Class 12 Physics Notes
Chapter: Alternating Current
1. Introduction
Alternating Current (AC) changes its magnitude and direction periodically.
AC is represented as I(t) = I₀ sin(ωt) or I(t) = I₀ cos(ωt).
AC is used in power supply because it can be transmitted efficiently over long distances.
2. Peak and RMS Values
Peak value (I₀): Maximum value of AC.
Root Mean Square (RMS) value: I_rms = I₀/√2.
Similarly, V_rms = V₀/√2.
3. AC through a Resistor
For AC supply V = V₀ sin(ωt).
Current I = V/R = (V₀/R) sin(ωt).
Voltage and current are in the same phase.
4. AC through an Inductor
V = V₀ sin(ωt).
Current lags voltage by 90° (π/2).
Inductive reactance: X_L = ωL.
5. AC through a Capacitor
V = V₀ sin(ωt).
Current leads voltage by 90° (π/2).
Capacitive reactance: X_C = 1/(ωC).
6. AC through LCR Series Circuit
Impedance: Z = √(R² + (X_L - X_C)²).
Current: I = V/Z.
Phase angle: tanφ = (X_L - X_C)/R.
7. Resonance in LCR Circuit
Occurs when X_L = X_C.
Resonant frequency: f = 1/(2π√(LC)).
At resonance, current is maximum and impedance is minimum (Z = R).
8. Power in AC Circuit
Instantaneous power: p = VI = V₀ I₀ cosφ sin²(ωt).
Average power: P_avg = V_rms I_rms cosφ.
Power factor: cosφ.
9. Transformers
Device to step up or step down AC voltage.
Primary to secondary voltage ratio: V_s/V_p = N_s/N_p.
Works on the principle of mutual induction.
10. LC Oscillations
Energy oscillates between electric field of capacitor and magnetic field of inductor.
Frequency of oscillation: f = 1/(2π√(LC)).
Important Notes:
AC is more efficient for transmission than DC.
RMS values are used for practical measurements.
In pure resistor circuit: voltage and current are in phase.
In pure inductor: current lags voltage by 90°.
In pure capacitor: current leads voltage by 90°.