INDEX

CONTENT
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................2

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES.................................3

BALANCE..........................................................................................5

STUDY OF THE STABILITY OF A STRUCTURE.............................7

COMPATIBILITY.................................................................................9

FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONSHIP10

CONDITIONS TO BE MET IN THE RESOLUTION OF STRUCTURES

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE....................................................11

GENERAL METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

STATically INDETERMINATE....................................................13

CONCLUSION......................................................................................19

BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................20

INTRODUCTION
 The analysis of a structure is in a broad sense and
contemporary, the set of methods and techniques that allows for evaluation
first of all the feasibility of the structures that are designed and in
second place the degree of satisfaction of the (multiple) criteria of
design.

Structural analysis is nothing more than the validation of behavior.

mechanical of the structures, in the different stages they go through.
However, in the case of statically structured ones
indeterminate applies when the number of reactions or internal forces
unknowns exceeds that of the available equilibrium equations for
its analysis. This is why a current analysis will be carried out of
what involves a statically indeterminate structure.

When possible, the laws of forces acting are determined.

about all the bars that form a structure using only
considerations of balance of forces and moments, if the structure
In hyperstatic systems, it will be necessary to explicitly consider the movements.

of these that, in turn, must be compatible with the extensions (or

shortenings) that the different concurrent bars suffer, due to the effect
of axial effort.

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

 A structure is usually considered statically indeterminate when it is in
equilibrium, but the equations of statics are insufficient to
determine all internal forces or reactions.
The indeterminacy of a structure can be internal or external, it
It says that when a structure is externally indeterminate if the
the number of reaction components exceeds the number of equations
balance.

Internal indeterminacy:

External indeterminacy:
 Therefore, a three-dimensional structure is generally external and
statically indeterminate as long as the number of
reaction components should be greater than 6.

This happens because there are only three equations of static equilibrium, it is

to say there is an unknown force in excess to those that can be

find by static, so the beams are external and statically
indeterminate. It is worth noting that the degree of indeterminacy is defined
as the number of unknown forces exceeds that of the equations
of the static.

Both structures are external and statically indeterminate.

BALANCE
The forces (actions and reactions) that act on a structure
they must be in static equilibrium. This means they must form a
system of null resultant forces and null resultant moment, therefore
therefore, the equations known as must be satisfied
static equations that can be written in vector form as:

∑Fx= 0; ∑Fy= 0; ∑Mpto= 0;

Taking into account the placement of the signs based on the direction
of the force or of the moment.
 The present figure identifies the direction
of the forces and moments with their
respective sign according to the plan
cartesian.

These equations express the fact that the components of the

external forces in the x and y directions, as well as the moments of the
external forces are in equilibrium. Therefore, the system of forces
externals will neither impart translational nor rotational motion to the body
rigid considered (Beer and Johnston, 1979; Das, Kassimali and Sami, 1999).
Conditions:
When it is kept in mind on a beam that the number of reactions is
less than the number of equations, it is statically
indeterminate or hyperstatic and its degree of static indeterminacy
external is determined by:

External GI = #reactions - #equations

That is why, to apply the equilibrium equations, one must carry out
the following:
Determine reactions by proportions: To establish the

reactions in beams subjected to point loads can be applied

the following rule: "as long as the reaction on one side is equal to
the point load multiplied by the distance from the load to the support
opposite divided by the length of the element.
 Determine reactions due to moments: in order to apply
this method always determines the external moment since this
it must be balanced by a pair of forces at the supports, whose
magnitude is the external moment divided by the separations
between the forces and their direction is such that it will produce a moment

contrary to the externally applied. These two reactions comply

with the equation of the sum of vertical forces equal to zero.

Study of the Stability of a Structure

The stability of a structure is achieved if the number of reactions is

equal to the number of independent equilibrium equations that can be
to raise, as long as the reactions are not concurrent nor
parallel.
The independent equilibrium equations correspond to the
general equilibrium equations plus the condition equations
additions in the connections of the parts of the structures (joints or
internal joints. Two cases are presented:

Unstable structures: these are those that are not designed to

support any load system and that can only be in

 equilibrium under certain external charge conditions. They constitute
kinematic chains or mechanisms, and in order to give examples,
we have the case of the beams:

It can be noted that the structure is a mechanism with a degree of

freedom that will only be in balance for a relationship of charges P1 and P2,
which will depend on the lengths and their point of application.
It is immediate that there will only be equilibrium if it is met that P1=P2/4.

as long as whatever P3 is does not destabilize the system.

