Year 6

Arithmetic
Workbook

by Richard Brown
 Contents Page

Place Value
How Many 1- 2
Digit Value 3- 4

Add
Compensate 5- 6
More Than 10,000 7- 8
Decimals 9- 10
Column Addition 11- 12
Column Addition with Decimals 13- 14

Subtract
Compensate 15- 16
More Than 10,000 17- 18
Decimals 19- 20
Column Subtraction 21- 22
Column Subtraction with Decimals 23- 24

Multiply
Multiples of 10 25- 26
Decimals 27- 28
x10, x100 and x1,000 29- 30
Short Multiplication 31- 32
Short Multiplication with Decimals 33- 34
Long Multiplication 35- 36

Divide
Multiples of 10 37- 38
Decimals 39- 40
÷10, ÷100 and ÷1,000 41- 42
Short Division 43- 46
Short Division with Decimals 47- 48
Long Division 49- 50
*
 Contents Page

Find The Missing Number

Find The Missing Number 51- 52
Balance Equations 53- 54

Indices
Add and Subtract Indices 55- 56

BIDMAS
BIDMAS 57- 58

Percentages
Percentage of a Quantity 59- 60

Fractions
Fraction of a Quantity 61- 62
Add Proper Fractions 63- 64
Subtract Proper Fractions 65- 66
Add Mixed Fractions 67- 68
Subtract Mixed Fractions 69- 70
Multiply Proper Fractions 71- 74
Multiply Mixed Fractions 75- 76
Divide Proper Fractions 77- 78
Coverted to Percentages and Decimals 79- 80

Answers and Glossary 81- 91

 Key Language and Representations

Reasoning Scenarios are the arithmetic test questions applied to a real-life

reasoning and problem solving scenario.

Concrete Objects are manipulated or handled to calculate and represent

a number sentence i.e. base 10, cuisenaire, fraction tiles, metric rulers, .

Number Lines are used to count forwards and backwards in whole,

decimal numbers and fractional numbers.

10.00 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20

Formal Written Methods set out working in columnar form.

Ladder Method Grid Method

1 2 9 x 200 60 7
x 7 4 800 240 28
6 3
1 4 0 Short Multiplication
+ 7 0 0
1 1 7 3 1 3 0
9 0 3 x 5 x 9
3 1 2
Long Division 8 6 5 1 1 7 0

0 6 7 r1 Short Division
2 1 1 3 15

- 0 0 6 7 r1 0 4 3 r1
1 3 2 1 1 3 15 4 1 1 7 13
- 1 2
1 5
- 1 4
1
Strategy Applied is when formal written method is used to calculate
an arithmetic question or a reasoning and problem solving scenario.
Explained using appropriate mathematical language, proven using concrete
objects that can be manipulated, shown with pictorial representations to
visualise the calculations, enabling deeper understanding.

Part Whole Models are pictorial mathematical images to represent an

arithmetic question or reasoning and problem solving scenario.

91,802

81,000 10,802

61,000 20,000

Bar Models are an image, that pictorially represents a calculation.

5 8 x 6 = 5 4 8

58 58 58 58 58 58

348

Fraction Tiles

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ =
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
- =
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
 Number Grid

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79

80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89

90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109

110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119

120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129

130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139

140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149

150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159
 Multiplication Square

x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60

7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70

8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80

9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 110

12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120
 Decimal Number Grid

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9

3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9

4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9

5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9

6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9

7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9

8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9

9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9

10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9

11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9

12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9

13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9

14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9

15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9
 Fraction Walls

1 Whole
1 1
2 2
1 1 1 1
4 4 4 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16

1 Whole
1 1
2 2
1 1 1
3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
6 6 6 6 6 6

1 Whole
1 1
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
5 5 5 5 5
3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
 How Many

How many 1,000,000s (millions), 100,000s (hundred thousands), 10,000s

(ten thousands) and 0.001s (thousandths) are there in the number
98,765,432.109?

1) 9 8, 7 6 5, 4 3 2 . 1 0 9

Word Problem
Ninety eight million, seven hundred and sixty five thousand, four
hundred and thirty two point one zero nine is a 11-digit number.
The digits represent the following column place values the 10,000,000s,
1,000,000, 100,000s, 10,000s, 1,000s, 10s, 1s, 0.1s, 0.01s and 0.001s.
Work out how many 1,000,000s, 100,000s, 10,000s and 0.001s there are.

Strategy Applied
On a Place Value Chart show the number ninety eight million, seven
hundred and sixty five thousand, four hundred and thirty two point
one zero nine.

Write 9 in the 10,000,000s column place value.

Write 8 in the 1,000,000s column place value.
Write 7 in the 100,000s column place value.
Write 6 in the 10,000s column place value.
Write 5 in the 1,000s column place value.
Write 4 in the 100s column place value.
Write 3 in the 10s column place value.
Write 2 in the 1s column place value.
Write 1 in the 10ths column place value.
Write 0 in the 100ths column place value.
Write 9 in the 1000ths column place value.

Finally, there are 8 millions, 7 hundred thousands, 6 ten thousands.

and 9 thousandths.

Page 1
Place Value Chart

10,000,000 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9

Test Questions
How many 1,000,000s (millions), 100,000s (hundred thousands), 10,000s
(ten thousands) and 0.001s (thousandths) in each number

1) 98,765,432.109 =

2) 25,124,619.102 =

3) 36,217,983.213 =

4) 49,353,774.908 =

5) 58,406,861.987 =

6) 63,537,902.765 =

7) 71,601,393.432 =

8) 82,721,548.098 =

9) 95,834,657.876 =

10) 96,095,372.065 =

Page 2
 Digit Value

What is the digit value of the 1,000,000s (millions), 100,000s (hundred-

thousands), 10,000s (ten thousands) and 0.001s (thousandths) in the
number 98,765,432.109?

1) 9 8, 7 6 5, 4 3 2 . 1 0 9

Word Problem
Ninety eight million, seven hundred and sixty five thousand, four
hundred and thirty two point one zero nine is a 11-digit number.
The digits represent the following column place values the 10,000,000s,
1,000,000, 100,000s, 10,000s, 1,000s, 10s, 1s, 0.1s, 0.01s and 0.001s.
What is the digit value of the 1,000,000s, 100,000s, 10,000s and 0.001s
columns.

Strategy Applied
On a Place Value Chart show the number ninety eight million, seven
hundred and sixty five thousand, four hundred and thirty two point
one zero nine.

Write 90,000,000 in the 10,000,000s column place value.

Write 8,000,000 in the 1,000,000s column place value.
Write 700,000 in the 100,000s column place value.
Write 60,000 in the 10,000s column place value.
Write 5,000 in the 1,000s column place value.
Write 400 in the 100s column place value.
Write 30 in the 10s column place value.
Write 2 in the 100s column place value.
Write 0.01 in the 10ths column place value.
Write 0.00 in the 100ths column place value.
Write 0.009 in the 1000ths column place value.

Finally, the digit value of the millions, hundred thousands, ten

thousands and thousandths is 8,000,000, 700,000, 60,000 and 0.009.
Page 3
Place Value Chart

10,000,000 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001

90,000,000 8,000,000 700,000 60,000 5,000 400 30 2 0.1 0.00 0.009

Test Questions
What is the digit value of the 1,000,000s (millions), 100,000s (hundred
thousands), 10,000s (ten thousands) and 0.001s (thousandths) in each
number?

1) 98,765,432.109 =

2) 25,124,619.102 =

3) 36,217,983.213 =

4) 49,353,774.908 =

5) 58,406,861.987 =

6) 63,537,902.765 =

7) 71,601,393.432 =

8) 82,721,548.098 =

9) 95,834,657.876 =

10) 96,095,372.065 =

Page 4
 Compensate

1) 567,621 + 7,099 = ?

Word Problem
Donations for a charity are to increase by £7,099. The opening balance
is £567,621. What mental strategy can the accountant use to calculate the
closing balance?

Step 1 Step 2

+ 7,000 + 100 -1

567,621 574,621 574,721 574,720 574,721

Strategy Applied
When the value of a number is near in value to a multiple of 10s, 100s,
1,000s, it can be more efficient to round up/down to an appropriate
multiple, before calculating the number sentence.

Step 1
First, compensate by rounding 7,099 up to 7,100, by adding +1.
Then from five hundred and sixty seven thousand, six hundred and
twenty one, count on seven thousand more, equal to five hundred and
seventy four thousand, six hundred and twenty one.
Next count on one hundred more, equal to five hundred and seventy
four thousand, seven hundred and twenty one.

Step 2
Finally, decompensate by subtracting -1 from five hundred and seventy
four thousand, seven hundred and twenty one, equals the total value of
five hundred and seventy four thousand, seven hundred and twenty.

Page 5
Part Whole Model Bar Model

567,621
567,621 7,099
? 574,720
7,099 ? 574,720

Test Questions
1) 567,621 + 7,099 =

2) 355,102 + 54,097 =

3) 400,102 + 87,005 =

4) 675,555 + 987 =

5) 888,777 + 55,005 =

6) 801,821 + 1,002 =

7) 812,392 + 98,505 =

8) 333,333 + 2,222 =

9) 40,915 + 8,998 =

10) 8,391 + 999 =

11) = 99,999 + 200

12) = 99,999 + 50

13) = 9,999 + 20

14) = 8,999 + 60
Page 6
 More Than 10,000

1) 368,701 + 21,000 = ?

Word Problem
The population of a town is three hundred and sixty eight thousand,
seven hundred and one. Next year it is expected to increase by a
further twenty one thousand.
What will the population of the town be?

Number Line

+ 20,000 + 1,000

368,701 388,701 389,701

Strategy Applied
Partition 21,000 into its digit values of 10,000s + 1,000s, 20,000 + 1,000.

First, draw a number line and write three hundred and sixty eight
thousand, seven hundred and one at the start.

Then, from three hundred and sixty eight thousand, seven hundred
and one count on twenty thousand more in multiples of 10,000s, equal
to three hundred and eighty eight thousand, seven hundred and one.

Next, count on one thousand more in multiples of 1,000s, equal to

three hundred and eighty nine thousand, seven hundred and one.

Finally, the missing number is 389,701.

Page 7
Part Whole Model Bar Model

368,701
? 389,701 368,701 21,000

21,000 ? 389,701

Test Questions
1) 368,701 + 21,000 =

2) 494,009 + 32,000 =

3) 80,400 + 73,000 =

4) 840,000 + 48,000 =

5) 383,000 + 92,000 =

6) 372,000 + 43,000 =

7) 468,888 + 110,000 =

8) 301,900 + 85,000 =

9) 560,000 + 450,000 =

10) 900,900 + 290,000 =

11) = 210,100 + 72,000

12) = 444,444 + 55,000

13) = 230,000 + 90,000

14) = 260,000 + 75,000

Page 8
 Decimals

1) 56.97 + 8.102 = ?

Word Problem
Fifty six point nine seven litres mixes with eight point one zero two
litres. Can a seventy litre container hold both of the liquids?

Partitioning

5 0 . 0 0 0 + 0 . 0 0 0 = 5 0 . 0 0 0
6 . 0 0 0 + 8 . 0 0 0 = 1 4 . 0 0 0
0 . 9 0 0 + 0 . 1 0 0 = 1 . 0 0 0
0 . 0 7 0 + 0 . 0 0 0 = 0 . 0 7 0
0 . 0 0 0 + 0 . 0 0 2 = 0 . 0 0 2 +
6 5 . 0 7 2

Strategy Applied
Partition both numbers into 10s, 1s, 10ths, 100ths and add together their
relative digit values.
56.97 = 50 + 6 + 0.9 + 0.07 8.102 = 8 + 0.1 + 0.00 + 0.002
First, add the 10s digit values of 50 and 0, equal to fifty.
Then, add the 1s digit values of 6 and 8, equal to fourteen.
Next, add the 10ths digit values of 0.9 and 0.1, equal to one.
Then, add the 100ths digit values of 0.07 and 0.00, equal to zero point
zero seven.
Next, add the 1000ths digit values of 0.000 and 0.002, equal to zero point
zero zero two.
Next, use column addition to add the values of 50 + 14 + 1 + 0.07 + 0.002.
Finally, 56.97 plus 8.102 is equal to 65.072.

