Lathe guide

It is referred to as a set ofmachines and toolsthat allowmechanize, roscar,

cutting, trapezing, piercing, cylindrical shaping, roughing and grooving geometric parts
forrevolutionThese machine tools operate by rotating the workpiece to be machined (held in
the headstock or also called Chuck fixed between the centering points) while one or several
cutting tools are pushed in a regulated movement ofadvanceagainst the surface
from the piece, cutting theshavingsaccording to the technological conditions
ofmachiningsuitable. Since the beginning of theIndustrial Revolutionthe lathe has become
an important basic machine in the industrial process ofmachining.

Horizontal lathe

The parallel or mechanical lathe is the type of lathe that evolved from ancient lathes.
when new equipment was gradually incorporated that turned it into one of the
the most important machine tools that have existed. However, currently this is
is being relegated to performing unimportant tasks, to being used in the workshops of
apprentices and in the workshops ofmaintenanceto carry out specific or special jobs.

Turn copied
It is called a copy lathe, a type of lathe that operates with a hydraulic device and
electronic allows the turning of parts according to their characteristics following the
Profile of a plant that reproduces an identical replica of the guide.
The lathe setup is used for turning those parts that have different steps.
of diameters, which have been previously forged or cast and have little material
surplus. These lathes are also widely used in the work of thewoody
del marbleartistic to shape the beautifying columns. The preparation for the
Machining on a copy lathe is very simple and fast, and that is why these machines are very useful.
for machining batches or series of pieces that are not very large.

Return revolver

The turret lathe is a type of lathe designed to machine parts on which it can be
simultaneous work of severaltoolsin order to decrease the total time
machiningThe pieces that meet that condition are those that, starting frombars,
they have a final form ofshellor similar. Once the bar is securely fastened using
clamps or with a claw plate, it is drilled, bored, threaded or reamed the part
machined interior and at the same time can be cylindrical, facing, grooving, threading and
cutting with external turning tools.
The turret lathe has a carriage with a rotating turret in which the different tools are inserted.
tools that perform the machining of the part. Parts can also be machined
individual form, fixing them to a hydraulic drive claw plate.

Automatic lathe
It is called an automatic lathe a type of lathe whose working process is
entirelyautomatondefeatThe feed of the bar required for each piece is done
also automatically, from a long bar that is inserted through a tube that has the
head and is held in place by hydraulic clamp pins.
These turnstiles can be singleshaftor of several spindles:

Single screw ones are basically used for themachiningof small pieces
that require large series of production.
When it comes to machining larger dimension parts, lathes are used.
automated multiple spindles where a process is carried out in each spindle in a programmed manner
part of the machining of the piece. As the spindles change position, the machining
the end of the piece is very fast because all the spindles machine the same piece of
simultaneous form.

Vertical lathe

Vertical lathe is a type of lathe with a vertical axis, designed for machining large parts.
size, that are attached to the claw plate or other operators and that due to their dimensions or weight
they would make it difficult to fix it on a horizontal lathe.

The vertical lathes do not have a counterpoint, but the only point of support for the pieces is the
horizontal plate on which they are supported. The manipulation of the pieces to fix them on the plate
is done by means ofcranesof bridge orhoists.

CNC lathe

The CNC lathe is a lathe controlled bycomputer numerical control.

It offers a large production capacity and precision in machining due to its functional structure.
and the path of the turning tool is controlled by acomputerwhat it contains
incorporated, which processes the execution orders contained in asoftwarethat previously
has made aprogrammerknowledgeable in lathe machining technology. It is a
machine that is profitable for machining large series of simple parts, especially
revolution pieces, and allows for the precise machining of curved surfaces by coordinating the
axial and radial movements for tool advancement.
THE LATHE AND ITS PARTS.

The parallel lathe is made up of the following elements:

the bastidor
2. the fixed head.
3. the movable head or counterpoint
4. the carriages: lower or longitudinal, intermediate or transversal, and upper or tool holder.
5. box or device for screw advancements and steps.

Return:

The bastdor is a piece that is compact, which is generally made of cast iron; it has in its
upper part of the guides along which the tool holder cart and the head move
mobile, parallel to this movement the axis of rotation of the plate holds - pieces. In the
The fixed head and the movable head are supported by the base.

The fixed head.

It is a part of the bearing that is responsible for supporting the plate that holds the body or object.
to mechanize and that prints the appropriate continuous rotational movement which is the movement
main; which seeks to extract material in the form of chips (thin sheet of wood or metal)
with a cutting tool that operates peripherally.

The movable head or counterpoint

It is a tool or elements of the parallel lathe. It is a biconical piece, which is used in
rolling processes in long pieces.

Tool carts.

As its name indicates, it is responsible for carrying the cutting tool, its main characteristic.
If the tools are not activated, it does not work. This carotene has three movements:

Longitudinal movement (Cylindrical)

Cross movement
Inclined or upper movement

Accessories of the Lathe

Certain accessories are required, such as clamps for the workpiece, supports and
tool holder. Some common accessories include:
Clamping plate for claws: holds the workpiece in the headstock and transmits movement.
Centers: support the workpiece in the headstock and in the tailstock.
Drag pin: it is fixed on the lathe plate and on the workpiece and transmits the motion.
to the piece when it is mounted between centers.
Fixed support or fixed rest: supports the extended end of the workpiece when it cannot
to use the counterpoint.
Mobile support or mobile jaw: it is mounted on the carriage and allows supporting long workpieces.
near the cutoff point.
Tool holder turret with multiple alignment.

