GTAW or TIG welding processes (08)

GTAW
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
by electric arc with electrode of
tungsten and gas protection, or TIG
Tungsten Inert Gas

Common names:
Argon
TIG

General Introduction:
It is an electric arc welding process in the
how the union of metals is obtained by
warming of the same, result of an arc that
is established between a non-consumable electrode of
tungsten and the piece. The protection zone of the
electrode and the welding is obtained using a gas
inert, generally argon or a mixture of gases
inert gases (Argon and Helium). The filler metal is placed
in the electric arc achieving its fusion, and the
mix of this with the base metal. The liquid pool is
manipulates controlling the correct fusion of the parts;
the process can be used without supplementary material.

TIG welding can be manual or mechanized,

y it consider one of the processes of
arc welding that allows a
better control of operating conditions. Allows for the execution of high-quality welds and
excellent finish, especially on joints of small thickness (typically in thicknesses of 0.2 to
3 mm, generally less than 10 mm). Thicker sections can be welded, but in
In this case, the economic considerations tend to favor processes with consumable electrodes.
TIG welding is typically used for stainless steels, or alloys and non-alloyed metals.
ferrous. It is commonly used for structural steels, in the execution of root passes in
pipe welding, finishing the seam with SMAW (shielded metal arc welding) or GMAW (gas metal arc welding)
automatic with solid wire). The following table shows the advantages and limitations of the process.

Advantages and limitations Applications

Excellent control of welding bath. High precision welding and
It allows for metal welding without using filler. quality.
It allows for the mechanization and automation process. Welding of small parts
It is used for welding most of the thicknesses and tubes of diameters
metals. reduced.
Produces high-quality and excellent welds Applicable to the root pass in to
pipe welding.

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 termination. Welding of alloys
Does not generate splashes, except for a bad one. special, non-ferrous and ferrous,
operation. and applicable to non-materials
Requires little or no cleaning after the common.
welding.
Allows welding in any position.
Productivity is relatively low.
The cost of the spare parts and the equipment is
relatively high.

Welding equipment:

The basic equipment for a GTAW welder consists of:

Power source, it is a generator that can be either direct current (DC) and/or
alternating current (AC). The control commands specific to the GTAW process are found in a
headboard that can be, as in the photograph, incorporated into the source, or independent of
this.
Gas protection cylinder, which uses inert gases such as Argon and Helium or a
combination of both. At the head of the cylinder is a flow regulator,
flow meter and a manometer that gives us pressure inside the tank.
In the source, the torch is connected via a hose-cable, which leads to it.
the electrical current, the protective gas and, if there is one, the cooling fluid (water).
The circuit is closed through the ground wire, which connects the power source to the piece to be welded.
Optionally, a cooling unit for the torch is used, which helps reduce the
general size of it and to be able to work with high currents in duty cycles
prolonged. This equipment makes the torch hose assembly more manageable for the
welder.

The energy source is similar to that used in SMAW, but due to the characteristics of the process
GTAW must provide greater precision in adjusting the electric current and allow
soldering with low values of this (it can be reached, depending on the source, to work with 5
Ampere).
Below we see a breakdown of a TIG torch:

Ceramic nozzle.
B) Exhaust port.
C) Tungsten door.
Long stopper.
Short cap.
F) Teflon ring.
G) Button.
H) Mango.

The set of pieces is much more delicate than an SMAW clamp, and requires a lot of care.
part of the welder, particularly to avoid falls, stepping on it, or pulling the hose violently, this can
damage the gas inlet and electrical contacts.

The process:
The arc welding process with tungsten electrode differs from the others.
arc welding processes in 2 fundamental aspects:

The electrode used is non-consumable.

Welding the parts together can be done without the addition of filler metal.

It basically consists of an arc welding process in which heat is generated between a

non-consumable electrode and the base metal (piece to be welded). Due to its operating mode, the TIG process
it is similar to that of autogenous welding, with the difference that the heat developed by this process
It is produced by an oxy-acetylene flame.

Clarification of concepts, Current and Polarity:

Direct Current
It is defined as direct current, one that does not change over time, in other words, it
remains constant. In order for an electric current to circulate, it is necessary
there must be a positive pole and a negative pole in the power source or welding machine, they are the
terminals to which the electrode (clamp) and the ground (earth) are connected.

Polarity
It is defined as the connection of the electrode to one of the
terminals or poles of the machine.