Stable structures: these are designed to

support any load system without losing its stability.

The first case is similar to the case of unstable structures but it

has removed a joint, turning the structure into isostatic and
it can be calculated using the application of the conditions of equilibrium that
they come from the equations necessary for the calculation of the 3 reactions.
In the second case, the other joint is removed by modifying the system and
converting the structure into a first-order hyperstatic
since it has an abundant or not strictly necessary link to
the stability of the system.
To calculate this case, it is necessary to apply, in addition to the Conditions

of Equilibrium, Conditions of Deformation. Of the path that is chosen

will be able to solve the set of equations provided by the
Conditions of Equilibrium and the Compatibility of Deformations
the two main methods that we will present in the course will emerge:

The Method of Forces, whose unknowns are static (forces) and The
Method of Deformations whose unknowns are geometric
(translations and rotations).

COMPATIBILITY
The compatibility method was proposed and used for the first time
by Louis Navier in 1826. It was used extensively during the
19th centuries, the era of railway expansion, in the analysis of
arches, continuous beams, and hyperstatic articulated structures.
This method consists of transforming a hyperstatic structure into
another isostatic by removing the redundant supports (or connections) and
replace them with unknown forces (or efforts).
Once the supports (or links) are removed, it implies that it must be released.

In principle, certain compatibility conditions that must be met by the

deformation of the original structure. To the structures resulting from this
the process is called isostatic base; on it, the requirements can be met
necessary conditions of equilibrium as a priority. In particular, it will be possible to

express the movements of the structure as a function of the unknowns

hyperstatic. Therefore, conditions can be imposed afterwards
of compatibility, previously released. This provides the number of
necessary equations to solve the hyperstatic unknowns. Once
Once obtained, the structure is resolved.
There are some resolution procedures that are as follows:
Define the basic isostatic structure by selecting the unknowns.

hyperstatic and releasing the corresponding conditions of

compatibility.
Resolve the isostatic structure based on the unknowns

hyperstatic, and satisfying the conditions of equilibrium.

Determine the hyperstatic unknowns by imposing the necessary ones.

compatibility conditions.
Determine the reactions, efforts their movements are the

original hyperstatic structures.

FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONSHIP
When a structure has superabundant connections for its
stability, is called hyperstatic and the problem of its equilibrium
it can be resolved by considering the elasticity of the material used, it is
to state its deformation or deformability. Based on this, it is necessary
to understand the relationship between force and displacement, knowing that

Force method: it is known for being one of the first

methods that existed for the static analysis of structures

indeterminate. As compatibility forms the basis of this
method, it has sometimes been called the compatibility method
or the method of consistent displacements. The same,
meets the compatibility and strength requirements
displacement for the structure in order to determine the
redundant forces. Once these have been determined
 forces, the rest of the reaction forces on the
structure through the fulfillment of balance requirements.

Movement method: it is based on writing the relationships of

force-displacement for the elements, to later satisfy

the balance requirements of the structure. In this case the
unknowns in the equation are displacements, the forces are
determine from the compatibility equations and of
force - displacement.

Each of these analysis methods, which are outlined in the following

tabla, presenta un breve resumen de sus ventajas y desventajas
particular, depending on the geometry of the structure and its degree
of indeterminacy.

Method Unknowns Equations Coefficients

used for the unknowns
solution
Method of Forces Compatibility and Coefficients of
force force flexibility
displacement
Method Displacement Balance and Coefficient of

displacement strength rigidity

displacement

CONDITIONS TO BE MET IN THE RESOLUTION OF STRUCTURES

STATically INDETERMINATE
To satisfy a hyperstatic structure, it is necessary to meet the
three conditions: equilibrium, continuity, and force-displacement relationship.
In isostatic structures, continuity and the force-relationship are satisfied.
displacement when calculating the displacements of the structure.
 Balance: the structure as a whole or any part of it
taken as a free body, it must satisfy the equations of
static or dynamic equilibrium, as appropriate. In the case of
static, the condition of equilibrium states that the sum of all
the forces acting on the structure or any member or
the node of it, considered as a free body, is zero, which
is expressed as:

Noticing that there is an equation with two unknowns. In the

Equilibrium relationships only involve forces or relationships of
forces.
Compatibility: due to this condition it is required that the conditions
of continuity existing in the deformed configuration of the
structure, are preserved in the deformed configuration. Thus in
relation to the example:

The compatibility condition provides the additional equation for

to be able to resolve the structure.

In continuous relationships, only displacements or intervene.

displacement relationships. So far the problem is unsolvable,
where there is an equation with forces and an equation with
displacements. What creates a third condition to arise.
Relationship between force and displacement: based on this last condition, it

requires that the forces and displacements calculated in

any member of the structure satisfies the relationships
constitutive of the materials that form.

GENERAL METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE

When a model is used to represent any structure, the

The analysis of it must satisfy both the conditions of equilibrium.
like those of displacement compatibility in the joints. The
compatibility conditions for a statically determinate structure
indeterminate can be related to the loads as long as they
know the modulus of elasticity of the material, as well as the size of the
shape of the elements. However, for an initial design it does not
will know the size of the element and, therefore, it cannot be considered a
statically indeterminate analysis.
To carry out the analysis, it will be necessary to develop a more detailed model.

simple structure is statically determined. Once

specified this model, the study is called approximate analysis,
through an analysis of this type, a preliminary design can be made of
the elements of a structure, and once this is completed it is possible to carry out a

more precise indeterminate analysis and refine the design. An analysis

also provide information about behavior
of a structure under load and is useful for verifying the validity of a
more accurate analysis or when time, money, or capability are not
sufficient to carry out the analysis with greater accuracy.
 It is necessary to take into account that, generally, all methods
structural analysis is approximate, simply because the
real load conditions, the geometry, the material behavior
and the resistance of the joints in the supports is never known in a
strict sense. However, for this case, the analysis is static
indeterminate will be called exact analysis and static analysis
determined, will be called approximate analysis.

Method of force or flexibility: it is useful for solving

problems related to statically indeterminate frames

that have a single level and an unusual geometry, like the
backstage of two waters. The problems involving frames with
various levels, or those that present a high degree of
indeterminacy is better resolved through the
slope-deflection methods, moment distribution, or
of rigidity.

Example:
The frame or easel shown in the photograph is used for
support the bridge deck. If EI is assumed to be constant, it
can present along with its dimensions and the applied load in a
diagram.
Solution:
Principle of superposition: by inspection, the frame is statically
first degree indeterminate. The horizontal reaction at A will be chosen.
as redundant. Consequently, pin A is replaced by a
oscillator, since a support of this type will not restrict A in the
horizontal direction. The principle of superposition applied to the model
the idealized structure is shown in the following image.
Observing how the frame deforms in each case.

Primary structure Redundant force A, applied

Compatibility equation: the one referring to point A of the figure

requires that:

0 = ∆A + AxfAA
The terms ∆A yfAAse will be determined using the work method
virtual. Due to the symmetry of the geometry and the charge, only what is needed is required.

three coordinates x. These and the internal moments will be displayed in the
next figure. However, it is important that each x coordinate is
the same for both real and virtual loads. In addition,
The positive directions of M and m must be the same.

For ∆A, the application of the real loads will be required.

a unit charge in A.
 For FAA, the application of a real unit load and a
virtual unit load acting at A, therefore:

Substituting the results into equation (1) and solving gives

obtains,

Equilibrium equations: with this result, in the following figure it is

they will show the reactions on the idealized model of the structure.
Methods of displacements: also called the method of the

consistent forces. The following are taken as unknowns:

displacements in the nodes of the structure, forcing them to
satisfy the balance of forces in the structure. Of course, that
in both methods the force-relationship must also be satisfied
displacement determined by the materials that constitute it.
Iterative method: being these variants of the method of

displacements. Among which the Cross method is known and

kami method.
 CONCLUSION

The study of statically indeterminate structures is usually

of great importance today as it is based on determining the
responses of structures when they are subjected to the
different actions that must be supported during their construction and life
useful.

Basically, hyperstatic or statically structures

indeterminate is the deformation to which the structure will be subjected
subjected by the effect of the different load states that are considered. The
determination of deformation states is often necessary for
satisfy the rigidity criteria, which are often linked to requirements
of functionality.

It is important to highlight that the methods of structural resolution

hyperstatic systems must allow for the satisfactory resolution of cases of
movements and deformations imposed, since it is often common in
all kinds of structure.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- Cervantes, M. and Blanco, E. (2002). Mechanics of Structures,

Analysis Methods. Barcelona.
-Balance (Online). Jorge O. Medina M., May 2006. Consulted

the Day 28 of June 2016. Available

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truc_rigi.
-Statically Indeterminate Elements (In Line). Karen Erazo,

November 18, 2013. Consulted on June 27, 2016.

Available in Unable to access the content from the provided URL.
statically indeterminate/