LATHE OPERATIONS

Cubic capacity

This operation consists of the external machining to which the piece is subjected.
cylindrical machining. To carry out this operation, adjust it with the cross slide.
depth of pass and, therefore, the diameter of the cylinder, and with the parallel carriage, the adjustment is made.
length of the cylinder. The parallel cart moves automatically according to the advancement of
desired work. In this process, the surface finish and tolerance that are obtained
It can be a factor of great relevance. To ensure quality in the cylindrical grinding, the lathe must be good.
Adjusted its alignment concentricity

REFRENDED

The braking operation consists of a front and perpendicular machining to the axis of the pieces that
It is done to produce a good fit in the subsequent assembly of the turned parts.
This operation is also known as confronted. The problem that refraining has is that the
the cutting speed at the tool edge decreases as it advances towards the
center, which slows down the operation. To improve this aspect, many modern lathes
speed controllers are incorporated into the head in such a way that it can be increased
rotation speed of the piece.

RANURADO

Grooving consists of machining cylindrical grooves of variable width and depth in

the parts that are turned, which have many different uses. For example, to house
a sealing washer, for threaded exit, for pressure washers, etc. In this case the tool
it has already been shaped to the width of the slot and by acting with the cross carriage, it is given the
desired depth.

MOLDED

The mallet process is a cold forming process of the material using some molds that
They press the piece while it rotates. This deformation causes an increase in diameter.
departure from the piece. The packing is done in pieces that need to be handled by hand that
they usually go threaded to prevent slipping that would occur if they had the
smooth surface.
SPHERICAL TURNING

Spherical turning, for example, that of ball joints, has no difficulty if carried out in a
numerical control lathe because, programming its measurements and the radical machining function
corresponding, it will be done perfectly. If the lathe is a high-production automatic one,
works with a bar and the knees are not large, the kneecap is obtained with a cart
transversal where the tools are sharpened with the profile of the ball joint.

Sliced or chopped

It is called cutting the operation of turning that is performed when working with a bar and finishing.
The machining of the corresponding part requires cutting the bar to separate the piece from the
same. For this operation, very narrow tools are used with a protrusion according to the
diameter that the bar has and allows the transverse carriage to reach the center of the bar. It is a
very common operation in automatic bar-fed lathes and manufacturing in
series.

DRILLED

Many turned parts need to be drilled with bits in the center of their axes.
rotation. For this task, normal drills are used, which are held in the tailstock in a
drill chuck or directly in the tailstock if the diameter is large.

CUTTING TOOLS FOR LATHE

Basically, themachiningthrough a turning process generates cylindrical shapes with a tool of

cutting knife, in most cases, is stationary, while the workpiece is
rotating.

A cutting tool for use on a lathe (also known as a burin) consists of

mainly of a body, handle or stem, and of a head where the part is located
cutting.

In turn, the head consists of various parts, as we see in the figure below.
 Film chain of a lathe

Clutch Box of
Motor speeds
1

Pulley

Axis

to cylinder

Mechanism
Axis
Norton
Of

roscar

Axis
Wheels of rage
principal

Clutch Box of Pulley

speeds
2 2
 Maintenance and tuning of the machine

General cleaning.

Visual inspection (unusual noises and vibrations, oil leaks, coolant leaks,
electrical connections, etc.).

Lubrication of the mobile cars and sliding guides.

Inspection of the head motor bearings.

Inspection of the electrical wiring of the head motor.

Inspection of the motor's electrical wiring, in case of failures, request its replacement.

Repair and maintenance of the entire electrical system.

Rectifying and scraping of the bench, cross shaft, and chisel.

Bearing change in the head or secondary shafts of it.

Replacement of the head motor bearings.

Head alignment to avoid conicity.

Alignment of the counterpoint.

Leveling.

Change or repair of the spindles and replacement of the bearings, located at the ends of
the spindles.

Adjustment of conical wheels of the cars.

Rectification and scraping of the bench, Z and X axis.

Inspection and adjustment of belts, in case of wear, replace if cracked.

Inspection of the coolant pump and coolant level.

Inspection of refrigerant return circuit.

Inspection of electrical installations, in case of breakdowns, replace the necessary components.

Change oil, grease gears.

 Knowledge appropriation activities

In groups of 4 apprentices, conduct a pre-operational inspection of one of the lathes.

machining workshop and performed routine maintenance actions: cleaning and
lubrication of guides, checking of levels and condition of oil and coolant (if applicable),
machine leveling, adjustment of screws and wedges, etc.
 The lathe and its parts

Gearbox Head (Main Axis) Piece Auxiliary Car Turret

Moving Head

Bench

Norton Box of Cleavage Progress control Pattern screw Counterpoint

Progress control