3.

Power
SUBJECT:

Circuit Theory II and Laboratory.

CLASS TOPIC:

Power in alternating current circuits in steady state.

1.1. Previous Knowledge

Analysis of circuits in alternating current, in steady state.

Basic Circuit Theorems.
Analysis of meshes and nodes in alternating current in steady state

1.2. Problematic Questions

What is instantaneous power in alternating current?

What is average power in alternating current?
What is reactive power?
What is complex power?
What is the relationship between complex power and the voltage and current phasors?
What is the power factor?
How is power factor corrected?
What implications does correcting the power factor have?
What is a wattmeter?
How is power measured in alternating current?

1.3. Competencies

The competencies that are intended to be achieved with the student are:

To appropriate the basic concepts of instant, average, reactive power,

and complex
Understand the concept of power factor.
Learn to correct the power factor.
Acquire the necessary skill for measuring power in alternating current.
Acquire the necessary skill for calculating all the powers in a circuit.
excited in alternating current.
Apply the basic knowledge of geometry to the analysis of power in current.
alternate.
 1.4. Methodology

Master class where the basic concepts are presented and illustrated through examples.
The student is encouraged to take positions on the topic and defend them.
In the laboratory, the corresponding measurements will be taken.
Approach and solution of typical problems.

1.5. Evaluation

The module will be evaluated through exercises, a practical workshop, and a written test.

1.6. Instantaneous power

Figure 3-1
In the circuit of figure 3-1, suppose it is excited with the voltage = ( )
and the current that results in steady state is:

( ) = cos(ωt + θ)

Then the power delivered by the source at all times is:

( ) =( ) ∗ ( )= (cos(ωt)+) ∗

( ) =( cos ωt cos θ - I ⁡ )∗
2
( ) = ⁡ − ⁡ ⁡

But 2 = 1+2, then

2

( ) = +2 2 − 2
2 2

( ) = +2 cos(2 + )
2
 The instantaneous power delivered by the alternating current generator has
a constant component and an alternating frequency, double that of the wave
sine of excitation, that is, a sinusoidal function whose frequency is2 .

1.7. Average, Active or Real Power

If we want to find out the average power delivered by the generator

we apply the definition of average value, that is:

1
̅̅̅̅̅̅ ( )=̅ =∫ ( ) =
0 2

Let's now calculate the average power in the coil:

( cos⁡( + ))
( ) = =

( ) =− ( + )

( ) =− ( + )

That is to say: ( )= ( ) ∗ ( )

( ) =− cos(ωt + θ)ωI ( + )

( ) =− 2
(2 +2 )

̅ which
If we evaluate the average value of this expression it is zero, = 0,
it means that all the average power is absorbed by the resistance and its value
instantaneous is:

( ) = 2( ) ∗ =2 2( ) + ∗

2 1+A B C (2 D E+2 )
( ) = ∗ ∗( )
2

2 ∗ 2
∗
( ) = + cos(2 + ), then:
2 2

2
∗
̅̅̅ = this is the average power absorbed by the resistor and must
2
is equal to the average power delivered by the generator, that is:
2 ∗
= ̅̅̅
= = ∗ ∗
2 2
1.8. Apparent power

This is the product of the effective voltage of the generator by its current
effective, that is to say:

= ∗

Reactive Power

It is the product of the effective voltage in the coil by its effective current.

= ∗

And it can be demonstrated that = ∗ ∗ , but this

power means nothing from the average point of view, for this reason the
we can consider as imaginary power.

1.10. Complex power

It is defined as:

= +

= ∗ ∗ + ∗ ∗

But it is the phase difference between the input voltage and the current
input, in such a way that complex power can be expressed as:

= ∗ ∗ , where V is the phasor of the input voltage and ∗ it is the conjugated

of the input current phasor. (See figure 3-2), where these phasors
They must be at their effective values.

Figure 3-2
 − =

∗ ∗= < ∗ <− = < − = <

= ∗ ∗ + ∗ ∗

1.11. Triangle of impedance, voltage, and power

The impedance of an R-L or R-C circuit can be graphically represented in a

impedance triangle as shown in figure 3-3.

Now:

= + In the case of being an inductive reactance.

= − In case it is a capacitive reactance.

Where:

= ⁡⁡
1
= ⁡⁡

We obtain that:
 Figure 3-3 Impedance Triangle

If each of its sides is multiplied by the⁡ the voltage triangle is obtained

as shown in figure 3-4, for the R-L circuit.

(a) (b)

Figure 3-4 Obtaining the voltage triangle from the impedance triangle.

Now if we multiply all sides of the voltage triangle by the current

The power triangle is effective. (See Figure 3-5)

Figure 3-5 Obtaining the power triangle from the voltage triangle.
Since the sides of the impedance triangle were multiplied by a constant
the angles are equal to each other for the three triangles, that is to say ⁡ it is the same
angle for the impedance, voltage, and power triangles, that is:

= −
( )

= −1⁡⁡⁡⁡
( )

θ = tan−1

1.12. Power Factor, its correction and implications.

The angle the one referenced in the previous sections is the difference
the phase between input voltage and input current. The power factor is defined
how:

Power Factor .
Improving or correcting the power factor means adjusting the angle he
decrease, the best power factor is when = 0, that is when the factor of
the power factor is 1. The worst power factor is when the angleθ = 90⁡ , I mean
when the power factor is zero.
Improving the power factor should not imply a decrease in power.
average, what needs to decrease is the reactive power.
Generally, the power factor is improved by placing capacitors in parallel.
with the load for which the power factor is to be improved.
Power factor correction involves a decrease in effective current.
delivered by the generator or the transformer associated with the load, if it is about the
Improvement of the power factor of a load associated with a large industry where the
The energy demand is met by a 100KVA transformer, for example, this
improvement translates into a decrease in the demanded KVA, allowing the possibility
that another industry connects to the same transformer. This translates to that it is
it is more expensive to consume energy with a low power factor, then being
essential, the correction of the power factor.