Inverse Polarity
The polarity is reverse when the electrode is located
connected to the positive pole (+) of the machine. In this case
the flow of electric current (electrons) is from
the piece (which is connected to the negative pole) towards the
electrode, that is, enters into the electrode (See next Fig.).
Direct Polarity
The polarity is direct when the electrode is connected to the negative pole (-) of the
machine. In this case, the flow of electric current is from the electrode to the piece that
find connected to the positive pole of the source (See next Fig.).

Alternating Current
The current alternative change
constantly its sign and value with it
passing time in a cyclical manner. It is
represents as indicated in the figure
contiguous, where a cycle is composed
for 2 semicircles, one above the axis
horizontal, called positive semicircle,
and one below the horizontal axis,
negative semicircle call.
An alternating current of 50 cycles,
It means that in 1 second it changes 100.
sometimes its polarity, passing in form
Alternating from positive to negative polarity. In other words, at one moment the current flows
in one direction and in the next instant it does so in the opposite direction, and so 100 times per second.
It is noteworthy that in alternating current it makes no sense to talk about direct or reverse polarity, because
this is constantly changing.

Pulsating Current
The pulsating current is the one
what changes over time,
Increasing and decreasing its
value, and keeping constant
its polarity.
In a pulsating current, the
periods can be modified according to the need, both in frequency (amount of
periods per second), as in amplitude (height of the wave). The incorporation of electronics each
The increasingly complex design of welding equipment allows for the manipulation of the 'waveform' of the
current, significantly enhancing their performance.

The electric arc in the TIG process:

The electric arc is established as a result of the flow of electric current between 2
electrodes. The current passes through a column of gas in an ionized state, called 'Plasma'. The arc
electric is divided into 3 zones:

a) Cathodic Zone corresponds to the negative pole of the arc.

b) Anodic Zone corresponds to the positive pole of the arc.
c) Plasma Zone, corresponds to the gas in ionized state.

The electrons, whose charge is

negative, come from the area
cathodic, (whose emitter is the cathode) and
they move together with the
negative ions of plasma towards the
anode, which is the positive pole. The
positive ions of the plasma flow in
inverse direction, that is to say from the area
anodic towards the cathode.
Despite these two types of
circulation of electric charges, the flow
main and most intense of the current
in the arch is the produced by the
movement of the electrons, which in
definitive constitute the current
electric.

The electric arc is characterized by having a high intensity of electric current and low
arc tension, therefore requires a high concentration of electrons to transport
the current. The heat generated in the cathodic zone is mainly due to the shock produced by the
positive ions against the surface of the cathode. The heat generated in the anodic zone, or on the
anode, is caused by the collision of electrons that have acquired acceleration during
its passage through the plasma due to the action of the tension from the arch, and return the energy
kinetic energy acquired in the form of heat upon impact against the surface of the anode.

The arc plasma is a mixture of neutral and ionized atomic gas (excited). The most...
the hot plasma is the central part of the column, where
the movement is more intense. The outer part of the
the arch column is a bit colder.

In the adjacent figures we can observe the distribution

percentage of heat in the cathode and the anode, which will affect
the penetration of the welding into the base metal:
a) In DCEN (Direct Current Electrode Negative) it is
obtains good penetration, with more heat
focused on the piece (70%). The tip of
tungsten remains cooler (30%) and maintains its
original sharp. This combination is used in the
majority of the applications with GTAW process.
b) In DCEP (Direct Current Electrode Positive), there is less penetration, and the heat is more.
intense at the tip of the electrode, which is why we observe that the tip becomes rounded.
 c) Working in AC (Alternating Current) the heat is distributed between the base metal and the tip of
tungsten, obtaining a combination of the advantages of CDEN and CDEP.

By changing the gas that forms the plasma, a change is obtained in the heat balance between the cathode.
and the anode.

Connected according to the different applications

DCEN (Direct Current Electrode Negative):
In most applications, the DCEN source is used, except for welding.
of aluminum and magnesium, the rest of the metals, including stainless steel and titanium, are welded
employing that polarity.

Connecting the electrode to the (-) terminal of the machine allows for working with higher intensities without...
the electrode tip melts, which does not happen if it is connected to the (+) pole.

DCEP (Direct Current Electrode Positive):

The reason for the heating and subsequent melting of the electrode is due to the fact that in DCEP the
current flows, as we have seen, towards the electrode. The electrons, upon colliding with tungsten
they transform all their kinetic energy into heat, and if one takes into account that 70% of the generated heat
through the electric arc it concentrates on the positive pole, in this case there will be a deterioration of the
tungsten electrode.

AC (Alternating Current, for example aluminum):

As mentioned earlier, both aluminum and magnesium cannot be welded.
with direct polarity, but it must use reverse polarity (electrode at the positive pole). The
the reason for this is due to the fact that such metals form an oxide layer on their surface that
it protects them and in order to break it, it is necessary to produce an ion bombardment (charges
positive) about it. We had seen that positive charges flow in the opposite direction to the
negatives (electrons), so for that to happen we should connect the electrode to the pole
positive, so that when the piece is connected to the negative pole, the ions will direct towards
that surface producing its discharge and consequent cleaning action (elimination of
oxide.
If it were welded with direct current, we would have to work with excessively low currents, to
protect the tungsten, or alternatively, use very large electrode diameters. To save this
inconvenient, alternating current is used instead of direct current. In alternating current, only the
50% of the time the electrode works in a positive polarity, which allows it to cool down.
sufficient to prevent its deterioration, and the cleaning objective is also achieved during the
positive semicircle. The effect of the type of current and polarity is shown in the following figure.
the cleaning and penetration of the welding.

Figure A shows a weld made with DCEN where good penetration is observed,
since the heat concentration originates on the surface of the joint. There is no action of
cleaning with this polarity.

Figure B indicates a weld made with DCEP; with this polarity, a good one is obtained.
cleaning action as a result of the flow of argon gas ions towards the surface of the piece,
whose impacts against it occur with enough force, leading to destruction of

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the surface oxide layer. On the other hand, the flow of electrons towards the electrode causes
a heating effect of it, producing a weld with very little penetration.

Figure C shows a weld made with AC (alternating current), where a combination is made.
good cleaning, carried out during the positive semicircle, and an adequate penetration achieved
during the negative semi-cycle.

P-DC (Pulsating Current):

Another variant of the types of current used is pulsing current (described
previously). This type of current has the characteristic of allowing work with energies of
sufficiently high to melt the filler metal (rod) while simultaneously maintaining
a low global thermal input during welding. This fact presents the following advantages:

It allows welding on very thin thicknesses (less than 1 mm), without the risk of
produce the "puncture" or piercing of the joint.
Allows the welding of those materials (austenitic stainless) in which it is necessary
ensure that the thermal contribution does not exceed the established limits.
It allows to considerably minimize the deformation of the joint.
It allows for better control of the welding fusion puddle, from the point of view
operative.
Working with pulsating current, during the high current half-cycle (also called current
Welding) the fusion and deposition of the rod occurs, while during the semi-period of
low current (called base current) produces the cooling of the droplet (deposited metal).

Operating Principles:
By pressing the button that the torch has on its handle, the entire circuit is energized making
jump the arc between the tip or end of the non-consumable electrode and the base metal. The heat
developed by said arc melts the base metal forming a bath of liquid metal. Both the
electrode like molten metal, and the areas
adjacent, are protected from pollution
atmospheric due to a gas envelope.

Once the electric arc is established, and formed the

fusion bath, a rod approaches (which constitutes
the filler metal) until it touches the arc
(not tungsten); due to the action of the generated heat
the electric arc melts the end of the rod
depositing a drop of molten metal, which then is
worked (spread out) by the welder using the
electric arc. The rod is inserted and withdrawn from
arc each time a drop is deposited.
The rod is not only used to increase the
contribution, but also to achieve a management of
cooling of the liquid pool. This is essential
in very hot pool materials and weldings in
non-flat position, where cooling the bath can help to
prevent its detachment.

One must take the precaution of NOT REMOVING the rod anymore.
beyond the gas protection cone, in order to avoid
its oxidation (the oxidized end of the rod causes
porosities in the deposited metal). The advance of the arc
for a right-handed person, it is from right to left, in such a way,
that the deposited cord remains to the right of the welder.
The length of the electric arc is approximately 1½.
sometimes the diameter of the tungsten electrode, however,

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It depends a lot on the welder's hand. In any case, the length of the arc should not
exceed 5mm at most, as a very long arc dissipates more heat over the surface
of the base metal reducing depth and fusion within the metal. On the other hand, the arc becomes
less stable, increases the risk of contamination, both of the filler metal and the bath of
fusion, in addition to causing greater deformation of the welded joint or seam.

On the other hand, the penetration of the welding will also depend on the speed at which it is applied.
the rod, the greater the deposition of material, the greater the heat absorbed from the arc and consequently
lower heating of the base metal, reducing penetration.
The opening of the arc or completion of the welding occurs by slowly reducing the input with
the rod and simultaneously tilting the torch towards the deposited cord, and gently pulling away
the welding electrode until the arc is completely extinguished. Then, allow the
gas protector continue its flow to the melted bath until it turns dark in color,
after which the gas flow is cut off and the torch is removed.

TIG head controls:

The TIG head is the unit that
exercises all controls over the
components that regulate the process in your
totality. (It should be noted that some
equipment comes with all built-in the
functions of the head within the source of
power, therefore some sources have
all the controls on the front panel of the
welding source.
With the incorporation of electronics to the
TIG heads controls may require
the reading of a manual before operating them.
It will depend on the number of functions and
processes that the team worked with, the
complexity of the same.
Each team requires the welders' prior knowledge of the controls, so that
get the most out of the equipment you work with, which will result in better welding.

It would be desirable for a TIG torch to, at a minimum, incorporate the following systems, which will allow
the execution of high-performance welds:

High Frequency (HF) System

It is a wave generator, very short, whose frequency can be between 100 and 300.
KHz (up to 12 MHz) and with peak voltages of the order of 10 to 20 kV (let's remember
100 KHz corresponds to a change of polarity that occurs 200,000 times per second and 20.
20,000 Volts.
The primary purpose of the HF unit is to produce the ionization of the shielding gas (argon or
helio) so that it constitutes an electric bridge (path) between the tip of the electrode and the
piece, thus allowing the ignition of the electric arc, without the need to open the arc to
through a short circuit (touching the part with the end of the tungsten).
If the HF generating unit is not available, the only way to ignite the electric arc is
scraping the electrode (as if it were a match) against the surface of the base metal (anvil). In
In general, this operation is inadvisable from an operational point of view.
Another important function of the HF appears when working with Alternating Current.

When crossing from the positive semicycle to the negative one, it necessarily passes through a point where
the current is zero (0), meaning that the flow of electricity is interrupted, and to restart the
it would be necessary to cause a short circuit (working with alternating current is practically
impossible). Thanks to the HF in the welding circuit, the ionization it causes in the gases
surrounding the arc, allows for the re-ignition of the arc each time the current passes through zero.
In other words, despite the interruption of the electrical current, the arc does not extinguish.
thanks to the presence of the plasma formed by the gases inside the arc.

If the control allows it, the HF can be activated for the start of the arc or for the entire welding cycle.

Activate in the opening of the arch.

Active throughout the welding cycle.

In summary, we can say that the HF generator unit is used in a TIG process for:

a. Produce the arc ignition without the need to touch the workpiece with the electrode.
b. Allow the arc to reignite when welding with Alternating Current.
c. Provide greater stability to the electric arc.
d. Ensure a better and more efficient cleaning (removal of oxides) in welding
metals such as Aluminum and Magnesium.

It should be noted that, as a consequence of point (a), two fundamental advantages are obtained.
consist of: preventing contamination of the tungsten electrode with the base metal, and on the other hand,
the deterioration of the tip and subsequent wear due to sharpening it at each interruption
the welding operation.

Pre and Post Gas Flow Systems

Basically, it consists of timers that allow pre-setting times of

protective gas outlet, either before the arc ignition or after
extinguished the same.

The purpose of the gas PREflow is primarily to inert the space between the nozzle.
(element that surrounds the electrode and through which the flow of gas is directed) and the
welding surface; and as a second objective to allow this gas to ionize under the
high frequency action.

The function of the POS gas flow is to protect from the surrounding air, the bath of
fusion and the electrode, after the extinction of the electric arc. The post-flow must be regulated from
in a way that it maintains the necessary time until the bath has solidified and its color
has acquired the appearance of dark gray.
The post-flow is important, not only to prevent the oxidation of the metal and the electrode, but also
to help prevent the formation of a crater fissure due to the sudden cooling of the last
portion of liquid pool that solidifies.

