NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

NATIONAL SCHOOL OF SCIENCES

BIOLOGICAL

PHYSICS LABORATORY

PRACTICE No. 4

Inclined Plane
 Objectives:
Obtain the position-time equation for a marble rolling on a plane
inclined.
Determine the empirical equation using the method of least squares.
Calculate the coefficient of friction exerted by the inclined plane on the ball bearing.

Introduction
The inclined plane is one of the so-called 'simple machines' from which it is derived.
much more complex machines. A thing with a somewhat smooth surface is known as a plane,
lacking in reliefs and elevations; an object that possesses only two dimensions and that
contains infinite points and lines. Inclined, for its part, is a word that derives from
verb to tilt (which means to move something away from its position perpendicularly to
horizon). The notion of inclined plane, then, combines both notions and
refers to a plain or area without relief that forms an angle with the ground
sharp and that, due to these characteristics, facilitates the raising or lowering of an object
the body.

To analyze the existing forces on a body situated on an inclined plane, there are
to take into account the existence of various origins in them.

First of all, the existence of a gravitational force must be considered, also

known as weight, which is a consequence of the mass (M) that the body possesses
supported on the inclined plane and has a magnitude of M*g with a direction
vertical.
There is also the normal force (N), also known as the reaction force.
exerted on the body by the plane as a consequence of the third law of
Newton is located in a direction perpendicular to the plane and has a magnitude
equal to the force exerted by the plane on the body.
There is finally a frictional force, also known as a force of
friction (FR) which always opposes the direction of the body's movement with respect to
the surface, its magnitude depends on both the weight and the characteristics
superficial of the inclined plane and the contact surface of the body that
provides a coefficient of friction.

The second law of Newton states that if a force is applied to a body, it will
accelerate. acceleration occurs in the same direction as the applied force and is
inversely proportional to the mass of the body that is moving.

Experimental development.
The inclined plane was set up with an angle X (which will be known through calculations.
corresponding), placing the support at one end of the plane so that the pellet could
slide down slowly
The initial position agreed for our table is 20 cm, and it was taken into account
time from 20 to 30 cm, then from 10 to 40 cm (it increased by 10 cm more than
length), and so on until reaching 170 cm.
The time was taken twice and the average was calculated. Finally, it was graphed as a function.
of time.
Initial position Final position S T1 T2 Time
(cm) (cm) average
20 30 1.09 1.11 1.10
20 40 1.39 1.40 1.39
20 50 1.69 1.72 1.70
20 60 1.98 1.99 1.99
20 70 2.25 2.30 2.27
20 80 2.51 2.52 2.51
20 90 2.67 2.70 2.69
20 100 2.91 2.88 2.90
20 110 3.17 3.16 3.16
20 120 3.28 3.32 3.30
20 130 3.59 3.58 3.59
20 140 3.72 3.72 3.72
20 150 3.81 3.87 3.84
20 160 4.11 4.09 4.10
20 170 4.31 3.33 4.32

Calculations:

First, two points are taken; in this case, the first and the last one were taken.

(1.10, 30)

It was calculated 3y 3

3 =√(1.10)(3.59) 1.96 358.

How to calculate K?

1 2
1+− 2 3
=
1
1 + -2(2y3 )

(30)(130)-582
= 30+130−(2(58))= 12.20

Using least squares to calculate 'a' and 'b'

T S S-K Log T Log S-K (logT)(log(S-K))