Page 9
Part Whole Model Bar Model

56.97
56.97 8.102
? 65.072
8.102 ? 65.072

Test Questions
1) 56.97 + 8.102 =

2) 94.37 + 8.122 =

3) 32.97 + 1.001 =

4) 21.06 + 1.934 =

5) 22.87 + 5.100 =

6) 340.0 + 3.905 =

7) 23.56 + 5.036 =

8) 25.04 + 9.138 =

9) 57.40 + 1.308 =

10) 12.60 + 4.194 =

11) = 33.75 + 5.130

12) = 48.18 + 8.713

13) = 65.41 + 8.160

14) = 38.10 + 8.112

Page 10
 Column Addition

1) 682,088 + 375,253 = ?

Step 1 Step 2
6 8 2 0 8 8 6 8 2 0 8 8
+ 3 7 5 2 5 3 + 3 7 5 2 5 3
3 4 1 1 0 5 7 3 4 1
1 1 1 1 1 1

Strategy Applied
Step 1
First, in the 1s column add altogether, 8 + 3, equals 11 ones (10 + 1).
Write 1 in the total value of the 1s column, then exchange/regroup the
10 ones into 1 ten to the 10s column and write 1 below the total value line
of the 10s column.
Then, in the 10s column add altogether, 8 + 5 + 1, equals 14 tens
(100 + 40).
Write 4 in the total value of the 10s column, then exchange/regroup the
10 tens into 1 hundred to the 100s column and write 1 below the total
value line of the 100s column.
Next, in the 100s column add altogether, 0 + 2 + 1, equals 3 hundreds
(300).
Write 3 in the total value of the 100s column.
Step 2
Then, in the 1,000s column add altogether, 2 + 5, equals 7 thousands
(7,000).
Write 7 in the total value of the 1,000s column.
Next, in the 10,000s column add altogether, 8 + 7, equals 15 ten
thousands (100,000 + 50,000).
Write 5 in the total value of the 10,000s column, then exchange/regroup
the 10 ten thousands into 1 hundred thousand to the 100,000s column
and write 1 below the total value line of the 100,000s column.
Then, in the 100,000s column add altogether, 6 + 3 + 1, equals 10
hundred thousands (1,000,000 + 0).
Page 11
Write 0 in the total value of the 100,000s column, then exchange the
10 hundred thousands into 1 million to the 1,000,000s column.
and write 1 below the total value line of the 1,000,000s column.
Finally, in the 1,000,000s column add altogether, 0 + 0 + 1, equals
1 million. Write 1 in the total value of the 1,000,000s column.
Total value is 1,057,341.

Part Whole Model Bar Model

682,088
682,088 375,253
? 1,057,341
375,253 1,057,341

Test Questions

1) 6 8 2 0 8 8 2) 6 3 6 2 4 2 3) 8 9 9 7 3
+ 3 7 5 2 5 3 + 2 1 7 8 3 8 3 8 2 0 8
+ 2 1 7 8 3

4) 8 0 0 6 7 9 5) 7 5 2 4 7 6 6) 6 7 5 2 5
+ 5 9 9 7 3 5 + 5 2 8 0 1 5 6 3 6 2 4
+ 5 2 8 0 1

7) 7 8 0 4 0 0 8) 8 7 0 9 9 9 9) 8 7 0 9 9
+ 3 3 0 5 0 0 + 4 8 0 9 9 9 7 8 0 4 0
+ 2 7 8 5 3

10) 7 5 5 1 0 2 11) 5 5 5 8 0 5 12) 4 8 0 9 9

+ 3 8 9 0 7 0 + 2 7 8 5 3 7 3 8 9 0 7
+ 2 5 6 9 2

Page 12
 Column Addition with Decimals
1) 8 6 . 9 7 5 + 5 1 . 5 9 1 = ?

Step 1 Step 2
8 6 . 9 7 5 8 6 . 9 7 5
+ 5 1 . 5 9 1 + 5 1 . 5 9 1
. 5 6 6 1 3 8 . 5 6 6
1 1 1 1 1

Strategy Applied
Step 1
First, in the 1,000ths column add altogether, 5 + 1, equals 6 thousandths
(0.006).
Write 6 in the total value of the 1,000ths column.
Then, in the 100ths column add altogether, 7 + 9, equals 16 hundredths
(0.1 + 0.06).
Write 6 in the total value of the 10ths column, then exchange/regroup
the 10 hundredths into 1 tenth to the 10ths column and write 1 below the
total value line of the 10ths column.
Next, in the 10ths column add altogether, 9 + 5 + 1, equals 15 tenths
(1.0 + 0.5).
Write 5 in the total value of the 10ths column.

Step 2
Then, in the 1s column add altogether, 6 + 1 + 1, equals 8 ones (8).
Write 8 in the total value of the 1s column.
Next, in the 10s column add altogether, 8 + 5, equals 13 tens (100 + 30).
Write 3 in the total value of the 10s column, then exchange/regroup the
10 tens into 1 hundred to the 100s column and write 1 below the total
value line of the 100s column.
Finally, in the 100s column add altogether, 0 + 0 + 1, equals 1 hundred
(100).
Write 1 in the total value of the 100s column. Total value is 138.566.

Page 13
Part Whole Model Bar Model

86.975
86.975 51.521
? 138.496
51.521 ? 138.496

Test Questions

1) 8 6 . 9 7 5 2) 3 4 . 0 2 7 3) 8 . 5 2 1
+ 5 1 . 5 2 1 + 3 9 . 0 5 0 5 . 3 5 6
. + 3 . 9 7 3
.

4) 9 4 . 3 7 2 5) 5 2 . 3 5 6 6) 9 . 3 7 2
+ 8 1 . 8 4 5 + 4 5 . 0 5 6 5 . 9 7 5
. . + 4 . 0 9 9
.

7) 4 2 . 9 7 3 8) 9 5 . 7 0 4 9) 9 . 9 4 0
+ 3 0 . 0 9 9 + 2 1 . 3 8 3 3 . 9 7 3
. . 2 . 0 6 7
+ 1 . 1 2 9
.

10) 2 1 . 0 6 7 11) 3 5 . 6 9 2 14) 4 . 1 8 6

+ 1 9 . 4 4 5 + 2 9 . 0 4 3 2 . 7 0 4
. . 1 . 4 4 5
+ 1 . 8 6 1
.
12) 9 8 . 1 8 6 13) 1 7 . 8 6 1
+ 4 3 . 9 4 0 + 1 5 . 1 2 9
. .

Page 14
 Compensate

1) 40,915 - 8,998 = ?

Word Problem
A bank balance of forty thousand, nine hundred and fifteen pounds is
reduced by eight thousand nine hundred and ninety eight pounds.
What is the closing bank balance?

Step 1 Step 2

- 9,000 +2

31,915 40,915 31,915 31,917

Strategy Applied
When the value of a number is near in value to a multiple of 10s, 100s,
1,000s, it can be more efficient to round up/down to an appropriate
multiple, before calculating the number sentence.

Step 1
First, compensate by rounding 8,998 up to 9,000, by adding +2.
Then from forty thousand, nine hundred and fifteen count back nine
thousand less, equal to thirty one thousand, nine hundred and fifteen.

Step 2
Finally, decompensate by subtracting +2 from thirty one thousand,
nine hundred and fifteen, to equal the total value of thirty one
thousand, nine hundred and thirteen.

Page 15
Part Whole Model Bar Model

40,915
40,915

8,998 ? 31,917 8,998 31,917

Test Questions
1) 40,915 - 8,998 =

2) 9,900 - 2 =

3) 100,101 - 9 =

4) 777,999 - 12 =

5) 333,333 - 8,998 =

6) 8,999 - 60 =

7) 100,000 - 9 =

8) 9,999 - 2 =

9) 812,392 - 91,997 =

10) 99,999 - 50 =

11) 20,001 - 4 =

12) 99,999 - 200 =

13) 801,821 - 21,003 =

14) 675,555 - 987 =

Page 16
 More Than 10,000

1) 630,000 - 325,000 = ?

Word Problem
The British Army has 630,000 soldiers in 2001, but today, the number of
soldiers has decreased by 325,000. How many soldiers currently serving?

Number Line

- 5,000 - 20,000 - 300,000

305,000 310,000 330,000 630,000

Strategy Applied
Partition 325,000 into its digit values of 100,000s, 10,000s, 1,000s,
300,000 + 20,000 + 5,000.

First, draw a number line and write six hundred and thirty thousand
at the end.

Then, from six hundred and thirty thousand count back 300,000 less in
multiples of 100,000s, equal to three hundred and thirty thousand.

Next, from three hundred and thirty thousand count back 20,000 less
in multiples of 10,000s, equal to three hundred and ten thousand.

Then, from three hundred and ten thousand count back 5,000 less in
multiples of 1,000s, equal to three hundred and five thousand.

Finally, the missing number is three hundred and five thousand.

Page 17
Part Whole Model Bar Model

630,000
630,000

325,000 ? 305,000 325,000 ? 305,000

Test Questions
1) 630,000 - 325,000 =

2) 840,000 - 48,000 =

3) 900,000 - 546,000 =

4) 750,000 - 80,000 =

5) 820,000 - 405,000 =

6) 301,900 - 20,000 =

7) 601,600 - 20,000 =

8) 900,900 - 150,000 =

9) 210,100 - 25,000 =

10) 444,444 - 33,000 =

11) 330,000 - 230,000 =

12) 888,800 - 303,000 =

13) 812,000 - 98,000 =

14) 801,000 - 16,000 =

Page 18
 Decimals

1) 154.6 - 8.5 = ?

Word Problem
The perimeter of Garden A is eight point five metres less than the
perimeter of Garden B, one hundred and fifty four point six metres.
What is the perimeter of Garden A?

Partitioning

1 0 0 . 0 - 0 . 0 = 1 0 0 . 0
5 4 . 0 - 8 . 0 = 4 6 . 0
0 . 6 - 0 . 5 = 0 . 1 +
1 4 6 . 1

Strategy Applied
Non- standard partition both numbers into 10s, 1s, 10ths, 100ths and
subtract their relative digit values.
154.6 = 100 + 54 + 0.6 8.5 = 8 + 0.5.
First, subtract the 100s digit values of 100 and 0, equal to one hundred.
Then, subtract the 10s and 1s digit values of 54 and 8, equal to forty six.
Next, subtract the 10ths digit values of 0.6 and 0.5, equal to zero point
one.
Next, use column addition to add the values of 100 + 46 + 0.01.
Finally, 154.6 subtract 8.5 is equal to 146.1.

Page 19
Part Whole Model Bar Model

154.6
154.6

8.5 ? 146.1 8.5 ? 146.1

Test Questions
1) 154.600 - 8.500 =

2) 817.020 - 59.010 =

3) 65.710 - 1.510 =

4) 524.100 - 8.100 =

5) 36.880 - 4.680 =

6) 782.400 - 3.400 =

7) 291.600 - 81.600 =

8) 460.405 - 9.205 =

9) 178.60 - 1.500 =

10) 385.100 - 8.100 =

11) = 6.000 - 5.738

12) = 9.000 - 3.45

13) = 4.000 - 1.15

14) = 7.000 - 2.25

Page 20
 Column Subtraction

1) 500,102 - 337,678 = ?