Final Slope System – Anticrater

This electronic unit controls the slope of the current to

finish the welding, also called "Anticrater System", has been
incorporated to prevent a sudden interruption of the power supply
arc electrical in the shutdown of it.
During the welding operation, the current intensity in the arc
electric is quite high (90/130 amp.) and produces a thermal contribution
able to fuse both the base metal and the filler rod. When the operation ends
welding or the electric arc is interrupted, the welding current drops to zero abruptly,
causing a rapid cooling of the pool, or melting bath, resulting in a suck-back in it.

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This leads to the formation of a concavity in the center of the pool, called Crater. Said
crack, under certain stress conditions, can lead to the joint cracking.

The Anticrater system prevents the formation of the rechupe in the pool during solidification, making
that the welding current, before being interrupted, gradually reduces its intensity until
Achieve a value of approximately 30-40% of the welding amperage used.

Welding Gases
The main function of the shielding gases in the TIG process is to prevent contact with air.
environment with the electrode and the molten metal, at the moment when the welding is carried out.
The gas used also has an influence on the stability, characteristics, and behavior of the
arc, and consequently in the result of the welding.

The protective effect of the gas depends on:

The gas flow.

The type of welding.
The size of the gas cover.
The length of the arc.
The position of the welding.

The gases most commonly used in TIG welding are Argon, Helium, or a combination of them; the
they must have a high purity (usually 99.99%).

For the same arc length and current, Helium requires a higher voltage than Argon to
produce the arc. Due to its excellent thermal conductivity, Helium produces higher temperature
that the Argon in the welded area achieves much greater penetration than with Argon,
resulting more effective in the welding of thick materials, particularly metals such as
copper, aluminum and their alloys.
Argon is better suited for welding metals with lower thermal conductivity and little
thickness, particularly for welding positions other than flat. In the following table, there
They describe the appropriate gases for each type of material to be welded.

The denser the gas, the better its performance will be for arc protection.
Argon is approximately 10 times denser than Helium, and 30% denser than air.
When Argon is used, it forms a dense protective cloud, while the action of Helium is
much lighter and more airy, which disperses quickly. For this reason, it will be necessary
larger amounts of gas in case of using Helium (pure or mixtures that contain mostly
Helium) that if Argon were used.
Currently, Helium has been replaced by Argon, or by mixtures of Argon-Hydrogen or
Argon-Helium. This is because these gases help to improve the generation of the electric arc and
Characteristics of metal transfer during welding promote penetration
increasing produced temperature, the width of the melting zone, the rate of formation of
welding; in addition to reducing the tendency to undermining.

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These gases also provide satisfactory conditions for the welding of the vast majority of the
reactive metals such as aluminum, magnesium, beryllium, columbium, tantalum, titanium, and zirconium.
It is noteworthy that Argon-Hydrogen or Helium-Hydrogen mixtures can only be used for the
welding of a few metals, such as some stainless steels and alloys of
nickel.

The electrode
The electrode used in TIG welding differs from those used in other processes.
electric arc welding, because it does not melt with the heat generated by the electric arc, and for the
so it does not provide material to the welding. However, if an incorrect electrode is selected or is
it applies too high a current, electrode particles can transfer through the arc.
The tungsten electrode or wolfram, used in TIG welding, is very hard and highly
refractory, whose melting point is reached at 3400°C. These electrodes are manufactured in diameters
from 0.5mm to 6mm, and they can be made of pure tungsten or alloyed. Below is presented a
table showing the suggested currents according to the diameter and type of electrode.

(Table A2 ASME Section II, Part C SFA5.12)

General notes:
These values are based on the use of argon as a shielding gas. Other values may be used, depending on the
protection gas (lower values would be applicable using helium as the gas), the type of equipment, and the application.
If no values are given, it implies that its use is not recommended.
Classification of electrodes according to AWS standard

The AWS A5.12 standard classifies tungsten electrodes according to the following designation:

The same standard identifies each type of electrode with a certain color, depending on its
Classification. The following table indicates the types of electrodes and their corresponding color:

Election of the same:

The choice of electrode type will largely depend on the type of material desired.
soldering, the type of current to be used and the operational characteristics.

The selection of the electrode diameter must be made taking into account that it,
it should neither be so small that there is a risk of melting its end, nor so large that
lead to arc instability (for a given welding current), as a consequence
from the decrease in electronic emission due to the low heating of the electrode.

