NATIONAL TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF MEXICO

Zacatepec Technological Institute

THERMAL MACHINES AND EQUIPMENT 1

DR. MINERVA VARGAS VEGA

ACTIVITY: THERMAL BALANCE PROBLEM

SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 13
BOOK 'THE PRODUCTION OF ENERGY THROUGH WATER VAPOR, THE
AIR AND GASES -W. H. SEVERNS, M.S.

TEAM MEMBERS:
MAYRA SANDOVAL LÓPEZ 17090808
CARRALES JUAREZ OSWALDO 17090700
DOMÍNGUEZ JIMÉNEZ MARCO ANTONIO 17090720
REYES VALENZUELA LUIS ANGEL 17090789

GROUP:KA

ELECTROMECHANICAL ENGINEERING
6TH SEMESTER

ZACATEPEC DE HIDALGO, MORELOS, JUNE 12, 2020.

Problem 13
Calculate and tabulate the thermal balance of a steam boiler based on the heating power.
superior of the coal as it burns using the following data: Coal analysis,
porcentajes en peso, tal como se quema: C, 70; H2, 6; O2, 5; N2, 2; S,1; humedad,4; y cenizas, 12.
Higher calorific power than coal as it is burned 7840 kcal/kg. Temperatures: water of
feeding, 82.2 ºC; gases from the humerals, 237.7 ºC; and boiler room, 26.7 ºC. The steam is
It occurs at an absolute pressure of 21 kg/cm2 and with a title of 97%. Fuel contained in the
ash and ashes, 30%; humidity per kilogram of dry air, 0.03 kg. Analysis of the gases of the
humerals, volume percentages, CO2, 13; CO, 0.5; O2, 4.7; and N2, 81.8. Vaporization at 100 ºC
it is 11 kg per kg of coal burned.

Problem data:

Temperatures Analysis of coal in %,

Feed water 8 just as it burns
Humeral gases 237.7 °C Carbon 70%
Boiler room 26.7 °C Hydrogen 6%
Oxygen 5%
Nitrogen 2%
Sulfur 1%
Analysis of the gases of the
Humidity 4%
humeral, volume percentages:
Ashes 12%
CO2 13
CO 0.5
O2 4.7
N2 81.8

Solution
Let's start by identifying the elements for each part of the boiler:

Feed water Combustion gases

T room=26.7°C T =237.7° C
CO2→13%mol
T =82.2°C
CO→0.5% mol
kcal
h f=82.83 O2 →4.7%mol
kg
N 2 →81.8% mol
liquido−subenfiado
 Carbon

Vapor Air C−70%

kg kgw H 2 −6 %
P=21 0.03 O2 −5 %
cm2 kgair−I forgot
x=97% N 2 −2 %
Slag and ashes
T =214° C S−1 %
30%
kcal
F=7,840
kgcomb
Heat absorbed by the steam generator

kcal
h f=220.55
kg
kcal
h g =673.5
kg
kcal
h fg=453
kg
kcal
h gN=hf +xhfg=659.93
kgv
kcal
Q̄=h−h f= ( 659.93−82.83 )

kcal
kg H 2O

Q̄=577.1
kgH2 O− vaporized
Vaporization Factor
Kcal
577.14
h-hf Kgvap Kgvap100° C
F. V = = =1 . 0 6 2
543.4 Kcal KgvapT
543.4
Kgvap100° C
 Like:
kcal
FIp =7 , 8 4 0
kgc
kcal kcal
F inf= ( 7,840−543.4 ) =7 , 2 9 6 . 6
m kg kg
H 1= s ( h−h f )
mf
kgvapor100 ° C kcal 1Kgvap
T
kcal
H 1=11
kgcomb (577.1 x
)
kgvaporT 1.062Kgvap 100° C=5 , 9 7 7 . 9 0
kgcomb

kcal
H 1=5 , 9 7 7 . 9 0
kgcomb

Determine the efficiency of energy utilization: Net loss difference = F - H1 (Coal)

kcal
7840
kgcomb kcal kcal
−5977.90 =1862.1
kgcomb kgcomb
The utilization efficiency is given in percentage, so:

