Basic Math & Statistics Notes
1. Number System
1. Natural Numbers → 1, 2, 3, 4,… (counting numbers)
2. Whole Numbers → 0, 1, 2, 3,… (natural + zero)
3. Integers → …−2, −1, 0, 1, 2… (positive, negative, zero)
4. Rational Numbers → Numbers that end or repeat. (e.g., 1/2, 0.25, -3)
5. Irrational Numbers → Numbers that never end and never repeat. (e.g., √2, π)
6. Real Numbers → All rational + irrational numbers.
2. Fractions
Fractions represent parts of a whole.
Example: 1/4 pizza slice, 3/10 chocolates.
3. Difference Between Rational and Irrational Numbers
• Rational → Ends or repeats (simple numbers).
• Irrational → Never ends, never repeats (messy numbers).
Shortcut: Ends/Repeats = Rational | Never ends/never repeats = Irrational
4. Arithmetic Operations
1. Addition (+) → Example: 5 + 3 = 8
2. Subtraction (−) → Example: 10 − 6 = 4
3. Multiplication (×) → Example: 4 × 3 = 12
4. Division (÷) → Example: 12 ÷ 4 = 3
Important Rule → BODMAS (Brackets, Orders, Division, Multiplication, Addition,
Subtraction)
Example: 2 + 3 × 4 = 14 (do multiplication first).
5. Ratio, Proportion, Rate, Percentage
• Ratio → Comparison of two same types of quantities. (Example: 2 boys : 3 girls)
Properties: Order matters (2:3 ≠ 3:2), can be simplified (2:3 = 4:6).
• Proportion → When two ratios are equal. (Example: 2:3 = 4:6)
• Rate → Ratio with different units. (Example: 60 km / 2 hr = 30 km/hr)
• Percentage → Out of 100. Formula = (Part ÷ Total) × 100
Example: 5 absents out of 20 → (5/20) × 100 = 25%