel pentium package types

o m
. c
1. __________ e rs
2. __________ i n e
__________ n g
3.
O E
4.
D o
__________
5.
a a
__________
F
6. __________

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SECC
 Microprocessor was entirely covered with a black
o m
plastic housing
. c
 Housing consisted of a heat sink and a fan
e rs
 Used by Pentium II and Pentium III
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SEPP
 Its black plastic housing did not entirely cover the
o m
processor
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rs
 Used in Celeron processors in slot 1 with 242 pins
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Question for GD Time Limit

 What is the difference between SECC and

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SEPP . c
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PPGA
 Used a square box to pack the microprocessor
 It had pins under the housing and heatc o
sink
m
or fans
were fixed on top of them used in r s .
Celeron processors
using 370 pins e e
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PGA

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 Pins at the bottom part of the housing are spread out
o

s . c
called as Staggered Pin Grid Array (SPGA)
 Used in Xeon processors with 603rpins
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FC-PGA
 Has a provision for attaching a cooler fan on top of
o m
the housing
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rs
 Used by Pentium III and Celeron microprocessors
e
having 370 pins
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FC-PGA2
 Heat sink is attached directly to the die of the
o m
package
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rs
 Used with Pentium III and Celeron processors with
e
370 pins and Pentium IV with 478 pins
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Hands on
 Identify the various processors
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Question for GD Time Limit-2mins

 List down the difference between PGA,

o m
FC-PGA and FC-PGA2 . c
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Pentium Organization
 Pentium processor has 32 bit and 64 bit address bus
o m
s
 Pentium processors use the RISCrconcept
. c to execute
instruction e e
g i n
E n
 Pentium RISC is Superscalar technology which helps
o O
in performing multiple execution units
a D
 It F a
has a dual pipeline architecture

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Internal Units of Pentium II
 Bus Interface – Helps in providing an interface between
m
the processor and the remaining units of the system
o
s . c

arithmetic operations e r
Floating Point Unit – Performs the floating point

i n e

recently or mostly usedn
g
Data Cache – Helps in keeping copies or records of the

O E data requested by the two integer

pipelines and the Floating Point Unit

D o

used a
a
Code Cache – Keeps copies or records of the regularly
F instructions

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Internal Units of Pentium II
 Prefetcher – Requests the instructions present in the
code cache o m
. c
e rs
 Prefetch Buffers – There are four prefetch buffers in

i n e
the processor which work as two independent pairs

n g
 Instruction Decode Unit – Decodes the instructions
O
fetched. Process E
of decoding an instruction occurs in
two stages o
a D
F a
 Control Unit – It consists of two units namely;
Microcode Sequencer and Microcode Control ROM

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Internal Units of Pentium III
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) – Used for performing
o
the arithmetic and logic operations set by respectivem
pipelines . c
e rs
i n e
 Registers – Used in microprocessors to temporarily
store the results and to check how a program is
executed n g
O E
o
 Address Generator - Used or generating temporary
D
a
memory addresses for data
a
F
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Question for GD Time Limit-2mins

 List down the Internal Units of Pentium

1. __________ o m
. c
2. __________
3. __________ e rs
4. __________
i n e
5. __________
n g
6. __________
O E
o
7. __________
D
a
8. __________
a
F
9. __________
10. __________
11. __________

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Functional Organization of
Pentium Microprocessor
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Pipelining

m
 Process where the microprocessor starts executing a
second instruction before the execution ofofirst
instruction is completed s . c
e r
i n e
 Multiple instructions can be executed in less time

n gTypes

O E Of

D o Pipeline

a a Floating
F
Integer
Point
Load Store Branch
Pipeline Pipeline Pipeline Pipeline
Pipeline
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Integer Pipeline
 Main execution units are the two integer pipelines
o m
and a floating point pipeline
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Question for GD Time Limit-2mins

 What is the advantage of Pipelining?

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 Summary - I
 Microprocessor is a device that reads binary
instruction from memory, accepts binary data as o m
. c
and provides results as output e rs
input, processes data according to the instructions

i n e
n g
 Microprocessor operates on binary digits 0 and 1
O E
Do
 Memory is like the pages of a notebook with space
a a number of binary numbers on each line
for a fixed
F
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Summary - II
 After processing the data according to those
instructions, the results can be displayed o
m
devices s . c using output

e r
i n e
functions n g
 ALU performs the entire arithmetic and logic

O E
D o
a a
 Devices from which the user can enter instructions
F into memory are known as input devices
and data

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Summary - III

m
 Control Units creates control signals to execute the
o
operate the instructions s . c
instruction by telling ALU and Registers how to

e r
i n e
on the chip n g
 Instruction Cache Unit stores the set of instructions

O E
D o
a a
 Prefetch Unit analyzes the data and checks in the
F
instruction cache or computer's main memory for the
instructions that can be used to process it

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Summary - IV
 The Pentium processor has 32 bit and 64 bit address
o m
bus
. c
e rs
i n e
 Some of the main features of Pentium are

n g
Superscalar Architecture, Functional Redundancy
Check, Halt input and Power management
O E
D o
a
 Different stages of an Integer pipelining unit are
a
F
prefetch, decode 1, decode 2, execute and write back

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 Mind Map
 Draw a mind map to summarize this chapter
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