1862.1
eη= ×100=23.75%
7,840
5977.9
eb= ×100=76.24 %
7,840
Heat losses due to fuel moisture

In the problem we can identify the steam that comes out of the shoulders accordingly.
we deduce that:
• H2O vapor - losses from water that the fuel brings
• H3vapor - losses that are generated when reacting
• H4aire - air humidity

mh( −h )
'' '
H=m
2 f
Where:
kgH
2 Ohum
0.04
mm = kcal of moisture per kg of fuel =
kgcomb

kg kcal
(
h'' 237.7°C
cm2 ) Superheated vapor from tables:
h'' =709
kgvap
 kcal
' h'f=26.89
h f26.7°
( C ) kgvapor
Subcooled liquid from tables:

Applying the formula we obtain:

kghum kcal kcal
H 2 =0 . 0 4 (709−26.89 ) =27.28
kgcomb
kcal
kghum kgcomb
H 2 =27.28
kgcomb

Heat losses due to water from hydrogen combustion

y(
h''−h )
'
H=9H
3 f
heat losses in kcal/kg of fuel as it is burned
Hy = weight kg/kg of fuel as it burns

We know the value of hydrogen

kgH
2
H 2 ( Hydrogen)=0 . 0 6
kgcomb
18kgH kgH
O
2
=9 2
O
1
2kgH 2 kgH2 H2+ O→ H 2O l
2 (
)
Substituting in the formula
kgH O kg H 2
H 3 =9
kgH
2
0.06
2
(
kg comb
( 709−26.89 )
kcal
)
=368.33
kcal
kgcomb
kgH O 2

kcal
H 3 =368.33
kgcomb

Heat losses due to the humidity of the supplied air

H=m∗0
4 v . 4 6 t −t
(g a )
Where:

tg = T of exit (T of exit of combustion gases at the boiler outlet)

ta = T of the boiler output (T of the air entering the home)
a (0.46) = specific heat of water vapor from tg to ta
mv = saturation percentage expressed in decimal form multiplied by the weight of
water vapor required to saturate one kg of dry air (table) at ta
 kgH 2 O
H 4 =mv
( )
kg comb
0.46
kcal
kgH O °
2
( 237.7−26.7°C)
C
kg vkg as
m v = 0.03
( )( )
kg askg comb
Therefore, we will determine mv (percentage of saturation). This
it implies determining the kilograms of dry air per kilogram of fuel.
This will depend on:
The oxygen required for combustion
The oxygen that enters with the fuel
The oxygen that comes out in combustion gases

The oxygen required for combustion

0.7∗K g' ' C ' '

KgC
COMPOUND % OF MOLES Kmol (CO or CO2) /Kmol''C''
CO2 13 0.9629 KmolCO2
0.0558
KgC
CO 0.5 0.0373 KmolCO
0.00216
KgC
TOTAL 13.5 1 Kmol´ ´ C´ ´
0.05796
KgC

1
H 2 + O → H2 O
2 2
Kg H 2
∗Kmol H2
KgC KmolH2
H 2 O=0.6 =0.03
2KgH2 KgC

Analysis required for oxygen

KmolC O2 KmolC O2
0.0558 =0.0558 =0.0558
KgC KgC

KmolCO1 Kmol O2
0.00216 = ∗0.00216 =0.00108
KgC 2 KgC
Kmol H2 1 Kmol O2
0.03 = ∗0.03 =0.015
KgC 2 KgC
 Kmol O2
TOTAL=0.07188
KgC
Kmol O2
∗32kgO 2
KgC KgO 2
0.0718 1 kilomole of oxygen
=2.976
2 kgC

Oxygen that will enter with the fuel

kgO
∗1KmolO
2

Kgcomb 2
KmolO
0.05 =1.5625 times 10−3 2

32k gO 2
Kgcomb

Oxygen released in combustion gases

COMPOUND % OF MOLES FRACTION

CO2 13 0.13 Kmol C
0.135
CO 0.5 0.005 As Imix
O2 4.7 0.047 KmolO
N2 81.8 0.818 0.047 2