Operational aspects:

The tips of the electrodes initially have no shape. Therefore, before being used, they must be shaped.
shape, whether by machining, roughing or casting them. The
forms can be of three types: pointed, half-moon, and ball, and
they will depend on how they are used.
Regarding sharpening, it is advisable to carry out the same longitudinally to the
electrode (see image), designed to facilitate the passage of the
current.
Filler Metal – TIG Rods
In the GTAW process, I can choose not to use filler material, or use the same base metal or piece as filler.
a welding properly prepared (base metal strips for example), or filler rods
standardized substances that are added to the welding bath, the mechanism of which had already been explained
previously.

Depending on the type of base material to be welded, the appropriate rod should be selected that meets
the appropriate physical and chemical properties to perform a good welding. In the majority of
The cases can find rods in the market whose mechanical properties allow for their use.
in a wide spectrum of base materials, which are classified by codes and standards
international, such as AWS, DIN, etc.

Classification of Filler Rods according to AWS.

The rods are identified according to AWS (American Welding Society) with letters and numbers whose
The meaning is indicated below.

AWS groups the TIG filler rods according to different types identified with a number A [Link]
(corresponding to the identification SFA [Link] according to ASME Sec. II Part C).
The following are some groups, the most used with their respective application:

A5.18 --Welding rods for medium strength carbon steels.

A5.28 --Welding of Low-Alloy Steels and High-Strength Steels.
A5.9 -- Welding of Stainless Steels
A5.10 --Aluminum Welding and its Alloys.
A5.14 --Nickel welding and its alloys.

The following is a table with the most common TIG rods, and a detail of their
applications, classified according to AWS.
 AWS [Link] ICA CION APPLICATIONS

A5.18 ER70 S-2 Carbon Steels

A5.28 ER80S-8 2 Steels al Chrome/Moly(1,25 /0,5%)

ER 90 S-83 Steels al Chrome/Moly(2.25/1.0
%)
ER 80 S-02 Steels al Mmolybdenum
(0.50)
ER80S-Ni1 AcerosalNlquel(1,10%)
ER 80S- Ni2 Acerosal Nlq l (2,75%)
ER 80S- Ni3 Acerosal Nlwhatl (3,75%)
ER 100S- 1 AcerosM1cro alea High place Resistance
ER 100S-2
ER110$- 1

120
ERS-1

A5.9 ER308 Steel Inoxidable Tipo 18/8 Cr/Ni

ER 309 Steel Inoxable
id Type24/12Cr /Ni
ER 310 Steel In oxdable
i Type 25/20 Cr/ Ni
ER 312 Steel INoxious Type 30/10 C You
ER 316 Type 18/ 12 Cr/Ni with Moly
ER 347 Type 19/ 12 Cr/Youwith NiobiumER410
ER4 10 Stainless e Martensiyou
co(13% Cr)
ER 430 Inferritic oxidizable (17%Cr)
ER 502 AcerosalCrMoly
omo/ (5,0/0,5%)

ER 505 AcerosalomoMoly
Cr / (9.0/1,0%)

A5.10 ER1100 I 99.0%

Aluminum
ER11 88 Aluminum99.88% casi pure
ER 4043 Aluminio al SorcI (5% If)
ER45
41 Aluminigoal Silic io(10% Yes)
ER 4643 Aluminum SorCEO nesio
/Mand
ER 5183 /Mn (4.5/0.8%)
Aluminum to Mg
ER 5356 Ior Magnesium (5%Mg)
Aluminum
ER 5554 AluminIor to MgMn
/ (2,8 /0,8%)
,5/0 ,3
ER5654 Aluminum Mg/Cr (3 %)

A5.14 ERNl- 1 Base steel Nlquel (mln.93%Ni)

ER NICu-7 Mon(70%Ni/30%Cu
el )
ERNiC r-3 lnconel (70%Ni/20%
ER NiCrFe-2 Tipolnconel

ER NiMo-7 /30%Mo )
Ac. Nlquel-Mely (70% You
ER NiCrMo-3 Ac. Nloue l-Cromo-Molv (7020
/ /10%)
NOTE: The consumables listed in the previous table are the most common for each of the AWS groups. For more
information should refer to the ASME Code Section II Part C.

14
Bibliographic References:
- Welding Technology, "Prof. Paulo Villani Marques" (National University of Minas Gerais

ASME Code Section II Part C, "Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes and Filler"
Metals.

AWS (American Welding Society) specifications for welding consumables, AWS A

[Link].

Images in the public domain extracted from the World Wide Web (www).

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