K=12.20

1.10 30 17.8 0.0403 1.2304 0.0516 0.0827

1.39 40 27.8 0.1220 1.4240 0.2059 0.2630

1.70 50 37.8 0.2104 1.5674 0.3434 0.4601

1.99 60 47.8 0.2788 1.6594 0.5018 0.5837

2.27 70 57.8 0.3360 1.7419 0.6272 0.7120

2.51 80 67.8 0.3796 1.8212 0.7217 0.7793

2.69 90 77.8 0.4097 1.8709 0.8025 0.8495

2.90 100 87.8 0.4423 1.9234 0.8784 0.9247

3.16 110 97.8 0.4696 1.9703 0.9743 0.9893

3.30 120 107.8 0.5085 2.0226 1.0339 1.0370

3.59 130 117.8 0.5250 2.0611 1.1394 1.1181

3.72 140 127.8 0.5405 2.1065 2017 1.1210

3.84 150 137.8 0.5643 2.1192 1.2299 1.1486

4.10 160 147.8 0.6027 2.1496 1.3193 1.2155

4.32 170 1.57.8 0.6254 2.1881 1.3764 1.2509

2
sum log
∑ log S - sum log ( ) ∙
∑ (log T)=11.6759

=27.0866
= 5.3379 − )= 14.1951
The value of 'b' will be calculated by taking the values from the summations, which are substituted into the equations.

adjusted Least Squares solved.

n ∑ log( ∙ ) − ∑ ∙∑
= … … … . .1
∑( 2) (∑
− )2

∑ − ∑
= … … … … … … … … . . … … .2

Calculate 'b' by substituting in 1.

= 15(14.1951)-5.3379∙27.0866=0.4674
2
15 (11.6759 −(5.3379)
)

Calculate "a" by substituting in 2.

28.0866- (2)(5.3379)
= = 1.1607
15

a=101.160714.4777 = +

Empirical equation obtained: = . . + .

̅
Calculation of %E and % .

( − )
% = x 100

Tc= . .
+
X (cm) To(s) %e
.

1.10 17.8 27.3372 53.5797

1.39 27.8 29.0866 4.6280

1.70 37.8 30.7528 -18.6433

1.99 47.8 32.1702 -32.6983

2.27 57.8 33.4376 -42.1494

2.51 67.8 34.4590 -49.1755

2.69 77.8 35.1914 -54.7668

2.90 87.8 36.0135 -58.9823

3.16 97.8 36.9886 -62.1793

3.30 107.8 37.4960 -65.2170

3.59 117.8 38.5118 -67.3074

3.72 127.8 38.9529 -69.5204

3.84 137.8 39.3528 -71.4420

4.10 147.8 40.1972 -72.8029

4.32 157.8 40.8896 -74.0877

∑%

=− .

%̅ = −680.7646-45.3843
fifteen

Empirical Equation obtained: = . + .

Questionnaire.
1)
a) Is 'position' the same as 'displacement' of the particle?
 No, position is the place that a particle occupies in space, while the

Displacement is the amount of space traveled by a particle in a time.

determined.

b) b) What relationship exists between both physical quantities?

Both react to the position of a particle-object in a space over time.

c) What physical meaning does the variable K have in the data analysis?
The initial position of the object on the inclined plane.

The experiment was carried out ensuring that the speed of the ball was zero at the moment of
start the stopwatch.
a) Check if the equation s=f(t) obtained meets this condition

Yes, it was verified in the calculation at t=0, where the initial position was obtained.

3) a) What hypothesis can be formulated regarding the type of movement that the pellet had?
The pellet had uniformly accelerated motion.

b) why was the exponent of time t not exactly equal to 2 in the equation
S = f(t)?
There were probably errors in the measurement and/or imperfections of the inclined plane.

since it had dents.

c) What is the physical meaning of the constant 'a' of that function, approximately?
acceleration of the pellet.
4) A) What acceleration did the sphere have? The greater the distance, the longer it took for the pellet to arrive.
the target mark was desired to be reached, and at a shorter distance the acceleration of the pellet was lower.
b) What is the value of the frictional force that I experience at the moments t=1s, t=3s, and t=5s?

Friction was not calculated.

6) If the experiment is conducted by releasing the marble at the origin of the x-axis (zero of the scale)

a) What form would the equation s=f(t) take?

= +

Bibliography or electronic references:

Practical Physics. 2016. Inclined plane. Consulted online:[Link]
[Link]

Definition. 2014. Inclined plane. Consulted online:[Link]