Kmolmix

KmolO as if lO
∗32kgO2
2
2

0.047 How lmix Kmol ' C' ' kgC KgO2

∗0.058 =0.0201 =0.6432
0.135 Kmol ° C Kgc 1 Kmol O2 KgC
Kmo lmix

Once the amount of dry air per kilogram of fuel has been calculated, the next step is the
calculation of the required air.
Required air

o2what enters with the fuel + O2required from the air

Therefore
KgO 2 KgO 2 KgO 2
2.2976 + 0.6432 −0.05 =AIR REQUIRED
KgC KgC KgC
KgO 2 KgO 2 Kg O2 KgO2
2.2976 + 0.6432 −0.05 =2.8908
KgC KgC KgC KgC

Demand for dry air

Kg O 2
∗1 kilometer moleDry air
KgC ∗1 kmol O
0.21 kmol O2 2

∗29K gDry air

32k g O Dry KgAire
2.8908 2
=12:45
1 KmolDry air KgC

Once the demand for dry air is known, the m is calculated.v

Calculation of moisture flow/Kg of fuel (m)v)

KgH o K g Aireeco KgH o
mv =0.03 2
∗12.45 =0.3735 2

KgAiredry KgC KgC

Calculation of losses due to humidity

H=m×C
4 v p T−T
v( g s )
 K gHo Kcal Kcal
H 4 =0.3735 ∗0.46
2
( 237°C−26.7° C=36.25
)
KgC KgH o ° C 2
KgC

Heat losses due to dry flue gases

H=m
5 Cp (T−T
dg g s )
mdgweight of dry gases at the boiler outlet
Cp: average specific heat of dry gases (maximum value=0.24)

COMPONENT FRACTION (Fi) PM Fi*PM

CO2 0.13 44 5.72
CO 0.005 28 0.14
O2 0.047 32 1.504
N2 0.818 28 22.904
1 30.268

Kmol' ' C '

0.058 KgC kmol Dry gases
=0.4296
0.135 Kmol ' ' C ' ' KgC
kmolDry gases

Therefore
kmolDry gasess K gDry gases KgDry gases
0.4296 ∗30.268 =13.004
KgC kmolDry gases KgC
K gDry gasess Kcal Kcal
H 5=thirteen thousand ∗0.24
four ( 237.7°C−26.7°C)=658.52
KgC K gDry gases° C KgC
Kcal
H 5=658.52
KgC

Heat losses due to the combustion of unburned gas fuel

Due to the incomplete combustion of C + 1/2 O2

1 Kcal Kcal
C+ O 2→COΔHC=29.22 =2435
2 gmolC KgC
1 Kcal Kcal
CO+ O 2→CO2ΔHC=67.41 =1532.04
2 gmolCO KmolCO
Kcal Kcal
C+ O 2 → C O 2ΔHC=96.63 =8052.5
gmolC kgC
 KmolCO Kcal Kcal
H 6=0.00216 ∗1532.04 =3.30
KgC KmolCO KgC

Heat losses due to fuel without consuming content in ashes and slags

Kilo Ash
0.12 =Y
KgC
KgC
X=
KgC
Therefore
X X
0.3= =
Y+ X0.12+ X
0.036 KgC
X= =0.0514
0.7 KgC
KgC Kcal Kcal
H 7=0.0514 ∗8052.5 =414.89
KgC KgC KgC

Heat losses due to hydrogen and unconsumed hydrocarbons, radiation, and others
losses
H=F−
8 H+H+H+H+
( 1 2 H+3 H+
4 H 5 6 7 )
H 1= power of deliberation

Kcal Kcal
H 8=7840 −(5977.9+27.28+368.33+36.25+658.52+3.30+ 413.89)
KgC KgC
Kcal
H 8=354.53
KgCombination

THERMAL BALANCE PER COMBUSTED FUEL

PERCENTAGE
CONCEPT KCAL E
Heat absorbed by the boiler 5977.9 76.2390001
Fuel moisture 27.28
Hydrogen fuel 368.33 4.69748757
Humidity of the air 36.25 0.46231348
Dry chimney gases 658.52 8.39841857
Incomplete combustion 3.3 0.04208647
Combustible content in the ashes and
slag 414.89 5.29128938
Losses due to radiation and various losses 354.53 4.52148961
TOTAL 7841 100