S.D.M.
Jainmatt Trust®
A.G.M RURAL COLLEGEOFENGINEERINGANDTECHNOLOGY, VARUR,
HUBLI
DEPARTMENTOFELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
NOTES
Subject with code:Electronic Principles and Circuits (BEC303)
Module 4
Prepared By
Prof. ASIF IQBAL MULLA
Department of Electronics and Communication
Syllabus :
.IN
C
Negative Feedback: Four Types of Negative Feedback, VCVS Voltage gain, Other VCVS
N
Equations, ICVS Amplifier, VCIS Amplifier, ICIS Amplifier (No Mathematical Derivation).
SY
Active Filters: Ideal Responses, First Order Stages, VCVS Unity Gain Second Order Low pass
Filters, VCVS Equal Component Low Pass Filters, VCVS High Pass Filters, MFB Bandpass
Filters, Bandstop Filters.
U
VT
Negative Feedback
The negative feedback amplifier is an electronic amplifier in which the feedback energy
(Voltage or Current) is out of phase with input signal and thus opposes it. Negative feedback
reduces gain. It also reduces distortion, noise and instability. This feedback increases bandwidth
and improves input and output impedance.
Four types of negative feedback
.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT
Voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS)
Current controlled voltage source (ICVS)
Voltage controlled current source (VCIS)
.IN
C
Current controlled current source (ICIS)
N
SY
U
VT
VCVS voltage gain
Exact closed loop voltage gain
Ideal closed loop voltage gain
.IN
C
N
Using ideal equation voltage gain for nonnverting amplifier of fig 19.3
SY
U
VT
Other VCVS Equations
Gain Stability
Closed loop input impedance
.IN
C
N
SY
Closed loop output impedance
U
VT
Nonlinear Harmonic Distortion
The ICVS Amplifier
.IN
Voltage Gain
C
N
SY
U
VT
Input and output impedance
The VCIS Amplifier
.IN
C
N
SY
Input and output impedance of VCIS amplifier
U
VT
The ICIS Amplifier
VT
U
SY
N
C
.IN
Active Filter
A filter is circuit capable of passing certain frequencies while attenuating other frequencies.
Thus a filter can extract desired frequency signal and rejects undesirable frequencies. Active filter is
type of filter which consists of active element like transistor, vacuum tubes and op-amps along with
passive elements like resistors and capacitors.
There are 5 types of filers based on their frequency responses (The frequency response is
graph of voltage gain vs frequency) as follows.
1. Low pass filter 2. High pass filter 3. Band pass filter
4. Band stop filter 5. All pass filter
Low Pass Filter
.IN
C
N
SY
High Pass Filter
U
VT
Bandpass Filter
.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT
Bandstop Filter
.IN
All Pass filter
C
N
SY
U
VT
First Order Stage(Filter)
First Order low pass stage(filter)
VT
U
SY
N
C
.IN
First Order High Pass Stages(filter)
.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT
VCVS Unity gain second order low pass filters
Sallen-key second order low pass filter
These filters also called VCVS filters because the op amp is used as a voltage controlled voltage
source.
.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT
Butterworth and Bessel response
VT
U
SY
N
C
.IN
VCVS Equal Component low pass filter
.IN
C
N
VCVS High pass filter
SY
U
VT
.IN
C
N
MFB(Multi feedback) Band pass filter
SY
U
VT
Wide band filter
Narrow Band filter
.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT