Football

A football field is always rectangular and has measurements that range from 90 to 120 meters in length,
with a width greater than 45 meters and less than 90 meters. In the case of international matches, the recommendations
FIFA fields are slightly different: 100-110 meters long and 64-75 meters wide.
Football is undoubtedly one of the most popular sports there is. To play the matches, 22 players are needed.
players (11 for each team), a field, two goals and, of course, a soccer ball.

Source: green Field

For large fields like 11-a-side football, according to FIFA, the minimum size of the playing field is 45m x 90m and that the measurement
maximum 90m x 120m. For official matches or international competition matches, FIFA establishes a minimum of
64m x 100m and a maximum of 75m x 110m.

Green Field Source

For small fields like five-a-side soccer, mini soccer, or baby soccer, the minimum regulation size is 15m x 25m, and the size
the maximum is 25m x 42m. For official matches or international competitions, FIFA sets a minimum of 18m x
38m and a maximum of 25m x 42m. However, for 5-a-side football, the dimensions that have yielded the best results for the
The rental courts are as follows: 20m x 30m and 20m x 40m. These measurements correspond to the total playing area that
it includes the area of the backcourt. This space is recommended to be 1m.
SOCCER 6 -7–8–9
Regarding football 6, 7, 8, 9 FIFA does not have official measurements. Basically, these types of fields are built with
proportional measurements that allow for comfortable play for the players. Generally, these are the measurements that
we recommend:
Type of court Minimum measure Maximum measure
6 a-side 20m x 40m 25m x 45m
7 a-side 25m x 45m 30m x 50m
8 a-side 30m x 50m 40m x 60m
9 a-side 40m x 60m 50m x 80m

Every football field, regardless of size, must be rectangular. It is usually recommended that the width be
3/4 the length for the field to have the best proportion.
HISTORY OF FOOTBALL

Games involving kicking a ball have been popular in many countries throughout history. According to FIFA,
The oldest form of the game for which there is scientific evidence dates back to a period around the 2nd or 3rd century BC.
in China. Moreover, the Roman game Harpastum may be a distant ancestor of football. In medieval Europe
Various forms of football were also played, although the rules varied greatly depending on the time and the area.
Although football has always been played in its various forms throughout Great Britain, it is considered that the
English public schools were key to the creation of modern football. The evidence suggests that, during the century
XVI, British schools, and particularly the director Richard Mulcaster, were fundamental in eliminating the
the most violent component of football and transform it into a team sport that would be beneficial for the kids of the
school. Therefore, the game was institutionalized, regulated, and began to be part of a broader tradition.
Many ancient references to soccer (for example, in poetry) were recorded by people studying in
these schools, which shows that they were familiar with the game. Finally, in the 19th century, teachers and former
students were the first to write the formal rules of modern football to organize matches between schools.
The current rules of football are based on the efforts of the mid-19th century to standardize the very diverse
variants of football played by public schools in England. The first set of rules was written at Eton
College in 1815. Later, in 1948, the Cambridge Rules were created at the University of Cambridge.
which have influenced the development of Association football (also known simply as football or soccer) and
subsequent rules. The Cambridge Rules were written at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1848, in a
meeting attended by representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester, and Shrewsbury schools. These rules
they were not universally adopted. During 1850, many clubs were formed in the English-speaking world, not
related to schools and universities; some created their own distinctive rules, mainly Sheffield
Football Club (formed by former students of Harrow) in 1857, which led to the formation of the Association of
Sheffield football in 1867. In 1862, John Charles Thring, from Uppingham School, also developed a set of
standards that had their influence.
These efforts contributed to the formation of the Football Association (FA)
In 1863, which met for the first time on the morning of October 26, 1863, at the Freemason's Tavern located in
Great Queen Street in London. The only school represented on this occasion was Charterhouse. At that same place.
Five more meetings were held between October and December that led to the first set of complete rules.
In the final meeting, the association's first treasurer, a representative of Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA for not
to include two rules, the first of which allowed running with the ball in hand, and the second, to obstruct the run.
hitting the opponent in the shins and grabbing him. Other English rugby clubs also followed this path and
they did not join the FA but the Rugby Football Union established in 1871. The remaining eleven clubs, in charge of Ebenezer
Cobb Morley, the thirteen original rules of the game were ratified. The Sheffield FA played with its own rules until 1870.
The current rules of the game are determined by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). The IFAB was formed in 1886.
after a meeting in Manchester of the Scottish, Welsh, and Irish football associations.
The oldest football competition in the world is the English FA Cup, which was founded by C.W. Alcock and in which they have
played English teams since 1872. The first international football match took place in 1872 between Scotland and
England in Glasgow, also through the mediation of C.W. Alcock. The first football league in the world was also organized.
in England and was founded in 1888 by the director of Aston Villa, William McGregor. The original format of the league
contained 12 clubs from the central and northern regions of England. The International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), the
governing body of international football, was formed in Paris in 1904, and adhered to the Laws of the Game of the
Football Association. The growing popularity of the game internationally led to the admission of representatives of
FIFA in the International Football Association Board in 1913. The board currently consists of four representatives.
from FIFA and one from each of the four British associations.
Today, football is played at a professional level around the world, and millions of people regularly go to the
stadiums to follow their favorite teams and many more watch it on television. A large number of people
plays football at an amateur level. According to a FIFA survey published in the spring of 2001, more than 240 million
millions of people regularly play soccer in over 200 countries around the world. Its simple rules and the
Minimum equipment requirements have surely helped to extend its popularity.
 Football Rules
The playing field
Matches may be played on natural or artificial surfaces, according to the competition regulations.
The playing field will be rectangular, divided into two halves and will be marked with lines. These lines will belong to the
Areas that demarcate.
The length of the band line must be a minimum of 90 meters and a maximum of 120, and must be greater than the
length of the finish line, which will have a minimum of 45 meters and a maximum of 90 meters.
The ball
Characteristics and measurements
It will be spherical.
It will be made of leather or any other suitable material.
It will have a circumference no greater than 70 cm and no less than 68 cm.
It will have a weight no greater than 450 g and no less than 410 g at the start of the match.
It will have a pressure equivalent to 0.6–1.1 atmospheres at sea level.

3. The number of players

The match will be played by two teams composed of a maximum of eleven players each, of which one will play
as a goalkeeper. The match will not start if one of the teams has fewer than seven players.
4. The equipment of the players
The mandatory basic equipment of a player consists of the following items:
A sweater or t-shirt. If underwear is worn, the sleeves of this clothing must be the main color of the sleeves.
of the jersey or t-shirt.
Shorts. If thermal leggings are worn, whether short or long, they must be the main color of the pants.
shorts.
• Media. If adhesive tape or a similar material is used on the outside, it must be the same color as the part of
the stockings on which it is used.
• Shin guards. They should be made of rubber, plastic, or a similar material suitable for providing protection.
appropriate, and they will have to be covered by the stockings.
Footwear
5. The referee
A match will be controlled by a referee, who will have full authority to enforce the Rules of the Game.
said meeting. Their decisions are final as soon as the game resumes; they can rectify an error if notified.
for an assistant, but it must be before the match continues.
6. The assistant referees
Two assistant referees may be appointed who will have, subject to the referee's decision, the task of indicating: if the
the ball went out of play, corner kicks, offside, notify of substitutions, infractions that he doesn't see
referee
7. The duration of the match
The match will last two equal halves of 45 minutes each, unless mutually agreed upon by the referee and the two...
participants' teams agree otherwise. Between each half, there will be a break that should not exceed 15.
minutes.

8. The start and resumption of the game

The kickoff is a way to start or resume the game:
At the beginning of the match.
After scoring a goal.
At the beginning of the second half of the match.
At the beginning of each overtime period, if applicable.

9. The ball in play or out of play

The ninth rule seems very logical, the ball is in play as long as no foul is called and it is within the field.
the game is interrupted if it bounces off a post or corner flag or if it bounces off the referee.
He will be offside if he completely crosses a sideline or goal line, and if the match is interrupted by the referee.
10. The goal scored
A goal will have been scored when the ball has completely crossed the goal line between the posts and by
under the crossbar, provided that the scoring team has not previously committed an infraction of the Rules of
Game.
11. The offside
A player will be in an offside position if they are closer to the opponent's goal line than the ball and the
penultimate opponent, but he will not be there if he is in his half of the field. The referee must grant the opposing team a
indirect free kick.
12. Mistakes and inaccuracies
Fouls outside the area are sanctioned with a free kick and those inside the area with a penalty kick.
There are infractions that are penalized with an indirect free kick, for example, dangerous play, obstructing the progress of a player.
opponent or when the goalkeeper takes more than six seconds to clear the ball.
Free kicks
Free kicks are divided into direct ones, where a goal can be scored with just one contact or, in case it is an own goal.
a corner kick will be taken; and an indirect free kick, in which the referee must keep one hand raised and consists of
two touches before the ball crosses the goal line, if there is only one touch a goal kick will be awarded.
The penalty shoot
A penalty kick will be awarded against the team that commits an infraction that warrants a direct free kick, within its own
own penalty area and while the ball is in play.
15. The throw-in
The throw-in is a way to restart the game and is awarded to the opponents of the last player who touched the ball.
before crossing the border line by land or by air.
16. The goal kick
The goal kick is a way to restart the game when the ball has completely crossed the goal line.
whether by land or by air, after having last touched a player of the attacking team, and it has not been marked
a goal according to Rule 10.
17. The corner kick
A corner kick will be awarded when the ball has crossed the goal line, whether on the ground or in the air.
after having last touched a player from the defending team, and a goal has not been scored in accordance with the Rule
10.

VOLLEYBALL
MEASURES
Width and Length of the Playing Surface
The measurements of the volleyball field are simple; the total surface area of the playing field in a volleyball court is 18
meters long by 9 meters wide.
This total surface will be divided in half by a net that separates the playing areas of both teams.
resulting in a total playing surface for each team of 9 x 9 meters.
Attack Zone
The attack zone is the area between the 3-meter line and the net. It is the area where most of the
the team's attacks, except for the attacks from players who are in the defensive zone, who will not be able to
rebase the 3-meter line when finishing.
Defense Zone
In the area that goes from the 3-meter line to the back of the field. It has dimensions of 6 x 9 m and is the
area where players defend against attacks and receive serves, although it can also be spiked as long as it does not
exceeds the 3-meter line.
The field is divided into front and back zones to differentiate between players who are in the attack zone or
defender. This will depend on the moment of therotationin which the team is located.
Free Zone
Around the playing field there must be an obstacle-free zone, which must include the bench area and
referees, at least 2 meters on indoor courts and 3 meters on outdoor courts.
This rule changes in international competitions, as the free zone must be at least 5 meters from the lines.
lateral and 8 meters from the baseline.

HISTORY
Volleyball was created in February 1895 byWilliam George Morgan,sports coach of theChristian Association
of YouthYMCA [Link] had studied at the College ofSpringfieldfrom the YMCA where
met withJames Naismithwho, in 1891, had invented the game of basketball. Volleyball was originally conceived
as a more subdued alternative to basketball, since although it adapted well to young people, the members of
older age required a less intense game. Initially, he called it Mintonette. Therefore, basketball and the
volleyball was invented at the end of the19th centuryin two cities, Holyoke and Springfield, separated by only 16 km and both
sports emerged in the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) rapidly spreading internationally
all their associated organizationsas.12It was designed for gyms or indoor places and can also be played outdoors.
free. It was a team game that had similarities to thetennisor thehandballMorgan developed
also the first rules, which contemplated a playing field of 7.62 m × 15.24 m (25 feet × 50 feet) and a net
of 1.98 m in height (6 feet 6 inches). The number of players was unlimited, as was the permitted quantity.
of contacts with the ball. In case of a wrong serve play, there was a second chance, just like in the
tenis.12On the occasion of the conference of all the sports coaches of the YMCA held in Springfield at
At the beginning of 1896, Morgan introduced the new game and found a good response among his [Link].12Due to
that the ball is played directly in the air, without touching the ground (which in English is called volley), Alfred T.
Halstead proposed the name volleyball. This proposal was approved and the game has been called the same in English to this day.
way, but since 1952 it began to be written as a single word: volleyball.12Later, the rules also
some modifications were made. The first ball was designed specifically at Morgan's request by the firmA. G.
Spalding & [Link] Chicopee, Massachusetts.
Match USSR-Israel played in 1952 in the world championship ofMoscow.
Expansion
In the following years, the sport spread all over the world. It first arrived atCanadain the year 1900 and immediately
arrived at ASia.12American soldiers introduced it during theWorld War Onein Eastern Europe,
where it became a very popular sport.7
In 1912, the initial rules regarding the dimensions of the field were revised. The size of the
ball, which had not been determined until then. The number of players per team was limited to six, and it
incorporated the rotation in the sacke.7
In 1916, the Spalding Volleyball Guide noted that volleyball had reached 200,000 players in the States.
Unidos distribuidos así: YMCA (niños, jóvenes y adultos) 70 000; YMCA (niñas y mujeres) 50 000; Escuelas (niños y niñas)
25,000 and Universities (young) 10,000. Also in 1916, the YMCA requested to theNational Athletic Association
University (NCAA)that will publish its rules so that dissemination is faster among the studentsis.13
In 1922, the number of touches per team was regulated, setting it at three, and the attack of the defenders was limited. It also
it was established that if the score was 14-14, two consecutive points of advantage had to be obtained to win the sett.7
Also in 1922, the YMCA organized what is considered the first American national championship inBrooklyn,
27 teams from 11 states participatings.13
In the1924 Olympic Gamesvolleyball was presented as a demonstration sport.7
Until 1930, volleyball was mostly considered just a game for entertainment, with few matches taking place.
international. However, in several European countries a high competitive level was reached, giving rise to several
national championships (especially inEastern Europe). InThe first championship was organized in [Link]
Soviet, dwhere the practitioners already reached 400,000 peopleas.13
In 1947, fourteen Federations were founded inParistheInternational Volleyball Federation(FIVB) being its first
objective to develop and improve volleyball rulesl.13In theWorld Volleyball Championshipthat very shortly after
were carried out for the first time, constituting important steps for its establishment as a sport. Many techniques and
tactics that characterize modern volleyball were introduced by European teams. Examples of this are the
blocking and the bagger, which Czechoslovakia introduced in the game in 1938 and in 1958, respectively.your7just like the attack
from the baseline, whichPolandfirst showed in 19747and the 5-1 system, with which the Union played
Soviet.
In the second decade of the 20th century, the rule still in force today of having six players was introduced in the United States.
by team.12Since 1964, volleyball has beenOlympic [Link] variantbeach volleyballjoined the FIVB in 1986 and to
theOlympic Gamessince summer 1996.7
Since the late 20th century and mainly at the beginning of the 21st century, substantial changes have been introduced in volleyball.
trying to make it a more visually appealing game. In 1998, the figure of the player was [Link].7In 2000 it is reduced from
the duration of the matches is important as it eliminates the requirement to be in possession of the serve in order to score; it
You can earn a point and serve in the same play while before you could be stealing serves alternately.
without the marker advancing. Touching with any part of the body has been allowed or the serve is allowed to touch
the net always ends up crossing over to the opposite field.7In 2006, two possible new changes are proposed and tested in
some competitions: allow a second serve in case the first one fails (as occurs intennisand arrange in the
bench of a second libero player who can alternate throughout the match. Finally, only accepted in
the review approved at the congress of June 2008 held inDubai, the incincorporation of a second reserve libero
and the possibility of exchanging the liberos only once during the match. In 2010, it was revokedisa14the rule of
touch of net, and it changes: it will only be a net touch fault if it touches the top tape of the net and affects the play.
The game is also made more flexible with two liberos allowing successive changes of the active libero by the second libero to
Throughout the match. In 2014, the changes regarding the net touch were reversed.
RULES
Rules of the game
Playing field
The field where the game is played is a rectangle of 18m9 meters wide, divided in its central line by
a net that separates the two teams. In reality, the game also takes place outside, in the free area, at
condition that the ball does not touch the ground or any other element. The free zone must have at least 3 meters,
measures for the World and official Competitions of the FIVB increases to 5 m from the sidelines and to 6.5 m
for the end lines. The free space above the track must have a minimum height of 7 m in competitions
international rises to 12.5m.4
The players' contact with the ground is continuous, usually using joint protection.
the surface cannot be rough or slippery.4
Lines
The center line runs directly underneath the net and divides the playing court into two equal zones of 9x9m, one
for each team. At 3 m from the net, a line marks the attack zone in each field, the area where they are located
restricted the actions of players who are currently engaged in defensive duties (defenders)libero).
These lines extend outside the field with dashed strokes, and the limitation they represent is projected
equally along the entire line, even beyond the drawn strokes. All lines have 5cmwide.4
Zones and areas
The playing field is surrounded by a free zone at least three meters wide in which it is also allowed
play the ball. For games in a gym or sports hall, a height of seven meters free above is recommended
playing surface,4where there shouldn't be annoying objects or obstacles like baskets
ofbasketballo rings.
The network
In the central axis of the field, exactly on the central line that divides the field, there is a net that is fixed in such a way
that the height from the floor to the upper edge be, in the adult categories, 2.43 m for men and 2.24 m for
womens.4This network is mounted on poles whose height reaches 2.55.m.16In the youth categories, different rules apply.
Heights. The net itself measures 1 m wide and between 9.5 to 10 m long, so each side extends about 25.
50 cm from the side lines outward from the side linesis.17
It has two bands on the top and bottom edges. For better demarcation of the lateral boundaries, precisely
On the side lines, there is a side band fixed to the net perpendicularly. Above, it protrudes on each side.
80 cm rod, known as "antenna".16The antennas should not be touched during the game, neither by the ball, nor by
the players and serve as a delimitation of the area within which the ball must be played over the net. The
antennas mentally extend limitless upwards.
The ball
Ball with official approval
Until 1998, theballit was of a single light color. Starting that year, they are also allowed to present a
color combination. It must be spherical. Its outer surface is made of leather or synthetic material, slightly
padded and seamless. Inside it contains a rubber or similar chamber filled with air. It is noticeably more
small and lighter than the balls ofbasketballosoccer65-67cmof circumference, 260-280gof weight.
Thepressureinterior must be between 0.300 and 0.325kg/cm²(4.26 to 4.61psi294.3 to 318.82milibarsohPa).3
The brand of the balls is approved by the national volleyball associations for their own jurisdiction. In the area
Internationally, there are several approved game balls that differ in small details regarding color or
Manufacturing material. The general principles regarding measurements and weight are the same for all these balls.
Scoring
Thematchesvolleyball is played in the best of five sets or blocks of points, just like intennis
Anglo-Saxon name for set. At the moment when one of the two teams accumulates three sets won, they win the
match and the confrontation is concluded. A team wins a set when it reaches or exceeds 25pointswith a
advantage of two (that is, if you win with 25-23, but with 25-24 you would have to wait for 26-24 and so on)
neither of the two teams gets the two-point advantage.
 BASKETBALL
The dimensions of a basketball court vary according to the competition. In the NBA, the court measures 29 by
15 meters. According to the rules of the International Basketball Federation (FIBA), the court must measure exactly 28 by
15 meters.
At the student level, the courts measure 26 by 15 meters. In amateur basketball, the measurements can vary quite a bit.
varied.

The baskets must always be 3 meters above the floor, except in some youth competitions. The courts of
Basketball has a three-point arc at both hoops.
A basket made behind the arc is worth three points; a basket made from the line or when the player's foot touches the
line, worth two points.
The height of the interior part of the roof structure or the ceiling above the floor is specified by the direction of
each sport and it is a critical design factor.
Generally, a basketball court must have a minimum height of 7.7 meters, although a height of 8.23 meters is preferred.
it is recommended.

HISTORY
The origins of basketball date back many years. In the time of the Mayans, pok-a-pok was practiced, a
a game in which a solid rubber ball was used that had to be struck with the thighs and hips, and the
Losers were sacrificed to be offered to the gods.
However, basketball, as we know it now, was born in 1891 in the United States, thanks to James.
Naismith, professor of Physical Education at YMCA University, Springfield (Massachusetts). Naismith wanted
invent a sport that could be practiced in the gym, to get through the harsh and cold days of winter. He observed the
sports that existed back then - rugby, baseball, soccer, etc. - based mainly on strength or contact
physical and thought of one that required more skill.
The professor asked the janitor for some boxes 50 centimeters in diameter and what he got were two baskets of
peaches that he had hung on each side of the gym track, at a height of 3.05 meters. This is how the emerged
basketball, an English word that defines the objective of the game: to put the ball into a basket.

Naismith designedthirteen rulesaround this new sport. Since I had 18 students, the basketball teams
They were composed of nine players per team. Then they became seven members, ending up as five.
Over time, the peach baskets turned into metal hoops with a bottomless net. And, also, they arose
the boards, where the baskets were hung.
Basketball quickly took hold in the U.S. and soon made its way to Europe. It was an exhibition sport in the
Amsterdam Olympics (1928) and Los Angeles (1932), but at the Berlin Olympics (1936) Naismith
he had the opportunity to see how the sport he created became an Olympic category. Women's basketball had
to wait a few more years, until 1976 to be admitted as an Olympic sport.
This is how little by little this sport found its place worldwide and, currently, basketball has
with great popularity in different countries, being one of the sports with the most participants and regular competitions in
different regions of the world.

RULES
The ball can be thrown in any direction, with one hand or with two hands.
The ball can be struck in any direction, with one or two hands (never with the fist).
3. A player cannot run with the ball. They must throw the ball from the spot where they take it. In the event that a
player catches the ball while running, as soon as he takes it he should try to stop.
4. The ball must be carried in the hands or between them. The arms or body should not be used to hold it.
5. It is not allowed to shoulder charge, grab, push, trip, or hit the opponent in any way.
the first violation of this rule by any player will be considered a foul; the second will disqualify them until
that the following basket is achieved or, in the case that the intention to injure is clear, they will be expelled for the entire duration
the party, without being able to be replaced.
It is an offense to hit the ball with the fist, the violation of rules 3 or 4 and what is described in number 5.
7. If either team commits three consecutive fouls, a basket will be counted for the opposing team.
(consecutive means that during that period the opponent has not committed any fouls).
8. A basket will be counted when the ball is thrown or hit from the ground to the hoop and stays in it, as long as
the defenders do not touch the ball or obstruct the basket. If the ball stays on the edge of the hoop without going in and the
opponent moves the basket, it will be counted as a point.
9. When the ball goes out of bounds, the first person to touch it will throw it back onto the playing field. In case of a dispute or
discussion, the referee will throw it directly onto the field. The one who serves has five seconds to do it; if they hold the ball
for longer, the ball will go to the opposing team. If either team continues to delay the game, the referee
will point against that team.
The main referee is the one who has total control of the game.
10. The assistant referee will be the judge of the men, will note the fouls, and will notify the main referee when there are three.
Repeated fouls. He will have the authority to disqualify players according to what is established in rule number 5.
11. The main referee will judge matters related to the ball and must decide when it is in play or has left the field.
team belongs, in addition to keeping track of time. It will decide when points have been scored and will tally the
baskets, as well as any other type of task that is usually performed by an assistant referee.
12. The time will be divided into two halves of fifteen minutes, with a 5-minute break in between.
13. The team that scores the most points within that time will be declared the winner. In the event of a tie, if the
Captains agree, the game will continue until a basket is scored.

ATHLETICS
MEASURES
The Measurements of a Track
1. The length of a standard racing track will be 400 m. The track will have two parallel straight sections and two curves whose
radios will be the same. Unless it is a grass track, the inside of the track will be limited by a curb of
appropriate material, approximately 5 cm high and a minimum of 5 cm wide.
If a section of the curb has to be temporarily moved for the contests, its placement must remain
marked by a 5 cm wide white line and by some cones ofplasticor flags, of a minimum height of 20
cm., placed on the white line so that the edge of the base of the cone or flagpole coincides with the
edge of the white line closest to the track
and in intervals not exceeding 4 m. This will also apply to the section of the obstacle course where the
athletes leave the general perimeter of the racetrack to cross the
For a grass track without a curb, the inner edge must be marked with 5 cm wide lines.
They will also place pennants at intervals of 4 m. These pennantsIranplaced on the line, in such a way that
it prevents athletes from running on it, and they will be fixed at an angle of 60 degrees with respect to the external terrain of the track.
The most suitable for this purpose will be approximately 25 x 20 cm in size, mounted on poles of 45 cm.
length.
2. The measure of the track perimeter will be taken 30 cm outside the inner curb of the same or, where there is none.
curb, 20 cm from the line that limits the inside of the track.
3. The race distance will be measured from the edge of the starting line furthest fromthe goal,to the edge of the
arrival line closest to the start.
4. In all races up to and including 400 m, each athlete will have an individual lane, 1.22 m wide (+/- 0.01 m), marked.
by lines of 5 cm in width. All the streets will have the same width. The inner street will be measured according to what
exposed in the previous section 2, while
The other streets will be measured 20 cm from the outer edge of the respective internal line.
Note.-To the extent of the width of each street, only the line to the right of it will be included, in the direction of
the race (See Articles 163.3 and 163.4)
5. In the international meetings organized under Article 1.1 (a), (b), and (c), the track must have 8 lanes.
6. The maximum permitted lateral inclination of the tracks should not exceed 1:100 and the total height difference should not exceed 1:1000.
descendant in theaddressfrom the race.
Note: It is recommended that, in the case of all new tracks, the lateral slope be towards the internal street.
7. Theinformationtechnique on the construction of a track, the layout and marking can be found in the Manual of
IAAF Athletics Facilities. This Article contains theprinciplesbasics that must be fulfilled.
Let's see the basic concepts of marking a 'standard' athletics track according to the provisions of
IAAF ATHLETICS INSTALLATION MANUAL.

HISTORY
Running, walking, throwing, and jumping are natural movements in humans, and in fact, the concept of athletics is
dates back to very ancient times, as confirmed by some cave paintings fromLower Paleolithic(6000 BC to
5500 BC) toNeolithicwhich demonstrate rivalry among various runners, jumpers, and throwersres.1The most sources
precises were found inEgyptin the 15th century before our era, with the oldest written reference, referred to the
running, found in the tomb ofAmenhotep II(1438-1412 a.C.)1At the same time, theMinoan civilization(Crete),
I also practiced running, as well as the throwing ofjavelinand ofdisco.1
The first encounters in Greece took place in the8th century BCAmong them stood out the test calledstadium,
which was a foot race of 197.27 meters, equivalent to 200 times the foot ofHeracles. Itthis is the proof more
the oldest recorded,2although it was supposed to be practiced earlier. Shortly after
more evidence emerged, such as the double stadium duathlon, the middle-distance racing ohípicoy, and the long-distance racing.
odómico. All these tests are multiples of the distance of the stadium, which always starts with the races of
speed, then middle-distance and long-distance races.
Classic Period (Middle Ages to the 19th century)
There are sources that inform us that racing was already being conducted inEnglandsince the centuryXI.1The enthusiasm was such
that local authorities reserved a space dedicated only to these contests in1154in Lord.1In the stories of
Havelock the Danish in1275figure describes a stone thrower. On the other hand, according to historians, the
kingHenry II of Englandhe had sports fields built nearbyLondon6for the practice of throwing the
hammer, the bar and the spear and also for ball games. At the same time, the youth of London challenged each other in
long races through the city.
In1365andthe kingEdward IIIhe enacted the first of a series of laws to prohibit virtually all activities
sports shoes, except for thearcherythat could still be practiced for military reasonss.1The races and the jumps
were on the list of banned sportss.1Nevertheless, the competitions continued, as evidenced by the
renewal of the prohibitions, thereforeHenry VIIIfinally allowed running races inLondonin1510.1
Henry VIIIpromoted the practice of daily exercise, while the theorists of the time, asoThomas Elyot,
They gave a lot of importance to sports in the curricula. In the 16th century, they are described for the first time.
athletic meetings at the Cotswold Games, a type of 'sports meeting' organized
inGloucestershireIt is directly inspired by the heroes of theancient Greece.7
19th century
The first modern athletics meeting in England was held in1825on Newmarket Road, nearLondon.1
Numerous tests were still missing, but under the influence of the tests from theLord's Cricket Groundfought
from1826and of Tara inIreland(1829), the program began to expand.1The first 100yardswith obstacles
they disputed in theEton Collegein1837.11In1849, the British army created competitions for the London arsenal
inWoolwich. InIn 1850, a silver bugle was offered as a prize to the winner of the highest number of events. The captain
Wilmot won the edition of 1850, and that same year the first was [Link] trackin England. The Exeter College
ofOxfordheld its first meeting in 1850, which in1856it would become the first competition of theUniversity
from Oxford.12The first athletics competition between Oxford andCambridgeit was held in 1864.13In1866it was created in
England the first version of a national athletics federation. All were automatically excluded from it.
professional athletes and also to workers and craftsmen in order to ensure that only they could belong to it
the gentlemen.1Professional careers were carried out outside of these rigid tests and, however, they brought together a
numerous public. To open athletics to the less privileged social classes, it was created in1886the Amateur Athletic
Association.1
InFrancethefoot races had prizes in kind starting from 1853.14In the mid-1880s, and in line with
the social vision of sport in England, George St. Clair and Ernest Demay launched a campaign for the "purification" of
French athletics and they achieved the ban on these professional races. In response, it was created inParisthe Union
of Professional Athletics Societies.

RULES
1) Before the start, it is mandatory for the runners to be motionless. A referee will be specifically in charge of
point out any advancement or false move. Likewise, attempts to obstruct or contact will be sanctioned.
opponent, during the race.

In the case of high jumps and pole vaulting, each competitor has a time limit during which
you can make up to three attempts.

3) When a triple jump is being contested, judges will require the athlete to make the jumps consecutively, from the
same position it fell. If you move your feet from that point, the jump will be invalidated.

4) As in most sports, in official competitions, each participant will represent their federation.
your country.

5) The Arrival:
The arrival of a race must be marked by a white line 5cm wide.
Participants will be classified in the order in which any part of their trunk reaches the vertical plane of the edge.
closest to the finish line.
Time will be measured from the flash of the pistol until the moment any part of the competitor's body
reached the perpendicular plane of the nearest edge of the finish line.

The Race:
The race direction will be executed with the inner edge of the track to the left. The levels will be
numbered with number 1 being the one with the border on the left.
-Any participant in the races or marches who pushes another or obstructs their path preventing them from advancing may
to be disqualified from that test
If a participant voluntarily leaves the track, they will not be allowed to continue with the race.