EXERCISES 2.7 The answers to the selected odd problems start on page RESP-3.

Growth and decline of savings that produces 543 annual interest rate
1. The population of a community increases at a rate that is positioned continuously.
proportional to the number of people present at the time b) In how many years will the initial amount have doubled?
If an initial population P0it has doubled in 5 years, deposited?
How long will it take to triple? c) Use a calculator to compare the amount
[Link] is known that the population of the growing community of the pro- obtained in the part) with the quantitiesϭ 5 0 0 0
problem of 10,000 individuals after 3 years. What about it? (1 +41 (0.0575))5(4)what accumulates when interest
the initial population P0What will the population be in 10 years? is composed on a quarterly basis.
How fast is the population growing at t = 10?
[Link] population of a certain city grows at a rate that is Closed for Carbon
proportional to the population present in the time. [Link] have used pieces of burned wood,
initial population of 500 individuals increases by 15% in 10 the coal, found at the site to date the age
years. What will the population be in 30 years? How much of prehistoric paintings and drawings depicted on the walls
Is the population growth rate equal to 30? walls and ceilings of a cave located in Lascaux, France.
[Link] a certain crop, the population of bacteria grows at a See figure 2.42. Use the information from page 77 to
rate that is proportional to the amount of pre- bacteria determine the approximate age of a piece of wood
You feel in the time. After 3 hours, it is observed burned if it was found that 85.5% of the accumulated C-14
There are 400 bacteria; after 10 hours, 2000. What? in the living trees of the same type had deteriorated.
What was the initial number of bacteria?
[Link] radioactive isotope of lead, Pb-209, deteriorates to
a rate that is proportional to the amount present in the
Tiempoty has a half-life of 3.3 hours. If one gram of
this isotope is present at the beginning, how long
How long will it take for 90% of the lead to decompose? Figure 2.42
Painting on the wall
[Link], there were 100 milligrams of
from a cave,
certain radioactive substance. After 6 hours, the mass
had decreased by 3%. If the rate of decay is pro- problem 11
proportional to the amount of substance present over time [Link] people believe that the Shroud of Turin, which
t, find the remaining amount after 24 hours. show the negative image of a man's body
Determine
7. the half-life of the radioactive substance. apparently crucified, was the funeral shroud
written in problem 6. of Jesus of Nazareth. See figure 2.43. In 1988, the
8.a) Consider the initial value problem dA/dtϭ kA, Vatican granted permission for an investigation to be conducted.
A(0)ϭ A0, like the model of the decline of a antiquity through carbon dating. Three labo-
radioactive substance. Show that, in general, the independent scientific laboratories analyzed the fabrics and
half-life of the substance isϭ - (ln 2)/k. they concluded that the shroud was approximately 660
b) Show that the solution to the initial value problem years of antiquity,* an age that matched with her
given in part a) it can be written as A(t)ϭA02–t/T. historical appearance. Based on this age, determine
c) If a radioactive substance has a half-life T what is the percentage of the original amount of C-14 that
given in the part), how long will it take for the amount It remained on the fabric until 1988.
initialA0from the substance in decay to81A0?
[Link] a vertical beam of light passes through a trans- medium
parent, the rate at which its intensity decreases is
proportional to aI(t), where it represents the thickness of the
medium (in feet). In clear seawater, the intensity at 3
feet below the surface is 25% of the intensity
initial dad0of the incident. What will be the intensity
from the mud 15 feet below the surface? Figure 2.43Image of the
[Link] interest is compounded continuously, the sudarium presented in the
the amount of money increases at a rate that is proportional problem 12
to the amount present in time, that is, dS/dt
=rS, you should lower the annual interest rate. Some scholars do not agree with this finding. To obtain
a) Find the amount of money accumulated at the end more information about this fascinating mystery, visit the website of
after 5 years when $5000 are deposited in an account Shroud of Turin at [Link]