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

4 9 9 10 9 4 9 9 10 9 4 9 9 10 9
5 10 10 1 10 12 5 10 10 1 10 12 5 10 10 1 10 12
- 3 3 7 6 7 8 - 3 3 7 6 7 8 - 3 3 7 6 7 8
2 4 2 4 1 6 2, 4 2 4

Strategy Applied
Step 1
In the 1s column, 2 subtract 8, you cannot do as 2 is a lower value than 8.
From the 10s column, regroup 1 ten from the 0 tens, you cannot do this
as the value of the tens is zero.
Instead exchange/regroup 1 hundred from the 1 hundreds in the 100s
column to the 10s column.
Cross out the 1 hundreds and write 0 hundreds above, then write the
exchanged/regrouped 1 hundred next to the 0 tens to make 10 tens.
Still in the 10s column, regroup 1 ten into 10 ones from the 10s column to
the 1s column.
Cross out the 10 tens and write 9 tens above, then write the exchanged/
regrouped 1 ten next to the 2 ones to make 12 ones.
In the 1s column, 12 subtract 8, equals 4 ones (4).
Write 4 in the total value of the 1s column.
In the 10s column, 9 subtract 7, equals 2 tens (20).
Write 2 in the total value of the 10s column.
Step 2
In the 100s column, 0 subtract 6, you can't do as 0 is a lower value than 6.
From the 1,000s column, regroup 1 thousand from the 0 thousands, you
cannot do this as the value of the thousands is zero.
From the 10,000s column, regroup 1 ten thousand from the 0 ten
thousands, you cannot do this as the value of the ten thousands is zero.
Instead exchange/regroup 1 hundred thousand from the 5 hundred
thousands in the 100,000s column to the 10,000s column.
Page 21
Exchange/Regroup 1 hundred thousand into 10 ten thousands from
the 100,000s column to the 10,000s column.
Cross out the 5 hundred thousands and write 4 hundred thousands
above, then write the exchanged/regrouped 1 hundred thousand next
to the 0 ten thousands to make 10 ten thousands.
Still in the 10,000s column, regroup 1 ten thousand into 10 thousands
from the 10,000s column to the 1,000s column.
Cross out the 10 ten thousands and write 9 ten thousands above, then
write the exchanged/regrouped 1 ten thousand next to the 0 thousands
to make 10 thousands.
Still in the 1,000s column, regroup 1 thousand into 10 hundreds from the
1,000s column to the 100s column.
Cross out the 10 thousands and write 9 thousands above, then write the
exchanged/regrouped 1 thousand next to the 0 hundreds to make
10 hundreds.
Step 3
In the 100s column, 10 subtract 6, equals 4 hundreds (400).
Write 4 in the total value of the 100s column.
In the 1,000s column, 9 subtract 7, equals 2 thousands (2,000).
Write 2 in the total value of the 1,000s column.
In the 10,000s column, 9 subtract 3, equals 6 ten thousand (60,000).
Write 6 in the total value of the 10,000s column.
In the 100,000s column, 4 subtract 3, equals 1 hundred thousand(100,000).
Write 1 in the total value of the 100,000s column.
Total value is 162,424.

Test Questions

1) 5 0 0 1 0 2 2) 4 0 0 6 7 9 3) 7 2 5 3 0
- 3 3 7 6 7 8 - 2 9 9 7 3 5 - 3 5 9 6 1

4) 7 8 0 0 0 3 5) 3 5 5 1 0 2 6) 6 3 6 3 4
- 2 7 9 1 5 4 - 7 8 9 0 7 - 8 7 8 8

Page 22
 Column Subtraction with Decimals
1) 3 5 0 . 2 7 0 - 5 3 . 9 0 5 = ?

Word Problem
Two fish tanks have different capacities. The second tank's capacity is
53.905 litres less than three hundred and fifty point two seven litres.
What is the capacity of the second fish tank?

Step 1 Step 2

4 9 6 2 14 9 6
3 5 10 . 12 7 10 3 5 10 . 12 7 10
- 5 3 . 9 0 5 - 5 3 . 9 0 5
3 6 5 2 9 6 . 3 6 5

Strategy Applied
Step 1
In the 1,000ths column, 0 subtract 5, you cannot do as 0 is a lower value
than 5.
Exchange/Regroup 1 hundredth into 10 thousandths from the 10ths
column to the 1,000ths column.
Cross out the 7 hundredths and write 6 hundredths above, then write
the exchanged/regrouped 1 hundredth next to the 0 thousandths to
make 10 thousandths.
In the 100ths column, 6 subtract 0, equals 6 hundredths (0.06).
Write 6 in the total value of the 100ths column.

In the 10ths column, 2 subtract 9, you can't do as 2 is a lower value than 9.

Exchange/Regroup 1 one into 10 tenths from the 1s column to the
10ths column, you cannot do this as the value of the ones is zero.
Instead exchange/regroup 1 ten from the 5 tens in the 10s column to
the 1s column.
Cross out the 5 tens and write 4 tens above, then write the exchanged/
regrouped 1 ten next to the 0 ones to make 10 ones.
Page 23
Still in the 1s column, regroup 1 one into 10 hundredths from the 1s
column to the 10ths column.
Cross out the 10 ones and write 9 ones above, then write the exchanged/
regrouped 1 one next to the 2 tenths to make 12 tenths.
In the 10ths column, 12 subtract 9, equals 3 tenths (0.3).
Write 3 in the total value of the 10ths column.

Step 2
In the 1s column, 9 subtract 3, equals 6 ones (6).
Write 6 in the total value of the 1s column.
In the 10s column, 4 subtract 5, you cannot do as 4 is a lower value than 5.
Exchange/Regroup 1 hundred into 10 tens from the 100s column to
the 1s column.
Cross out the 3 hundreds and write 2 hundreds above, then write the
exchanged/regrouped 1 hundred next to the 4 tens to make 14 tens.
In the 10s column, 14 subtract 5, equals 9 tens (90).
Write 9 in the total value of the 10s column.
In the 100s column, 2 subtract 0, equals 2 hundreds (200).
Write 2 in the total value of the 100s column.
Total value is 296,365.

Test Questions

1) 3 5 0 . 2 7 0 2) 5 2 3 . 5 6 0
- 5 3 . 9 0 5 - 4 5 . 0 5 6

3) 2 5 7 . 0 4 0 4) 3 8 5 . 1 0 0
- 9 . 1 3 8 - 8 . 1 1 2

5) 2 5 6 . 9 2 0 6) 4 6 0 . 4 0 0
- 3 9 . 0 4 3 - 2 9 . 5 0 0

Page 24
 Multiples of 10

1) 600 x 40 = ?

Strategy Applied
The six hundred represents the value of each group, the multiplicand.
The forty represents how many groups of six hundred's there are, the
multiplier.
The ? represents the total value of forty groups of six hundred, the
product.

Step 1 Step 2

6 0 0 is 6 x 1 0 0 6 x 4 = 2 4

4 0 is 4 x 1 0 1 0 0 x 1 0 = 1, 0 0 0

Step 3

2 4 x 1, 0 0 0 = 2 4, 0 0 0

Step 1
Six hundred partitioned represents the value of six lots of hundreds
or 6 x 100.
Forty partitioned represents the value of four lots of tens or 4 x 10.

Step 2
First, multiply the values of six and four, equals twenty four.
Then, multiply the values of one hundred and ten, equals one thousand.

Step 3
Finally, multiply the values of twenty four and one thousand, equal to
twenty four thousand, the product.

Page 25
Test Questions

1) 600 x 40 =

2) 80 x 120 =

3) 30 x 110 =

4) 500 x 80 =

5) 3 x 1,200 =

6) 4 x 1,100 =

7) 50 x 700 =

8) 40 x 120 =

9) 500 x 60 =

10) 40 x 800 =

11) = 20 x 50 x 30

12) = 40 x 60 x 10

13) = 80 x 70 x 20

14) = 15 x 50 x 20

Page 26
 Decimals

1) 0.08 x 9 = ?

Strategy Applied
Zero point zero eight represents the value of each group, the
multiplicand.
The nine represents how many groups of zero point zero eight's there
are, the multiplier.
The ? represents the total value of nine groups of zero point zero
eight, the product.

Step 1
0 . 0 8 or 8 or 8 ÷ 1 0 0
100
Step 2
8 x 9 = 7 2

Step 3

10s 1s 10ths 100ths 72 ÷ 100 = 0.72

7 2 .
0 . 7 2

Step 1
Zero point zero eight partitioned represents the value of
eight hundredths or 8 ÷ 1 0 0

Step 2
First, multiply the values of eight and nine, equal to seventy two.

Step 3
Finally, divide seventy two by one hundred, equal to zero point seven
two.
Page 27
Test Questions

1) 0.08 x 9 =

2) 0.07 x 8 =

3) 0.06 x 7 =

4) 0.04 x 12 =

5) 0.03 x 7 =

6) 0.8 x 8 =

7) 0.7 x 9 =

8) 0.6 x 11 =

9) 0.3 x 5 =

10) 0.4 x 11 =

11) = 0.12 x 2

12) = 0.11 x 3

13) = 0.18 x 4

14) = 0.09 x 5

Page 28
 x10, x100 and x1,000

Multiply the value below first by x10, then by x100, next by x1,000 and
write down the answers consecutively.
1) 2.381 =

Place Value Grid

1,000s 100s 10s 1s . 10ths 100ths 1,000ths

2 . 3 8 1 Value
2 3 . 8 1 x10
2 3 8 . 1 x100
2 3 8 1 . x1,000

Strategy Applied
Method 1
Multiply any value by ten, means that value will become ten times as big.
Each digit in the value will move one column place value to the left,
starting with the greatest place value, the 1s.

Method 2
Multiply any value by one hundred, means that value will become
one hundred times as big.
Each digit in the value will move two column place values to the left.
starting with the greatest place value, the 1s.

Method 3
Multiply any value by one thousand, means that value will become
one thousand times as big.
Each digit in the value will move three column place values to the left.
starting with the greatest place value, the 1s.

Finally 2.381 multiplied by x10, x100, x1,000 = 23.81, 238.1, 2381

Page 29
Test Questions
Multiply each value below first by x10, then by x100, next by x1,000 and
write down the answers consecutively.

1) 2.381

2) 4.11

3) 300.01

4) 999.9

5) 567

6) 5869

7) 4560.05

8) 28.6

9) 8851.0

10) 101.0

11) 238.100

12) 58.69

13) 99.99

14) 5.67

Page 30
 Short Multiplication

1) 2 8, 3 9 5 x 9 = ?

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

2 8, 3 9 5 2 8, 3 9 5 2 8, 3 9 5
9 x 9 x 9
5 5 5, 5 5 5 2 5 5, 5 5 5
8 4 7 3 8 4 7 3 8 4

Strategy Applied
Step 1
In the 1s column, multiply 5 by 9 , equals 45 ones (40 + 5).
Write 5 in the total value of the 1s column.
Exchange/Regroup the 40 ones into 4 tens from the 1s column to the
10s column and write 4 below the total value line of the 10s column.
In the 10s column, multiply (90) 9 by 9, equals 81 tens (810).
Add the exchanged/regrouped 4 tens (40) below, equals 85 tens
(800 + 50).
Write 5 in the total value of the 10s column.
Exchange/Regroup the 80 tens into 8 hundreds from the 10s column to
the 100s column and write 8 below the total value line of the 100s column.

Step 2
In the 100s column, multiply (300) 3 by 9, equals 27 hundreds
(2,000 + 700).
Add the exchanged/regrouped 8 hundreds (800) below, equal to 35
hundreds (3,000 + 500). Write 5 in the total value of the 100s column.
In the 1,000s column, multiply (8,000) 8 by 9, equals 72 thousands
(70,000 + 2,000).
Add the exchanged/regrouped 3 thousands (3,000) below, equals
75 thousands (70,000 + 5,000).
Write 5 in the total value of the 1,000s column.
Page 31
Exchange/Regroup the 70 thousands into 7 hundred thousand from
the 1,000s column to the 10,000s column and write 7 below the total value
line of the 10,000s column.

Step 3
In the 10,000s column, multiply (2,000) 2 by 9, equals 18 ten thousands
(100,000 + 80,000).
Add the exchanged/regrouped 7 thousands (7,000) below, equals
25 ten thousands (200,000 + 50,000).
Write 5 in the total value of the 10,000s column.
Write 2 in the total value of the 100,000s column.
Total value is 255,555.

Test Questions
1) 3 2 9 5 4 2) 7 0 8 2 5 3) 2 8 3 9 5
x 7 x 8 x 9

4) 6 5 7 4 5) 4 7 8 1 6) 5 4 1 8
x 7 x 9 x 6

7) 8 7 9 8) 1 6 7 9) 5 7 4 10) 4 7 6
x 3 x 4 x 5 x 2

11) 7 1 12) 3 3 13) 6 1 14) 6 5

x 8 x 8 x 4 x 3

Page 32
 Short Multiplication with Decimals

1) 7 5 . 8 3 6 x 5 = ?

Word Problem
What is the total perimeter of five new luxury holiday resorts in Asia, if
each one has a perimeter of seventy five point eight three six kms.

Step 1 Step 2

7 5 . 8 3 6 7 5 . 8 3 6
x 5 x 5
. 1 8 0 3 7 9 . 1 8 0
4 1 3 2 4 1 3

Strategy Applied
Step 1
In the 1,000ths column, multiply 6 by 5 , equals 30 thousandths
(0.03 + 0.000).
Write 0 in the total value of the 1,000ths column.
Exchange/Regroup the 30 thousandths into 3 hundredths from the
1000ths column to the 100ths column and write 3 below the total value
line of the 100ths column.
In the 100ths column, multiply 3 by 5, equals 15 hundredths (0.1 + 0.05).
Add the exchanged/regrouped 3 hundredths below, equal to 18
hundredths (0.1 + 0.08).
Write 8 in the total value of the 100ths column.
Exchange/Regroup the 10 hundredths into 1 tenth from the 100ths
column to the 10ths column and write 1 below the total value line of the
10ths column.
In the 10ths column, multiply 8 by 5, equals 40 tenths (4 + 0.0).
Add the exchanged/regrouped 1 tenths below, equals 41 tenths
(4 + 0.1).
Write 1 in the total value of the 10ths column.

Page 33
Step 2
In the 1s column, multiply 5 by 5, equals 25 ones (20 + 5).
Write 5 in the total value of the 1s column.
Exchange/Regroup the 20 ones into 2 tens from the 1s column to the
10s column and write 2 below the total value line of the 10s column.
In the 10s column, multiply 7 by 5, equals 35 tens (300 + 50).
Add the exchanged/regrouped 2 tens below, equals 37 tens (300 + 70).
Write 7 in the total value of the 10s column.
Write 3 in the total value of the 100s column.
Total value is 379.180.

Part Whole Model Bar Model

? 379.180 75.836 75.836 75.836

? 379.180
75.836 75.836 75.836

Test Questions

1) 7 5 . 8 3 6 2) 9 1 . 3 7 2 3) 3 5 . 4 9
x 5 x 9 x

4) 2 5 . 0 9 9 5) 8 2 . 9 9 8 6) 9 3 . 7 8
x 6 x 5 x

7) 9 8 . 0 7 9 8) 2 9 . 7 8 4 9) 8 2 . 3 0
x 6 x 3 x

Page 34
 Long Multiplication

1) 4 5 9 8 x 6 2 = ?

Steps 1-4 Step 5-9 Step 10

4 5 9 8 4 5 9 8 4 5 9 8
x 6 2 x 6 2 x 6 2
91 11 91 6 91 11 91 6 91 11 91 6
+ + 2 73 55 84 8 0 + 2 73 55 84 8 0
2 8 5, 0 7 6
1 1 1

Strategy Applied
Step 1 (First line of working out)
In the 1s column, 8 x 2, equals 16 ones (10 + 6).
Write 6 underneath the 2 in the 1s column.
Regroup the 10 ones into 1 ten and write it as a small 1 below the 6 in the
10s column.
Step 2
In the 10s column, (90) 9 x 2, equals 18 tens (100 + 80).
Add the regrouped 1 ten to the 18 tens, equals 19 tens (100 + 90).
Write 9 next to the small 1 in the 10s column.
Regroup the 10 tens into 1 hundred and write a small 1 below the 5 in the
100s column.
Step 3
In the 100s column, (500) 5 x 2, equals 10 hundreds (1,000).
Add the regrouped 1 hundred to the 10 hundreds, equals 11 hundreds
(1,000 + 100). Write 1 next to the small 1 in the 100s column.
Regroup the 10 hundreds into 1 thousand and write a small 1 below the
5 in the 1,000s column.
Step 4
In the 1,000s column, (4,000) 4 x 2, equals 8 thousands (8,000).
Add the regrouped 1 thousand to the 8 thousands, equals 9 thousands
(9,000). Write 9 next to the small 1 in the 1,000s column.

Page 35
Step 5 (Second line of working out)
In the 1s column, write 0 below the 6, a place holder, to represent the
tens place value of the 6 tens in the number 62, the multiplier. (Discuss)
Step 6
In the 1s column, 8 x 6 (60), equals 48 tens (400 + 80).
Write 8 below the 9 in the 10s column.
Regroup the 40 tens into 4 hundreds.
Write a small 4 below the small 1 in the 100s column.
Step 7
In the 10s column, (90) 9 x 6 (60), equals 54 hundreds (5,000 + 400).
Add the regrouped 4 hundreds to the 54 hundreds, equals 58 hundreds
(5,000 + 800). Write 8 below the 1 in the 100s column.
Regroup the 50 hundreds into 5 thousand and write a small 5 below the
small 1 in the 1,000s column.
Step 8
In the 100s column, (500) 5 x 6 (60), equals 30 thousands (30,000).
Add the regrouped 5 thousand to the 30 thousands, equals 35
thousands (30,000 + 5,000). Write 5 below the 9 in the 1,000s column.
Regroup the 30 thousands into 3 ten thousands and write a small 3 in
the 10,000s column.
Step 9
In the 1,000s column, (4,000) 4 x 6 (60), equals 24 ten thousands (24,000).
Add the regrouped 3 ten thousand to the 24 ten thousands, equals 27
ten thousands (200,000 + 70,000).
Write 5 below the 9 in the 1,000s column.
Step 10 (Third line of working out)
Add the first and second lines of working out, excluding the small
regrouped values. Total value is 385,076.

Test Questions
1) 4 5 9 8 x 6 2 = 6) 2 4 5 8 x 3 6 =
2) 3 4 8 7 x 5 3 = 7) 1 3 9 7 x 2 5 =
3) 7 8 6 x 9 4 = 8) 9 7 8 x 6 8 =
4) 6 7 5 x 8 3 = 9) 8 6 7 x 5 7 =
5) 8 3 x 9 4 = 10) 7 4 x 6 9 =
Page 36
 Multiples of 10

1) 3 3 0 0 ÷ 3 0 = ?

Word Problem
A box of maths resources costs £30. The school spends a total of £3,300.
How many boxes were purchased?

Strategy Applied
Three thousand, three hundred represents the total value, the dividend.
Thirty represents how many groups the three thousand, three hundred
is equally divided into, the divisor.
? represents the value in each group, the quotient.

Step 1 Step 2
3 3 0 0 is 3 3 x 1 0 0 3 3 ÷ 3 = 1 1
3 0 is 3 x 1 0 1 0 0 ÷ 1 0 = 1 0

Step 3
1 1 x 1 0 = 1 1 0

Step 1
Three thousand, three hundred partitioned represents the value of
thirty three lots of hundreds or 33 x 100.
Thirty partitioned represents the value of three lots of tens or 3 x 10.

Step 2
First, divide the value of thirty three by three, equal to eleven.
Then, divide the values of one hundred by ten, equal to ten.

Step 3
Finally, multiply the values of eleven and ten, equal to one hundred and
ten, the quotient.
Page 37
Bar Model
3,300

110 110 110

Test Questions
1) 3,300 ÷ 30 =

2) 42,000 ÷ 70 =

3) 48,000 ÷ 80 =

4) 3,600 ÷ 50 =

5) 3,500 ÷ 70 =

6) 5,500 ÷ 500 =

7) 4,500 ÷ 300 =

8) 32,000 ÷ 80 =

9) 48,000 ÷ 40 =

10) 15,000 ÷ 500 =

11) 36,000 ÷ 90 =

12) 36,000 ÷ 60 =

13) 48,000 ÷ 40 =

14) 60,000 ÷ 50 =

Page 38
 Decimals

1) 5 . 4 ÷ 9 = ?

Word Problem
An engineer, Mr Young cuts a metal pole five point four metres long into
nine equal pieces. How long is one piece?

Strategy Applied
Five point four represents the total value, the dividend.
Nine represents how many groups the five point four is equally divided
into, the divisor.
? represents the value of each group, the quotient.

Use a mental strategy and the written method of short division to decide
which is the most efficient.

Step 1 Step 2

5 4 ÷ 9 = 6 0 . 6
9 5 . 54
5 . 4 ÷ 9 = 0 . 6

Step 1
The mental strategy is to convert the decimal value to a whole number
5 . 4 = 5 4
First, divide the value of fifty four by nine, equal to six.
Then, divide the value of five point four by nine, equal to zero point six,
as five point four has one digit in the value of the 10ths and represent
the six in the 10ths and a place holder 0 in the 1s = 0 . 6

Step 2
The written method is to divide five point four by nine using short
division ,equal to zero point six.

Page 39
Bar Model

5.4

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

Test Questions
1) 5.4 ÷ 9 =

2) 2.7 ÷ 3 =

3) 6.0 ÷ 15 =

4) 5.05 ÷ 1 =

5) 7.2 ÷ 8 =

6) 32.6 ÷ 1 =

7) 9.5 ÷ 5 =

8) 9.6 ÷ 4 =

9) 4.86 ÷ 3 =

10) 1.32 ÷ 12 =

11) 1.8 ÷ 3 =

12) 1.2 ÷ 12 =

13) 9.1 ÷ 7 =

14) 1.21 ÷ 11 =
Page 40
 ÷10, ÷100 and ÷1,000

Divide the value below first by ÷10, then by ÷100, next by ÷1,000 and
write down all three answers consecutively.
1) 156 =

Place Value Grid

1,000s 100s 10s 1s . 10ths 100ths 1,000ths

Value 1 5 6 .
÷10 1 5 . 6
÷100 1 . 5 6
÷1,000 0 . 1 5 6

Strategy Applied
Method 1
Divide any value by ten, means that value will become ten times as
small.
Each digit in the value will move one column place value to the right,
starting with the greatest place value, the 100s.
Method 2
Divide any value by one hundred, means that number will become
one hundred times as small.
Each digit in the number will move two column place values to the
right, starting with the greatest place value, the 100s.
Method 3
Divide any number by one thousand, means that number will become
one thousand times as small as.
Each digit in the number will move three column place values to the
right, starting with the greatest place value, the 100s.
When the place value is blank, write zero, a place holder.

Finally 156 multiplied by ÷10, ÷100 and ÷1,000 = 15.6, 1.56, 1.56.

Page 41
Test Questions
Divide the values below first by ÷10, then by ÷100, next by ÷1,000 and
write down all three answers consecutively.

1) 156

2) 831

3) 958

4) 7467

5) 1624

6) 456

7) 193

8) 331

9) 222

10) 255

11) 304

12) 2534

13) 326

14) 3915

Page 42
 Short Division

1) 8,253 ÷ 4 = ?

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

2 2 0 2 0 6
4 8 2 5 3 4 8 2 25 3 4 8 2 25 1 3

Step 4 Step 5
2 0 6 3 2 0 6 3 r 1
4 8 2 25 1 3 4 8 2 25 1 3 4

Strategy Applied
Step 1
How many lots of 4 divide exactly in to 8?
The answer is 2 (4 x 2 = 8), with no remainder.
Write 2 on the line above the 8.

Step 2
How many lots of 4 divide exactly in to 2?
The answer is 0 (4 x 0 = 0), with a remainder of 2.
Write 0 on the line above the 2.
Regroup the remainder 2 to the next digit place value, 5,
to become 25.

Step 3
How many lots of 4 divide exactly in to 25?
The answer is 6 (4 x 6 = 24), with a remainder of 1.
Write 6 on the line above the 25.
Regroup the remainder 1 to the next digit place value, 3,
to become 13.

Page 43
Step 4
How many lots of 4 divide exactly in to 13?
The answer is 6 (4 x 3 = 12), with a remainder of 1.
Write 3 on the line above the 13.

Step 5
The remainder of 1, is written as r1 on the line above or as a
fraction r 1
4
Remainder of 1 is the numerator and the divisor 4 is the
denominator.
Total value is 2,063 r1 or 2,063 r 1
4

Test Questions

1) 8,253 ÷ 4 =

2) 7,643 ÷ 9 =

3) 5,844 ÷ 8 =

4) 3,686 ÷ 8 =

5) 1,571 ÷ 7 =

6) 6,789 ÷ 7 =

7) 8,954 ÷ 6 =

8) 4,555 ÷ 6 =

Page 44
 Short Division

1) 7,521 ÷ 12 = ?

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

0 6 0 6 0 6 2 6
12 7 7 5 3 2 1 12 7 7 5 3 2 1 12 7 7 5 3 2 8 1

Step 4 Step 5

0 6 2 6 0 6 2 6 r 9
12 7 7 5 3 2 8 1 12 7 7 5 3 2 8 1 12

Strategy Applied
Step 1
How many lots of 12 divide exactly in to 7?
The answer is 0 (12 x 0 = 0), with a remainder of 7 .
Write 0 on the line above the 7.
Cross out the 7 and regroup the remainder 7 to the next
digit place value,5.

Step 2
How many lots of 12 divide exactly in to 75?
The answer is 6 (12 x 6 = 72), with a remainder of 3.
Write 6 on the line above the 75.
Regroup the remainder 3 to the next digit place value, 2,
to become 32.

Page 45
Step 3
How many lots of 12 divide exactly in to 32?
The answer is 2 (12 x 2 = 24), with a remainder of 8.
Write 2 on the line above the 32.
Regroup the remainder 8 to the next digit place value, 1,
to become 81.

Step 4
How many lots of 12 divide exactly in to 81?
The answer is 6 (12 x 6 = 72), with a remainder of 9.
Write 6 on the line above the 81.

Step 5
The remainder of 9, is written as r 9 on the line above or as a
fraction r 9
12
Remainder of 9 is the numerator and the divisor 12 is the
denominator.
Total value is 626 r 9 or 626 r 9
12

Test Questions

1) 12 7 5 2 1 5) 29 7 2 5 2

2) 13 9 8 7 5 6) 43 1 1 1 9

3) 17 5 7 1 5 7) 59 2 2 4 5

4) 25 8 6 1 5 8) 97 8 8 2 9
Page 46
 Short Division with Decimals

1) 32.6 ÷ 5 = ?

Step 1 Step 2
0 0 6 .
5 3 32 . 6 5 3 32 . 26

Step 3 Step 4

0 6 . 5 0 6 . 5 2
5 3 32 . 26 10 5 3 32 . 26 10

Strategy Applied
Step 1
How many lots of 5 divide exactly in to 3?
The answer is 0 (5 x 0 = 0), with a remainder of 3.
Write 0 on the line above the 3.
Cross out the 3 and regroup the remainder 3 to the next
digit place value 2, to become 32.

Step 2
How many lots of 5 divide exactly in to 32?
The answer is 6 (5 x 6 = 30),with a remainder of 2 .
Write 6 on the line above the 32 and write a decimal point
next to it.
Regroup the remainder 2 to the next digit place value, 6,
to become 26.

Page 47
Step 3
How many lots of 5 divide exactly in to 26?
The answer is 5 (5 x 5 = 25),with a remainder of 1.
Write 5 on the line above the 26.
Regroup the remainder 1 to the next digit place value,
by writing a place holder, zero, to become 10.

Step 4
How many lots of 5 divide exactly in to 10?
The answer is 2 (5 x 2 = 10),with no remainder.
Write 2 on the line above the 10.
Total value is 6.52.

Test Questions
1) 32.6 ÷ 5 =

2) 76.2 ÷ 5 =

3) 51.4 ÷ 4 =

4) 37.8 ÷ 4 =

5) 60.4 ÷ 8 =

6) 96.8 ÷ 8 =

7) 37.2 ÷ 6 =

8) 87.6 ÷ 6 =

9) 78.6 ÷ 4 =

10) 98.52 ÷ 4 =
Page 48
 Long Division

1) 888 ÷ 37 = ?

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4

0 0 2 0 2 0 2 4
37 8 8 8 37 8 8 8 37 8 8 8 37 8 8 8
- 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
- 7 4 - 7 4 - 7 4
1 4 1 4 8 1 4 8
- 1 4 8
0 0 0

Strategy Applied
Step 1
How many lots of 37 divide exactly into 8?
The answer is 0 (37 x 0 = 0), with a remainder of 8.
Write 0 on the line above the 8.
Write 0 below the 8 and draw a line underneath it.
Then 8 subtract 0, equals 8, write the 8 below the 0 underneath the line.
Regroup the remainder 8 to the next digit place value, 8, to become
88, by writing 8next to the 8.

Step 2
How many lots of 37 divide exactly into 88?
The answer is 2 (37 x 2 = 74), with a remainder of 14.
Write 2 on the line above the 8, next to the 0.
Write 74 below the 88 and draw a line underneath the 74.
Then 83 subtract 74, equals 14. Write 14 below the 74.

Page 49
Step 3
Regroup the remainder 14 to the next digit place value, 8, to become
148, by writing 8 next to the 14.

Step 4
How many lots of 37 divide exactly into 148?
The answer is 4 (37 x 4 = 148), with a remainder of 0.
Write 4 on the line above the 8, next to the 2.
Write 148 below the 148.
Total value is 42.

Test Questions

1) 7)
37 8 8 8 29 7 2 5

2) 8)
83 8 0 5 1 43 1 1 1 8

3) 9)
17 7 1 4 29 6 8 4 4

4) 10)
59 2 2 4 2 25 8 6 2 5

5) 11)
43 6 4 5 19 2 2 6 1

6) 12)
97 8 8 2 7 44 5 7 2 0

Page 50
 Find The Missing Number

1) ? + 20,002 = 33,333 and 33,333 - ? = 20,002

Word Problem
Mrs Watts thinks that the missing values in both number sentences are of
equal value or the same value. Mr Thorne thinks that both missing values
are different. Who is correct, explain why?

Step 1 Step 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
- 2 0 0 0 2 - 2 0 0 0 2
1 3, 3 3 1 1 3, 3 3 1

Strategy Applied
There are two operations in both number sentences, add and subtract.

Step 1
First, calculate the first number sentence ? + 20,002 = 33,333
by applying the inverse operation of column subtraction.
Total value is thirteen thousand, three hundred and thirty one.

Step 2
Then, calculate the second number sentence 33,333 - ? = 20,002
by applying the derived calculation of column subtraction.
Total value is thirteen thousand, three hundred and thirty one.

Part Whole Model Part Whole Model

? 13,331 33,333
33,333
20,002 20,002 ? 13,331

Page 51
Test Questions

1) + 20,002 = 33,333

2) + 25,100 = 40,050

3) + 58,100 = 63,000

4) + 3,006 = 19,005

5) + 30,500 = 80,400

6) 33,333 - = 20,002

7) 300,001 - = 200,002

8) 121,010 - = 111,005

9) 870,999 - = 480,999

10) 444,005 - = 22,006

Page 52
 Balance Equations

1) 1 8 x 3 = 2 x ?

Word Problem
In a warehouse there are three broken pallets of tin foods that need to be
repackaged. Each pallet contains eighteen tins. All of the tins are
repackaged onto two pallets. How many tins are on each pallet?

Strategy Applied
There are two operations in the number sentences, both multiplication.
The total value of each number sentence are of equal value or the same.

Step 1

1 0 x 3 = 3 0 OR 1 8
8 x 3 = 2 4 + x 3
5 4 5 4
2
Step 2

2 7
2 5 14

Step 1
First, calculate the known number sentence 1 8 x 3 , either by using the
mental strategy of partitioning or written method of short multiplication.
Total value is fifty four.

Step 2
Then, we now know 2 x ? = 5 4 .
Next use the inverse operation of short division to calculate ?
Finally, the missing value is twenty seven.

Page 53
Test Questions

1) 18 x 3 = 2 x

2) 72,000 = 24 x x 1,000

3) 423 x 7 = 9 x

4) 48,000 = 16 x x 1,000

5) 400 = 20 x x 10

6) 3,050,020 = 3,000,000 + + 20

7) 826 = 800 + 6

8) + 58,100 = 63,000 - 2,468

9) + 25,100 = 40,050 - 1,357

10) + 20,002 = 33,333 - 9,083

11) 16 - 20 = - 8 +

12) - 16 + 20 = - 9 +

13) - 12 - 5 = - 17 +

14) 13 - 17 = - 15 +

Page 54
 Indices

1) 112 + 63 - 4 3 = ?

Strategy Applied
112 represents eleven squared, its expanded form is eleven times eleven,
11 x 11
3
6 represents six cubed, its expanded form is six times six times six,
6 x 6 x 6
3
4 represents four cubed, its expanded form is four times four times four,
4 x 4 x 4

Step 1 11 x 11 = 1 1 0 + 1 1 = 1 2 1

Step 2 6 x 6 x 6 = 3 6 x 6 = 1 8 0 + 3 6
= 2 1 6

Step 3 4 x 4 x 4 = 1 6 x 4 = 4 0 + 2 4 = 6 4

Step 4 2
2 1 6 3 13 7
+ 1 2 1 - 6 4
3 3 7 2 7 3

Step 1
Use known facts of times tables or step counting to calculate eleven
squared. Calculate 112 or 11 x 11 or 11 lots of 11, equals the product of
one hundred and twenty one.

Step 2
Use known facts of times tables or step counting to calculate six cubed.
Calculate 6 3 or 6 x 6 x 6 or 6 lots of 6 squared, equals the product of
two hundred and sixteen.
Page 55
Step 3
Use known facts of times tables or step counting to calculate four cubed.
Calculate 4 3 or 4 x 4 x 4 or 4 lots of 4 squared, equals the product of
sixty four.

Step 4
Calculate the new number sentence 1 2 1 + 2 1 6 - 6 4
, equals to two hundred and seventy three.

Test Questions

2
1) 11 + 62 - 4 3 = 8) 5 2 + 33 - 42 =

2) 12 2 + 72 - 53 = 9) 3 2 + 2 + 5 2 =

3) 3 2 + 73 + 4 2 = 10) 1 3 + 23 + 4 2 =

4) 9 2 + 83 - 3 = 11) 2 2 + 73 - 1 2 =

5) 12 + 93 - 3 2 = 12) 4 2 + 83 - 2 2 =

6) 2 3 + 3 + 112 = 13) 52 + 53 - 5 2 =

7) 4 2 + 73 - 5 = 14) 6 2 + 63 - 6 2 =

Page 56
 BIDMAS

1) 102 - (60 ÷ 4) + (9 x 2) = ?

Strategy Applied
BIDMAS is an acronym for Brackets, Indices, Division, Multiplication,
Addition and Subtraction. All six operations must be calculated in that
order.

Step 1
First, calculate the division number sentence in the Brackets.
(60 ÷ 4) , equal to 15.

Step 2
Then, calculate the multiplication number sentence in the Brackets.
(9 x 2) , equal to 18.

Step 3
Next, calculate the Indices 102 or 10 x 10 , equal to 100.

Step 4
Then, 102 - (60 ÷ 4) + (9 x 2)
now becomes 100 - 15 + 18 = ?

Step 5
Next, calculate the Addition operation of
15 + 18 , equal to 33.

Step 6
Finally, calculate the Subtraction operation of
100 - 33 , equal to 67.

The missing value is sixty seven.

Page 57
Test Questions .

1) 10 2 - 60 ÷ 4 + 9 x 2 =

2) (3 + 7) x (9 + 17) =

3) 60 - 48 ÷ 4 + 6 =

4) 2 + 7 x 7 - 10 =

5) 236 - (30 x 6) =

6) 50 x 80 - 40 =

7) 8 + 7 x 3 =

8) 36 + 22 x 4 =

9) 60 x 90 - 80 =

10) 100 - 26 ÷ 2 =

11) 220 - 3 x 60 =

12) 60 ÷ (30 - 24) =

13) 50 + (36 ÷ 6) =

14) 92 - 36 ÷ 9 =

Page 58
 Percentage of a Quantity

1) 36% of 450 = ?

Strategy Applied
100% = Quantity of 450
10% = Quantity ÷ 10 (450 ÷ 10)
1% = Quantity ÷ 100 (450 ÷ 100)
Partition 36% into 30% + 6%

Step 1
1 0 % = 4 5 0 ÷ 1 0 = 4 5
3 0 % = 1 0 % x 3 = 4 5 x 3 = 3 6 3

10s 10s 1s 4 5
value 4 5 0 x 3
÷ 10 4 5 1 3 5
1

Calculate 30% of the quantity of 450.

First, work out 10% of the quantity of 450, equal to 45.
Then, 30% is equal to 10% multiplied by 3, equal to the quantity of 135.

Step 2
1 % = 4 5 0 ÷ 1 0 0 = 4 . 5
6 % = 1 % x 6 = 4 . 5 x 6 = 2 7

10s 1s 1s . 10ths 4 . 5
value 4 5 0 . x 6
÷ 100 4 . 5 2 7 . 0
3

Page 59
Calculate 6% of the quantity of 450.
Next, work out 1% of the quantity of 450, equal to 4.5.
Then, 6% is equal to 1% multiplied by 6, equal to the quantity of 27.

Step 3
3 0 %+ 6 %= 1 3 5 + 2 7 = 1 6 2

1 3 5
+ 2 7
1 6 2
1

Calculate 36% of the quantity of 450.

Next, add together the quantities of 30% and 6%, which is 135 add 27.
Finally, 36% of the quantity of 450 is equal to 162.

Test Questions

1) 36% of 450 = 8) 51% of 9,000 =

2) 36% of 4,500 = 9) 20% of 180 =

3) 20% of 300 = 10) 20% of 1,800 =

4) 20% of 3,000 = 11) 15% of 440 =

5) 35% of 320 = 12) 15% of 4,440 =

6) 35% of 3,200 = 13) 45% of 460 =

7) 51% of 900 = 14) 45% of 4,600 =

Page 60
 Fraction of a Quantity

1) 7 of 64 ml = ?
8

Word Problem
Emily has sixty four ml of a liquid to be evaporated in an experiment.
Only seven-eighths evaporate into the atmosphere.
What volume of liquid had been evaporated?

Strategy Applied
A fraction is part of a whole or part of 1 and an eighth is 1 of 8 equal
groups.
64 ml is the quantity divided equally between the total number of
groups.
8 is the denominator, represents the total number of groups.
7 is the numerator, represents seven of the total number of groups.

Step 1 Step 2

0 8 ml 8
8 6 64 x 7
5 6 ml
5

Step 1
First, use short division to calculate the value of one equal group,
sixty four ml divided by eight (denominator), equal to eight ml.

Step 2
Then, use short multiplication to calculate the value of seven equal
groups, eight ml times seven (multiplier), equal to fifty six.
Finally, the value of the missing number is fifty six ml.

Page 61
Bar Model
64ml

8ml 8ml 8ml 8ml 8ml 8ml 8ml 8ml

Test Questions

1) 7 of 64ml = 6) 1 of 996 =
8 8

2) 1 of 602 = 7) 4 of 450 =
7 5

3) 5 x 24 = 8) 5 x 40 =
6 8

4) 2 x 140 = 9) 1 of £3.20 =
5 8

5) 5 of £72 = 10) 3 of 1,000 =

6 4

Page 62
 Add Proper Fractions

1) 2 + 3 = ?
3 4 ?

Strategy Applied
Add fractions with different denominators, two-thirds and
three-quarters.
2 is the numerator. 2 3 is the numerator. 3
3 is the denominator. 3 4 is the denominator. 4

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

LCM = 12 = LCD 2 x4 = 8 3 x3 = 9
3 x 4 = 12 4 x 3 = 12
x3 x4
3 4 Step 4 Step 5
6 8
9 12 8 + 9 = 17 0 1 5 = 1 5
12 12 12 12 12 1 1 7 12 12

Bar Model

+ =

2 or 8 + 3 or 9 = 17 or 1 5
3 12 4 12 12 12

Step 1
First, both fractions need to be made equivalent.
Calculate the Lowest Common Multiple/Denominator (LCM/LCD)
of the denominators 3 and 4, which is 12.

Page 63
Step 2
Then, for two-thirds, the denominator 3 is multiplied by 4 to make it
equivalent to 12 (LCD).
The numerator 2 must also be multiplied by 4, equal to 8.
Step 3
Next, for three-quarters, the denominator 4 is multiplied by 3 to make
it equivalent to 12 (LCD).
The numerator 3 must also be multiplied by 3, equal to 9.
Step 4
Then, add the numerators 8 + 9, equalling 17 and the denominator
remains the same as 12, making the fraction seventeen-twelfths.
Step 5
Next, seventeen-twelfths is an improper fraction and needs to be
converted into a mixed fraction, using short division.
17 (numerator) is divided by 12 (denominator), which is 1 remainder 5.
The remainder 5 is written as a fraction, becoming the numerator and
the denominator remains the same, 12.
Finally, total value is one and five-twelfths. (Simplify if possible)

Test Questions
1) 2 + 3 = 6) 3 + 7 =
3 4 5 12

2) 2 + 4 = 7) 5 + 11 =
3 5 6 15

3) 2 + 11 = 8) 2 + 11 =
5 12 3 12

4) 2 + 5 = 9) 5 + 5 =
5 9 6 15

5) 3 + 7 = 10) 1 + 3 =
4 12 5 4

Page 64
 Subtract Proper Fractions

1) 3 - 5 = ?
4 10 ?

Strategy Applied
Subtract fractions with different denominators, three-quarters and
five-tenths.
3 is the numerator. 3 5 is the numerator. 5
4 is the denominator. 4 10 is the denominator. 10

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

LCM = 20 = LCD 3 x 5 = 15 5 x 2 = 10
4 x 5 = 20 10 x 2 = 20
x4 x 10
4 10
8 20
12 Step 4 Step 5
16 15 - 10 = 5 5 ÷ 5 = 1
20 20 20 20 20 ÷ 5 = 4

Bar Model

- =

3 or 15 - 5 or 10 = 5 or 1
4 20 10 20 20 4

Step 1
First, both fractions need to be made equivalent.
Calculate the Lowest Common Multiple/Denominator (LCM/LCD)
of the denominators 4 and 10, which is 20.

Page 65
Step 2
Then, for three-quarters, the denominator 4 is multiplied by 5 to make it
equivalent to 20 (LCD).
The numerator 3 must also be multiplied by 5, equal to 15.
Step 3
Next, for five-tenths, the denominator 10 is multiplied by 2 to make it
equivalent to 20 (LCD).
The numerator 5 must also multiplied by 2, equal to 10.
Step 4
Then, subtract the numerators 15 - 10, equalling 5 and the denominator
remains the same as 20, making the fraction five-twentieths.
Step 5
Next, five-twentieths is a proper fraction that can be simplified.
Simplify the fraction, by dividing both the numerator and denominator
by the same Highest Common Factor (HCF) of 5.
Then the numerator 5 is divided by 5, equal to 1 and the denominator 20
is divided by 5, equal to 4.
Finally the total value is five-twentieths or one-quarter.

Test Questions
1) 3 - 5 = 6) 3 - 3 =
4 10 4 8

2) 3 - 3 = 7) 2 - 5 =
4 10 3 21

3) 7 - 3 = 8) 19 - 4 =
5 7 20 5

4) 7 - 7 = 9) 8 - 1 =
6 10 9 4

5) 7 - 4 = 10) 5 - 5 =
3 5 4 6

Page 66
 Add Mixed Fractions

1) 3 2 + 2 4 = ? ?
7 5 ?

Strategy Applied
Add fractions with different values, three and two-sevenths and
two and four-fifths.
The 3 represents three ones. The 2 represents two ones.
The 2 represents the numerator. The 4 represents the numerator.
The 7 represents the denominator. The 5 represents the denominator.

Step 1 Step 2
3 x 7 + 2 = 23 2 x 5 + 4 = 14 L.C.M. = 35 = L.C.D.
7 7 5 5
x7 x5
Step 3 7 5
23 x 5 = 115 14 x 7 = 98 14 10
7 x5 = 35 5 x 7 = 35 21 15
28 20
Step 4 35 25
115 + 98 = 213 30
35 35 35 35

Step 5
0 0 6 3 = 6 3
35 2 2 1 21 3 35 35

Step 1
First, convert both mixed fractions into improper fractions.
Multiply the 3 (ones) by 7 (denominator) and add 2 (numerator), numerator
equals 23, the denominator 7 remains the same, twenty three-sevenths.
Multiply the 2 (ones) by 5 (denominator) and add 4 (numerator) numerator
equals 14, the denominator 5 remains the same, fourteen-fifths.
Page 67
Step 2
Then, both fractions need to be made equivalent.
Calculate the Lowest Common Multiple/Denominator (LCM/LCD)
of the denominators 7 and 5, which is 12.

Step 3
Next, for twenty three-sevenths, the denominator 7 is multiplied by 5
to make it equivalent to 35 (LCD).
The numerator 23 must also multiplied by 5, equals 115.
Then, for fourteen-fifths, the denominator 5 is multiplied by 7 to make it
equivalent to 35 (LCD).
The numerator 14 must also multiplied by 7, equals 98.

Step 4
Next, add the numerators 115 + 98, equalling 213.
The denominator remains the same as 35, equalling the fraction 213
35
Step 5
Then, two hundred and thirteen-thirty fifths is an improper fraction
and must to be converted into a mixed fraction, using short division.
213 (numerator) is divided by 35 (denominator), which is 6 remainder 3.
The remainder 3 is written as a fraction, becoming the numerator and
the denominator remains the same, 35.
Finally, total value is six and three-thirty fifths. (Simplify if possible)

Test Questions

1) 2 2 + 1 4 = 4) 3 3 + 1 7 =
3 5 4 12

2) 3 2 + 2 4 = 5) 4 5 + 2 11 =
7 5 6 15

3) 1 2 + 2 11 = 6) 3 2 + 1 11 =
5 12 3 12
Page 68
 Subtract Mixed Fractions

1) 4 2 - 1 7 = ? ?
5 8 ?

Strategy Applied
Subtract fractions with different values, four and two-fifths and
one and seven-eighths.
The 4 represents four ones. The 1 represents three ones.
The 2 represents the numerator. The 7 represents the numerator.
The 5 represents the denominator. The 8 represents the denominator.

Step 1 Step 2
4 x 5 + 2 = 22 1 x 8 + 7 = 15 L.C.M. = 40 = L.C.D.
5 5 8 8
x5 x8
Step 3 5 8
22 x 8 = 176 15 x 5 = 75 10 16
5 x8 = 40 8 x 5 = 40 15 24
20 32
Step 4 25 40
176 - 75 = 101 30
40 40 40 35
40
Step 5
0 0 2 21 = 2 21
40 1 1 0 10 1 40 40

Step 1
First, convert both mixed fractions into improper fractions.
Multiply the 4 (ones) by 5 (denominator) and add 2 (numerator), numerator
equals 22, the denominator 5 remains the same, twenty two-fifths.
Multiply the 1 (ones) by 8 (denominator) and add 7 (numerator) numerator
equals 15, the denominator 8 remains the same, fifteen-eighths.

Page 69
Step 2
Then, both fractions need to be made equivalent.
Calculate the Lowest Common Multiple/Denominator (LCM/LCD)
of the denominators 5 and 8, which is 40.

Step 3
Next, for twenty two-fifths, the denominator 5 is multiplied by 8 to
make it equivalent to 40 (LCD).
The numerator 22 is multiplied by 8, equals 176.
Then, for fifteen-eighths, the denominator 8 is multiplied by 5 to make
it equivalent to 40 (LCD).
The numerator 15 is multiplied by 5, equals 75.