2.7 Linear Models 81

Newton's Law of Cooling [Link] problem 19 assuming that it is pumped
pure water to the tank.
and heating
21.A large tank fills to its full capacity with 500 gallons.
13.A thermometer is taken out of a room where the te- pure water wells. Brine is pumped to the tank,
the temperature is 70° F, and it is taken to a place where the tem-
containing 2 pounds of salt, at a rate of 5 gallons per
the air temperature is 10° F. After half a minute, minute. Perfectly mixed, the solution is pumped
the thermometer reads 50° F. What is the temperature that outward at the same speed. Find the amount
Will it take 1 minute? How long will it take to A(t) in pounds of salt present in the tank at time t.
thermometer reach 15° F?
[Link] problem 21, what is the concentration c(t) of salt?
14.A thermometer is taken out of a room where the te- in the tank in the time? Is it = 5 minutes? What is
The air temperature is 5° F. After one minute the ter- the concentration of salt in the tank after a long
thermometer reading 55° F, and after 5 minutes it reads 30° F.
time, that is to say when→ q ? In what time the con-
What is the initial temperature of the interior of the room? The salt concentration in the tank is equal to half of this.
15.A small metal bar, whose initial temperature was limit value?
from 20° C, it is dropped into a large container that contains [Link] problem 21 under the assumption that the solu-
boiling water. How long will it take for the bar to- the section is pumped out at a higher speed of 10
reach 90° C if it is known that its temperature increased gal/min. When does the tank empty?
2° in a second? How long will it take to reach 98° C?
[Link] example 5, determine the amount of salt present in
[Link] large containers A and B of the same size are carried the tank in the time if the concentration of salt in the
with different liquids. These liquids are maintained The output flow is variable and is given by centry(t)ϭ 2 +
at 0° C and 100° C, respectively. A small bar of sin(t/4) lb/gal. When graphing it out, conjecture about
metal with an initial temperature of 100° C is introduced into
What would the solution curve of the PVI look like? After
the containerA. After a minute, the temperature of use a graphing tool to plot the graph of
the bar is at 90° C; after 2 minutes the bar is removed the solution in the interval [0, 300]. Repeat for the interval -
and it is instantly transferred to the other container. After a the [0, 600] and compare its graph with that of figure 2.38a).
minute in the container B, the temperature of the bar is
25.A large tank is partially filled with 100 gallons
raise by 10°. How much time, since the beginning of it all
of fluid in which 10 pounds of salt are dissolved. When
process, will it take the bar to reach 99.9° C?
tank is pumped brine, containing pound of12salt
17A
. thermometer that reads 70° F is placed in an oven. per gallon, at a rate of 6 gal/min. The solution, perfect-
preheated to a constant temperature. Through a perfectly mixed, it is removed at the minimum speed of 4
glass window located in the oven door, a gal/min. Find the amount of pounds of salt present
observer notes that the thermometer reads 110° F in the tank after 30 minutes.
1
after a minute
2 and 145° F after a minute. What
What is the temperature of the oven?
[Link] example 5, the size of the tank it contains is not given.
the saline mixture. Suppose, as in the analysis of the example-
[Link]= 0, a sealed vial that contains a substance pl 5, that the speed at which the brine is introduced
chemistry is immersed in a liquid bath. In the measuring cylinder, the
the tank has a flow rate of 3 gal/min, but the perfect solution-
The initial temperature of the substance is 80° F. The bath The mixed material is extracted at a rate of 2 gal/min. It is logical.
liquid has a controlled temperature (measured in think: how the brine is accumulating in the tan-
Fahrenheit degrees) given by Tmϭ 100 – 40e-0.1t,tՆ 0, At a speed of 1 gal/min, any finite tank must
it measures in minutes. eventually saturate. Now assume that the tank
I assume thatϭ Ϫ0.1 in the expression (2). Before It has an open lid and a total capacity of 400 gallons.
solve the PVI, describe in words what you expect a) When will the liquid spill?
what happens with the temperature T(t) in the short and the
b) How many pounds of salt will be in the tank at that moment?
long terms.
from the spill?
b) Solve the initial value problem. Use a graphing tool.
c) Suppose that even though the liquid is spilling,
to plot the graph of T(t) over time intervals
the brine solution continues to enter slowly-
of different duration. Do the graphs match with
city of 3 gallons per minute and the solution per-
your predictions of the part)?
perfectly mixed continues to come out at a rate of
Mixes 2 gallons per minute. Design a method to de-
19.A tank contains 200 liters of fluid in which there have been finish the amount of pounds of salt present in the
dissolved 30 grams of salt. The brine, which contains tank time = 150 minutes.
one gram of salt per liter is pumped into the tank at d) Determine how many pounds of salt are in the tank
a flow rate of 4 L/min; perfectly mixed, the when→ q Does your answer match with what
The solution is pumped out at the same speed. Had you sensed it?
Find the number A(t) of grams of salt present in e) Use a graphing tool to plot the
the tank in the time. graphA(t) in the interval [0, 500).

82 CHAPTER 2 First Order Differential Equations

we use 0.99957A0=A(15), that is, 0.99957A0ϭ A0e15kBy solving the parakse tienekϭ
1 -0.00002867t
15ln 0.99957ϭ -0.00002867. Therefore,A(t)ϭ A0e Now the half-life is
the value corresponding to the time when A(t)ϭ A0/2. Solving gives A0/2
ϭ A0e-0.00002867to ϭ12e-0.00002867t. The last equation gives
ln2
tϭ Ϸ 24180 years . ❏
0.00002867

■ Closed for carbonAround the year 1950, the chemist Willard Libby designed
a method to use radioactive carbon as a means to determine age
approximate of the fossils. The carbon dating theory is based on the fact that the isotope of
carbon-14 (C-14) is produced in the atmosphere by the action of cosmic radiation on
nitrogen. The relationship between the amount of C-14 concerning ordinary carbon that
the amount in the atmosphere turns out to be a constant and, consequently, the proportional amount
The isotope present in all living organisms is equal to that in the atmosphere.
When an organism dies, the absorption of C-14, either by breathing or by eating, stops.
stops. Thus, when comparing the proportional amount of C-14 present in, say, a fossil
with the constant relationship found in the atmosphere, it is possible to obtain an estimation
reasonable for the age of the fossil. The method is based on the knowledge that life
the half-life of radioactive C-14 is about 5600 years. For his work, Libby won the Prize
Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1960. The Libby method has been used to date the furniture of
wood found in Egyptian tombs, the linen wrappings of the Dead Sea Scrolls
Dead, and the sheet of the enigmatic Shroud of Turin.

Example 3Age of a fossil

It was found that a fossilized bone contains 1/1000 of the original amount of C-14.
Determine the age of the fossil.

■ SolutionThe starting point is again A(t)ϭ A0ektTo determine the value of the
decay constant we take as a basis that A0/2ϭ A(5600) oA0/2ϭ A0e5 600k .
Starting from 5600kϭ ln21ϭ -ln 2 we then obtain kϭ -(ln 2)/5600ϭ -0.00012378
Therefore,A(t)ϭ A0e-0.00012378t. ConA(t)ϭ A0/1000 we have A0/1000ϭ A0e-0.00012378t
in such a way that –0.00012378tϭ ln (1/1000)ϭ -ln1000. Like this
ln1000
tϭ Ϸ 55800 years. ❏
0.00012378

The date set in example 3 is actually at the limit of this precision.

method. The normal technique of carbon-14 is limited to almost 9 half-lives of the isotope, or
around 50,000 years. One reason for this is that the chemical analysis required for
having an exact measurement of the remaining C-14 becomes somewhat difficult around the point
A0On the other hand, this analysis requires the destruction of a very large sample.
of the specimen. If this measurement is carried out indirectly, based on the ra-
the real activity of the specimen, then it becomes very difficult to distinguish between the radiation
of the fossil and the normal radiation of its environment. However, recently, the use of a
particle accelerator has allowed scientists to directly separate C-14
of the stable carbon-12 (C-12). When the exact value of the C-14 ratio is calculated
regarding C-12, the precision of the method can be extended from 70,000 to 100,000 years.
Other isotopic techniques, such as using potassium-40 and argon-40, can provide dates of
several million years. Occasionally, it is possible to apply non-isotopic methods based
in the use of amino acids.

■ Newton's law of coolingIn equation (3) of section 1.3 we saw that the
mathematical formulation of Newton's empirical law on the cooling of an object
is given by the first-order linear differential equation
dT
ϭ k1TϪ Tm 2, (3)
dt

2.7 Linear models 77

 39.c)y1 1 x 2ϭ Ϫx 2 Ϫ 2x4Ϫ x 3ϩ 4,
y2 1 x 2ϭ Ϫx 2ϩ 2x4Ϫ x 3ϩ 4
27.i(t)ϭ 3
Ϫ35 eϪ500t
5 ;→ ast→
3
5 ϱ
1 1 Ϫ50t 1
45.a)v1x2ϭ 8 29.q(t)ϭ 100 Ϫ 100 e ;i(t)ϭ eϪ50t
2

x 9 601e2Ϫ 12e ,
Ϫt>10 0Յ t Յ 20
Ϫ 2 b)12.7 ft/s 31. i1t2ϭ e
3 x 60Ϫ 60eϪt>10 , t720
33.a)v1t2ϭ

Exercises 2.5, page 70

mg mg
a b
1. yϩ xlnxϩ |yϭ k ϩ v0Ϫ k eϪkt>m
| cx
3.(xϪ y) lnxϪ| andϭ yϩ
| c(xϪ y) mg
b)v→
k
dirt→ ϱ
||
5.xϩ ylnxϭ cy c)s1t2ϭ
7. 2ϩ y2) ϩ 2 tanϪ1(y/x)ϭ c
ln(x mg m mg m mg
a b ϩ a b
| |c)2
9. 4xϭ y(ln yϪ k tϪ vk0Ϫ k e Ϫkt>m k v 0Ϫ k ϩ 0
3
| 3|
11.y3ϩ 3x3lnxϭ 8x rg k rgr0 0
37.a)v1t2ϭ atϩ r0 bϪ ° ¢
[Link]ϭ |ey/x
| Ϫ1 4k r 4k k
tϩ r0
15.y3ϭ 1ϩ cxϪ3 r
1 3x
17y. Ϫ3ϭ xϩ ϩ this
3 b) 3331min
[Link]/yϭ ct 1 2

21.yϪ3ϭ Ϫ 95xϪ1ϩ xϪ6 49

39.a) P(t)ϭ P0e1kϪ k2t
5 41.a) How t→ x(t)→ϱr/k.
23.yϭ ϪxϪ 1ϩ tan(xϩ c)
b)x(t)ϭ r/kϪ (r/k)eϪkt(ln 2)/k
25.2yϪ 2xϩ you 2(xϩ y)ϭ c
27.4(yϪ 2xϩ 3)ϭ (xϩ c)2 Exercises 2.8, page 90
29.Ϫcot (xϩ y)ϩ csc (xϩ y)ϭ xϩ 2Ϫ 1 a)Nϭ 2 0 0 0
2 2,000 eurost
35.b)yϭ ϩ (Ϫ 41x ϩ cxϪ3)Ϫ1 b)N(t)ϭ ;N(10)ϭ 1834
x 1 9 9 9 ϩ et

Exercises 2.6, page 75 5.1

3. b)0P1t2ϭ
00000; 5.29 mb
1. y2ϭ 2.9800,y4ϭ 3.1151 41P 0Ϫ 12Ϫ 1P 0Ϫ 42e Ϫ3t
3.y10ϭ 2.5937,y20ϭ 2.6533;yϭ ex 1P 0Ϫ 12Ϫ 1P 0Ϫ 42e Ϫ3t
5.y5ϭ 0.4198,y10ϭ 0.4124
c) For 0 < P0 the time of extinction is
y7.5ϭ 0.5639,y10ϭ 0.5565
1 2
9.y5ϭ 1.2194,y10ϭ 1.2696 ϭ Ϫ ln 13 23 23
.
P0Ϫ
4 Pdance
41
0Ϫ Ϫ
[Link]:y10ϭ 3.8191,y20ϭ 5.9363 P1t2ϭ
7. 23
RK4:y10ϭ 42.9931,y20ϭ 84.0132 5 2P0Ϫ 5
ϩ tϩ tanϪ1a
2 2 2
Exercises 2.7, page 81
1. 7.9 years the extinction time is
2 5 2P0Ϫ 5
3.760; approximately 11 people/year tϭ c a bd
5.11 h 7.136.5 h 3 atan Ϫ1
b3 ϩ tanϪ1 3
h
9.29.3 g;X→ 602HϪ t ;Ies00Յ
conform→ tՅ 2HA
ϱ 30 gw>4A
g deAy deB h
9.I(15)ϭ 0.00098I0or approximately 0.1% ofI0
2
[Link] 15600 4A
11. h(t)ϭ
13.T(1)ϭ 36.76ЊF; approximately 3.06 min Aw
[Link] 82.1 s; approximately 145.7 s b) 576 1030.36 minutes
173. 90Њ 19. A(t)ϭ 200Ϫ 170eϪt/50 [Link] 856.65 s or 14.31 min
Ϫt/100
21.A(t)ϭ 1 0 0 0 Ϫ 1 0 0 0 e b) 243 seconds
15.a)v1t2ϭ Bk or 4.05 minutes
B
1 2
23. A1t2ϭ 1 0 0 0 Ϫ 10tϪ 1100Ϫ
10 t2; 100 min mg kg
a b
25.64.38 lb tanh m tϩ c1

ANSWERS TO SELECTED ODD NUMBER PROBLEMS RESP-3