Step 4
Next, subtract the numerators 176 - 75, equalling 101 and the
denominator remains the same as 40, makes the fraction one hundred
and one-fortieths.

Step 5
Then, one hundred and one-fortieths is an improper fraction and
must to be converted into a mixed fraction, using short division.
101 (numerator) is divided by 40 (denominator), which is 2 remainder 21.
The remainder 21 is written as a fraction, becoming the numerator and
the denominator remains the same, 40.
Finally, total value is two and twenty one-fortieths. (Simplify if possible)

Test Questions
1) 3 1 - 1 7 = 4) 2 2 - 2 =
4 8 3 9

2) 4 2 - 1 7 = 5) 3 3 - 2 7 =
5 8 4 10

3) 6 1 - 2 1 = 6) 4 2 - 3 2 =
6 7 5 6
Page 70
 Multiply Proper Fractions

1) 7 x 3 = ?
8 ?

Strategy Applied
7 represents the numerator. 3 represents the integer.
8 represents the denominator.

7 x 3 means three lots of seven-eighths. or 7 + 7 + 7

8 8 8 8

Bar Model

7 8 or 1
8 8
+ +
7 = 8 or 1
8 8
+ +
7 5
8 8
7 + 7 + 7 = 21 or 2 5
8 8 8 8 8

Step 1 Step 2

7 x 3 = 21 0 2 5 = 2 5
8 8 8 2 21 8 8

Page 71
Step 1
First, multiply the numerator 7 by the integer 3, to equal the new
numerator of 21.
The denominator remains the same as 8, making twenty one-eighths.

Step 2
Then, twenty one-eighths is an improper fraction that must be
converted into a mixed number.
Next, use short division, divide the numerator by the denominator.
21 (numerator) is divided by 8 (denominator), which is 2 remainder 5.
The remainder 5 is written as a fraction, becoming the numerator and
the denominator remains the same as 8.
Finally, the total value is two and five-eighths. (Simplify if possible)

Test Questions

1) 7 x 3 = 5) 5 x 7 =
8 6

2) 5 x 12 = 6) 3 x 7 =
8 8

3) 5 x 8 = 7) 4 x 8 =
7 5

4) 3 x 6 = 8) 3 x 12 =
7 8

Page 72
 Multiply Proper Fractions

1) 1 x 1 = ?
7 3 ?

Strategy Applied
1 is the numerator. 1 1 is the numerator. 1
7 is the denominator. 7 3 is the denominator. 3

Step 1 Step 2

n x n 1 x 1 = 1
d x d 7 x 3 21

Bar Model
1
7
1 = 1
3 21

Step 1
Multiply both of the numerators and multiply both of the denominators.

Step 2
First, multiply the numerators 1 by 1, to equal the new numerator of 1.
Next, multiply the denominators 7 by 3, to equal the new denominator
of 21, making one-twenty ones.
Finally, total value is one-twenty ones. (simplify if possible)

Page 73
Test Questions

1) 1 x 1 =
7 3

2) 3 x 4 =
5 5

3) 3 x 3 =
4 7

4) 1 x 1 =
2 4

5) 1 x 1 =
3 8

6) 1 x 1 =
8 6

7) 3 x 6 =
4 7

8) 3 x 4 =
7 5

Page 74
 Multiply Mixed Fractions

1) 2 3 x 4 = ? ?
5 ?

Strategy Applied
2 represents the whole number.
3 represents the numerator. 4 represents the integer.
5 represents the denominator.

2 3 x 4 means four lots of two and three-fifths.

5
or 2 3 + 2 3 + 2 3 + 2 3
5 5 5 5

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

2 x 5 + 3 = 13 13 x 4 = 52 1 0 2 = 1 0 2
5 5 5 5 5 2 5 5

Step 1
Convert the mixed fraction two and three-fifths into an improper
fraction.
First, multiply the whole number 2 by the denominator 5 and then add
the numerator 3, to equal the new numerator of 13.
The denominator remains the same as 5, making the improper fraction
of thirteen-fifths.

Step 2
Multiply the improper fraction by the integer.
Then, multiply the numerator 13 by the integer 4, to equal the new
numerator of 52.
The denominator remains the same as 5, making an improper fraction
of fifty two-fifths.
Page 75
Step 3
Convert the improper fraction into a mixed fraction.
Next, use short division and divide the numerator by the denominator.
52 (numerator) is divided by 5 (denominator), which is 10 remainder 2.
The remainder 2 is written as a fraction, becoming the numerator and
the denominator remains the same as 5.
Finally, the total value is ten and two-fifths. (Simplify if possible)

Test Questions

1) 2 3 x 4 =
5

2) 2 1 x 3 =
3

3) 1 5 x 3 =
6

4) 2 3 x 4 =
5

5) 4 1 x 4 =
3

6) 3 5 x 4 =
6

7) 1 6 x 5 =
7

8) 2 4 x 3 =
7

Page 76
 Divide Proper Fractions

1) 6 ÷ 2 = ?
7 ?

Strategy Applied
6 represents the numerator. 2 represents the integer.
7 represents the denominator.

6 ÷ 2 means share six-sevenths equally into two groups.

7

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

n 6 = 6 6 ÷ 2 = 3
d x i 7 x 2 14 14 ÷ 2 = 7

Step 1
When dividing a proper fraction, the numerator remains the same and
the denominator will change as it is multiplied by the integer.

Step 2
First, the numerator remains the same, 6.
Then, multiply the denominator 7 by 2 integer, equal to 14 the new
denominator, to make six-fourteenths. (simplify if possible)

Step 3
Next, six-fourteenths is a proper fraction that can be simplified.
Simplify the fraction, by dividing the numerator and denominator by the
by the same Highest Common Factor (HCF) of 2.
The numerator 6 is divided by 2, equal to 3 and the denominator 14 is
divided by 2, equal to 7.
Finally, total value is three-sevenths.
Page 77
Test Questions

1) 6 ÷ 2 =
7

2) 6 ÷ 2 =
4

3) 1 ÷ 5 =
3

4) 2 ÷ 4 =
3

5) 1 ÷ 3 =
3

6) 1 ÷ 2 =
5

7) 2 ÷ 6 =
5

8) 1 ÷ 4 =
3

Page 78
 Converted to Percentages and Decimals

1) 5 = % =
20

Strategy Applied
5 represents the numerator.
20 represents the denominator.

A percentage value will be out of 100% and a decimal value represents

the place values of the tenths and hundredths.

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

5 x5 = 25 25 = 25 % 25 = 0.25
20 x 5 = 100 100 100

Step 1
Convert the proper fraction into an equivalent fraction with the
value of the denominator as 100 representing the hundredths.
First calculate the value of the factor multiplied by twenty to equal one
hundred, 2 0 x ? = 1 0 0 , which is 5.
Multiply the numerator 5 and the denominator 20 by the same factor 5,
equal to 25 the equivalent fraction twenty five-hundredths.
100

Step 2
Then, the value of the equivalent new numerator twenty five converts
into a percentage as the same value, 25%.

Page 79
Step 3
Next, the value of the equivalent new numerator twenty five converts
into a decimal as the same value representing the digit values of the tenths
and hundredths, to make 0.25.

Finally , 5 = 25 % = 0.25
20

Test Questions

1) 5 = % =
20

2) 4 = % =
5

3) 3 = % =
10

4) 1 = % =
4

5) 7 = % =
10

6) 3 = % =
4

7) 2 = % =
5

8) 15 = % =
20

Page 80
 Answers

P. 2
1) 9 ten million, 8 million, 7 hundred thousands, 6 ten thousands, 5 thou-
sands, 4 hundreds, 3 tens, 2 ones, 1 tenths, 0 hundredths, 9 thousandths
2) 2 ten million, 5 million, 1 hundred thousands, 2 ten thousands, 4 thou-
sands, 6 hundreds, 1 tens, 9 ones, 1 tenths, 0 hundredths, 2 thousandths
3) 3 ten million, 6 million, 2 hundred thousands, 1 ten thousands, 7 thou-
sands, 9 hundreds, 8 tens, 3 ones, 2 tenths, 1 hundredths, 3 thousandths
4) 4 ten million, 9 million, 3 hundred thousands, 5 ten thousands, 3 thou-
sands, 7 hundreds, 7 tens, 4 ones, 9 tenths, 0 hundredths, 8 thousandths
5) 5 ten million, 8 million, 4 hundred thousands, 0 ten thousands, 6 thou-
sands, 8 hundreds, 6 tens, 1 ones, 9 tenths, 8 hundredths, 7 thousandths
6) 6 ten million, 3 million, 5 hundred thousands, 3 ten thousands, 7 thou-
sands, 9 hundreds, 0 tens, 2 ones, 7 tenths, 6 hundredths, 5 thousandths
7) 7 ten million, 1 million, 6 hundred thousands, 0 ten thousands, 1 thou-
sands, 3 hundreds, 9 tens, 3 ones, 4 tenths, 3 hundredths, 2 thousandths
8) 8 ten million, 2 million, 7 hundred thousands, 2 ten thousands, 1 thou-
sands, 5 hundreds, 4 tens, 8 ones, 0 tenths, 9 hundredths, 8 thousandths
9) 9 ten million, 5 million, 8 hundred thousands, 3 ten thousands, 4 thou-
sands, 6 hundreds, 5 tens, 7 ones, 8 tenths, 7 hundredths, 6 thousandths
10) 9 ten million, 6 million, 0 hundred thousands, 9 ten thousands, 5 thou-
sands, 3 hundreds, 7 tens, 2 ones, 0 tenths, 6 hundredths, 5 thousandths

P. 4
1) 8,000,000, 700,000, 60,000, 0.009
2) 5,000,000, 100,000, 20,000, 0.002
3) 6,000,000, 200,000, 10,000, 0.003
4) 9,000,000, 300,000, 50,000, 0.008
5) 8,000,000, 400,000, 00,000, 0.007
6) 3,000,000, 500,000, 30,000, 0.005
7) 1,000,000, 600,000, 00,000, 0.002
8) 2,000,000, 700,000, 20,000, 0.008
9) 5,000,000, 800,000, 30,000, 0.006
10) 6,000,000, 000,000, 90,000, 0.005
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 Answers

P. 6 P. 8 P. 10 P. 12
1) 575,620 1) 389,701 1) 65.072 1) 1,057,341
2) 410,099 2) 526,009 2) 102.492 2) 854,080
3) 487,107 3) 153,400 3) 33.971 3) 149,964
4) 676,542 4) 888,000 4) 22.994 4) 1,400,414
5) 943,782 5) 475,000 5) 27.97 5) 1,280,491
6) 802,823 6) 415,000 6) 343.905 6) 183,950
7) 910,897 7) 578,000 7) 28.92 7) 1,110,900
8) 335,555 8) 386,000 8) 34.178 8) 1,351,998
9) 49,913 9) 1,010,000 9) 58.708 9) 192,992
10) 9,390 10) 1,190,000 10) 16.794 10) 1,144,172
11) 100,199 11) 282,000 11) 38.88 11) 834,342
12) 100,049 12) 499,444 12) 56.893 12) 114,698
13) 10,019 13) 320,000 13) 73.57
14) 9,059 14) 335,000 14) 46.212

P. 14 P. 16 P. 18 P. 20
1) 138.496 1) 31,917 1) 305,000 1) 146.1
2) 73.077 2) 8,898 2) 792,000 2) 758.01
3) 17.850 3) 100,998 3) 354,000 3) 64.2
4) 176.217 4) 777,987 4) 670,000 4) 516
5) 97.412 5) 324,335 5) 415,000 5) 32.2
6) 19.446 6) 8,939 6) 281,000 6) 779
7) 73.072 7) 99,991 7) 581,000 7) 210
8) 116.087 8) 9,997 8) 750,900 8) 451.2
9) 17.109 9) 720,395 9) 185,100 9) 177.1
10) 30.512 10) 99,949 10) 411,444 10) 377
11) 64.735 11) 19,997 11) 100,000 11) 0.262
12) 142.126 12) 99,799 12) 585,800 12) 5.55
13) 32.990 13) 780,818 13) 714,000 13) 2.85
14) 10.196 14) 674,568 14) 785,000 14) 4.75

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 Answers

P. 22 P. 24 P. 26 P. 28
1) 162,424 1) 296.365 1) 24,000 1) 0.72
2) 100,944 2) 478.504 2) 9,600 2) 0.56
3) 36,569 3) 247.902 3) 3,300 3) 0.42
4) 500,849 4) 376.988 4) 40,000 4) 0.48
5) 276,195 5) 217.877 5) 3,600 5) 0.21
6) 54,846 6) 430.9 6) 4,400 6) 6.40
7) 35,000 7) 0.63
8) 480 8) 0.66
9) 30,000 9) 1.50
10) 32,000 10) 4.40
11) 30,000 11) 0.24
12) 24,000 12) 0.33
13) 112,000 13) 0.72
14) 150,000 14) 0.45

P. 30 P. 32
1) 23.81 238.1 2,381 1) 230,678
2) 41.1 411 4,110 2) 566,600
3) 3,000.1 30,001 300,010 3) 255,555
4) 9,999 99,990 999,900 4) 46,018
5) 5,670 56,700 567,000 5) 43,029
6) 58,690 586,900 5,869,000 6) 32,508
7) 45,600.5 456,005 4,560,050 7) 2,637
8) 286 2,860 28,600 8) 668
9) 88,510 885,100 8,851,000 9) 2,870
10) 1,010 10,100 101,000 10) 752
11) 2,381 23,810 238,100 11) 568
12) 586.9 5,869 58,690 12) 264
13) 999.9 9,999 99,990 13) 244
14) 56.7 567 5,670 14) 195

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 Answers

P. 38 P. 40 P. 42
1) 110 1) 0.6 1) 15.6 1.56 0.156
2) 600 2) 0.9 2) 83.18 8.31 0.831
3) 600 3) 0.4 3) 95.8 9.58 0.958
4) 72 4) 5.05 4) 746.7 74.67 7.467
5) 50 5) 0.9 5) 162.4 16.24 1.624
6) 11 6) 32.6 6) 45.6 4.56 0.456
7) 15 7) 1.9 7) 19.3 1.93 0.193
8) 400 8) 2.4 8) 33.1 3.31 0.331
9) 1,200 9) 1.62 9) 22.2 2.22 0.222
10) 30 10) 0.11 10) 25.5 2.55 0.255
11) 400 11) 0.6 11) 30.4 3.04 0.304
12) 600 12) 0.1 12) 253.4 25.34 2.534
13) 1,200 13) 1.3 13) 32.6 3.26 0.326
14) 1,200 14) 0.11 14) 391.5 39.15 3.915

P. 44 P. 46 P. 48 P. 50
1) 2063 r1 or 1 1) 626 r9 or 3 1) 6.52 1) 51
4 4 2) 15.24 2) 97
2) 849 r2 or 2 2) 759 r8 or 8 3) 1.285 3) 42
9 13 4) 9.45 4) 38
3) 730 r4 or 1 3) 336 r3 or 3 5) 7.55 5) 15
2 17 6) 12.1 6) 91
4) 460 r6 or 3 4) 344 r15 or 3 7) 6.2 7) 25
4 5 8) 14.6 8) 26
5) 224 r3 or 3 5) 250 r2 or 2 9) 19.65 9) 236
7 29 10) 24.63 10) 345
6) 969 r6 or 6 6) 26 r1 or 1 11) 6,119
7 43 12) 130
7) 1,492 r2 or 1 7) 38 r3 or 3
3 59
8) 759 r1 or 5 8) 91 r2 or 2
6 97
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 Answers

P. 52 P. 54 P. 56 P. 58
1) 13,331 1) 27 1) 93 1) 67
2) 14,950 2) 3 2) 68 2) 1,530
3) 4,900 3) 329 3) 368 3) 40
4) 15,999 4) 3 4) 590 4) 41
5) 49,900 5) 2 5) 721 5) 56
6) 13,331 6) 50,000 6) 135 6) 3,960
7) 100,001 7) 20 7) 354 7) 29
8) 100,005 8) 2,432 8) 36 8) 124
9) 390,000 9) 13,593 9) 36 9) 5,320
10) 421,999 10) 4,248 10) 25 10) 87
11) 4 11) 346 11) 40
12) 13 12) 524 12) 10
13) 0 13) 125 13) 56
14) 11 14) 77

P. 60 P. 62 P. 64
1) 162 1) 56ml 1) 17 or 1 5 6) 71 or 1 11
2) 1,620 2) 86 12 12 60 60
3) 60 3) 20
4) 600 4) 56 2) 22 or 1 7 7) 47 or 1 17
5) 112 5) £60 15 15 30 30
6) 1,120 6) 124.5
7) 459 7) 360 3) 79 or 1 19 8) 19 or 1 7
8) 4,590 8) 25 60 60 12 12
9) 36 9) £0.40
10) 360 10) 750 4) 43 9) 35 or 1 1
11) 66 45 30 6
12) 660
13) 207 5) 16 or 1 1 10) 19
14) 2,070 12 3 20

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 Answers

P. 66 P. 68 P. 70
1) 5 or 1 6) 3 1) 4 7 1) 11
20 4 8 15 8

2) 9 7) 9 2) 6 3 2) 2 21
20 21 35 40

3) 34 8) 3 3) 4 19 3) 4 1
35 20 60 42

4) 28 or 7 9) 23 4) 5 1 4) 2 4
60 15 36 3 9

5) 23 10) 5 5) 7 17 5) 1 1
35 12 30 20

6) 5 7 6) 1 1
12 15

P. 72 P. 74
1) 21 or 2 5 5) 35 or 5 5 1) 2 5) 1
8 8 6 6 21 24

2) 60 or 7 1 6) 21 or 2 5 2) 12 6) 1
8 2 8 8 25 48

3) 40 or 5 5 7) 32 or 6 2 3) 9 7) 9
7 7 5 5 28 14

4) 18 or 2 4 8) 36 or 4 1 4) 1 8) 12
7 7 8 2 8 35

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 Answers

P. 76 P. 78
1) 52 or 10 2 5) 52 or 17 1 1) 3 5) 1
5 5 3 3 7 9

2) 21 or 7 6) 92 or 15 1 2) 3 6) 1
3 6 6 4 10

3) 33 or 5 1 7) 65 or 9 2 3) 7 7) 1
6 2 7 7 15 15

4) 52 or 10 2 8) 54 or 7 5 4) 1 8) 1
5 5 7 7 6 12

P. 80
1) 25% 0.25
2) 80% 0.80
3) 30% 0.30
4) 25% 0.25
5) 70% 0.70
6) 75% 0.75
7) 40% 0.40
8) 75% 0.75

Page 87
 Glossary

Common Factor is a number which is a factor of two or more other

numbers, e.g. 3 is a common factor of the numbers 9 and 30.

Common Multiple is an integer which is a multiple of a given set of

integers, e.g. 24 is a common multiple of 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12.

Decimal Fraction is tenths, hundredths, thousandths etc. represented by

digits following a decimal point. E.g. 0.125 is equivalent to 1/10 + 2/100 +
5/1000 or 1/8. The decimal fraction representing 1/8 is a terminating
decimal fraction since it has a finite number of decimal places.
Other fractions such as 1/3 produce recurring decimal fractions, these
have a digit or group of digits that is repeated indefinitely.

Denominator is the number written below the line i.e. the divisor.
e.g. in the fraction ⅔ the denominator is 3.

Digit Value is the value of a digit that relates to its position or place
in a number. e.g. in 82 the digits represent 8 tens and 2 ones.

Equivalent Fraction are fractions with the same value as another.

e.g. 4/8, 5/10, 8/16 are all equivalent fractions and all are equal to 1/2.

Exchanging is to exchange a number for another of equal value. The

process of regrouping is used in some standard compact methods of
calculation. e.g.: ‘carrying figures/exchanging’ in addition, multiplication
or division; and ‘decomposition’ in subtraction.

Factor is when a number, can be expressed as the product of two

numbers, these are factors of the first. E.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 are all
factors of 12 because 12 = 1 × 12 = 2 × 6 = 3 × 4.

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 Glossary

Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.) is the common factor of two or more

numbers which has the highest value.
e.g. 16 has factors 1, 2, 4, 8, 16. 24 has factors 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24.
56 has factors 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 14, 28, 56. The common factors of 16, 24 and
56 are 1, 2, 4 and 8. Their highest common factor is 8.

Improper Fraction is an improper fraction has a numerator that is greater

than its denominator. Example: 9/4 is improper and could be expressed
as the mixed number 2 1/4.

Integer is any of the positive or negative whole numbers and zero.

e.g. …2, -1, 0, +1, +2 …

Lowest Common Multiple (L.C.M.) is the common multiple of two or

more numbers, which has the least value. E.g. 3 has multiples 3, 6, 9, 12, 15….
4 has multiples 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 … and 6 has multiples 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 ….
The common multiples of 3, 4 and 6 include 12, 24 and 36.
The lowest common multiple of 3, 4 and 6 is 12.

Mixed Fraction is a whole number and a fractional part expressed as a

common fraction. e.g. 1 1/3 is a mixed fraction or mixed number.

Mixed Number is a whole number and a fractional part expressed as a

common fraction. Example: 2 ¼ is a mixed number. Also known as a
mixed fraction.

Multiple is the result of multiplying a number by an integer,

e.g. 12 is a multiple of 3 because3 × 4 = 12.

Non-Unit Fraction is a fraction that has a value of 2 or more as the

numerator and whose denominator is a non-zero integer. E.g. 1/2, 1/3.

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 Glossary

Numerator is the number written on the top– the dividend (the part that
is divided). In the fraction 2/3, the numerator is 2.

Operations that, when they are combined, leave the entity on which
they operate unchanged. Examples: addition and subtraction are
inverse operations e.g. 5 + 6 – 6 = 5. Multiplication and division are
inverse operations e.g. 6 × 10 ÷ 10 = 6.

Partition 1) To separate a set into subsets. 2) To split a number into

component parts. e.g. the two-digit number 38 can be partitioned into
30 + 8 or 19 + 19. 3) A model of division. e.g. 21 ÷ 7 is treated as
‘how many sevens in 21?’

Percentage 1) A fraction expressed as the number of parts per hundred

and recorded using the notation %. E.g. One half can be expressed as 50%;
The whole can be expressed as 100% 2) Percentage can also be interpreted
as the operator ‘a number of hundredths of’. E.g. 15% of Y means
15/100 × Y.

Place Holder In decimal notation, the zero numeral is used as a place

holder to denote the absence of a power of 10.

Place Value is the value of a digit that relates to its position or place in
a number. e.g. in 1482 the digits represent 1 thousand, 4 hundred, 8 tens
and 2 ones respectively; in 12.34 the digits represent 1 ten, 2 ones,
3 tenths and 4 hundredths respectively.

Proper Fraction has a numerator that is less than its denominator so 3/4
is a proper fraction, whereas 4/3 is an improper fraction (i.e. not proper).

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 Glossary

Regrouping is to exchange a number for another of equal value. The

process of regrouping is used in some standard compact methods of
calculation. e.g.: ‘carrying figures/exchanging’ in addition, multiplication
or division; and ‘decomposition’ in subtraction.

Remainder in the context of division requiring a whole number answer

(quotient), the amount remaining after the operation.
e.g. 29 divided by 7 = 4 remainder 1.

Simplify Fraction is to simplify a fraction down to its lowest terms.

The numerator and denominator are divided by the same number
e.g. 4/8 = 2/4, also to 'reduce' a fraction.
When the numerator and denominator are both divided by their highest
common factor the fraction is said to have been cancelled down to give
the equivalent fraction in its lowest terms. e.g.18/30 = 3/5 (dividing
numerator and denominator by 6).

Unit Fraction is a fraction that has 1 as the numerator and whose

denominator is a non-zero integer. e.g.1/2, 1/3.

Page 91