Example 3.1

Find the complex power provided by v to the network in the figure. Let Vs=100cos2000t.
 1 1 − 10 2
= 2000 * (40 * 10 −6 )
= 8
= − 12.5

−3
= ( 60∗ 10∗ 2000=) 120Ω

Then, the circuit in the frequency domain with the phasor Vs given in RMS form

Writing mesh equations:

100<0
( 30+ 107.5 I)1− (
120 2)= √2

− ( 120) 1+ 20+
( 120 2=) −4

= 1− 2

Then equation 2 becomes:

− ( 120) 1+ 20+
( 120 2=) −4 1+ 4 2

The equations of the system are:

100<0
1. 30+
( 107.5 I1−) 120
( 2= )
√2
 2.4−( 120 1+) 16+ ( 120 2= 0)

Solving in MATLAB:

[ 107.5i, -120 ; 4− 120 , 16+ 120

= 30+ ]

100
=[ ; ]
(2)

= ( ) ∗

It is obtained:

1= 1.3699 + j0.272998= 1.39678< 11.254

2= 1.29537 + j0.490978= 1.3853< 20.758

Then, the complex power is:

= ∗ ∗ 100<0∗
1 = √2 1.39678< −11.254

S = 98.7673< −11.254⁡

= 25.2408- j95.4875⁡V

Example 3.2 The voltage across the terminals of a load and the current through
they are given by:

( ) = 20+ 60 100 ⁡

( ) = 1− 0.5sen100 ⁡

Halle:

The RMS values of voltage and current.

RMS value of the voltage:

1 1
=√ ∫ 0 2 ( ) √= ∫ 0 (20+ 60 100 )2 ⁡

1
=√ ∫ 0 202 + 1∫2400
0
100 + 160
∫02 2 100

60 2 1
=√ 20+2 ( ⁡
)√ 2
 1
Because, ∫ 0 2400 100 = 0for being the average of a sine wave and
1 2
60
∫ 0 602 2 100 = ( ) for being the effective value of the sine wave to
√2
square.

=√ 400+ 36002 = ⁡ √2200⁡ = 46.9042

For the same reason:

0.5 2
√ 1+
= 2
( ⁡
)
√2
= 1+ √0.25 =21.0607

2. The average power dissipated in the load.

( ) = ( )( ∗
)( = 20+ 60 100 ) ∗ (1− 0.5sen100 )

( ) = 20+ 60 100 − 10 100 − 30 100 100

30
( ) = 20+ 60 100 − 10 100 −2 200

Applying the definition of the average value:

5*10 -3
̅ = 1∫ ( ) =⁡
1
∫ (20+ 60 100 − 10 100 −
0 5∗10-3 0
15sen200 ) ⁡

= 20

Example 3.3 A load of 4500 VA with a power factor of 0.75 lagging is

Powered from a 60 Hz source with a voltage of 240V RMS. Determine.
the capacity to install in parallel to correct the power factor up to: a-) 0.9
-0.9
Solution:

. = 0.75 enatraso
= 60⁡
= 240

=?
For:
a-) 0.90 in delay
b-) 0.90 in advance

To correct the power factor in lag, we have to:

= −1 0.741.41

1= −1 ⁡0.90= 25.84
 0
=
4500
0= 4500∗ 41.41°
0= 297549VXT
If we take the average power as P, we have to
= 00.75
4500
P=3375
P=3375⁡
= 1
= 3375 * tg25.84
= 1634.42⁡
= 1341.07 VCBI
2
=
2402
= Ω
1341.07
= 42.95Ω
1
42.95 =
1
=
120⁡ ∗ 42.95
= 65.75 µF

For the correction of the leading power factor we have to:

= −1 0.7 =41.41
1= −1 ⁡0.90= 25.84
0
=
4500
= 4500∗ 41.41°
0= 2975,49V

If we take the average power as P, we have that

= 0.75
4500
P=3375
P=3375⁡
= 1
= 3375 * tg25.84
= 1634.42⁡
 = +
= 4609.82⁡
2
=
2402
= Ω
4609.82
= 12.495Ω
1
12.495 =
1
=
120⁡ ∗ 12.495

= 212.2µ

Example 3.4 A 250KVA transformer operates at full load with a power factor of
0.8 power factor lagging. a) How many KVAR of capacitance should be added to
correct the power factor to 0.90 in lag? b) After the correction of
power factor, a new load with a power factor of 0.5 is connected
delay. How many KVA can the transformer provide to the new load for
to reach full power, and what is the final power factor?

Solution:

(a)
= − ( . )= .ᵒ

250
= 36.86°
= 250∗ 36.86°
= 149.96⁡

250
= 0.8⁡⁡" "
= 250∗ 0.8
= 200
 = 1
=
200
25.84°
= 25.84° ∗ 200
= 96.86KVAR
= −
= (149.46-96.85 kV)
= .

(b)

= 25.8
= 90−
= 64.16°
= 180° − 2= 115.84°
= 3+ 30° = 145.84°
= −1 (0.5)

= 60°
= − = °

1
=
 1
= 0.9
200k
= 0.9 1= 222.22

By the Law of Sines, it is given that:

250 A 222.22
DIA145.84°
=
°
= 222.225.84
25
= 0.4991
= 29.68°
1= 180° − ( + 4)
1= 4.48°
By the law of sines:
250
4.48°
= 145.84°
= 34.77KV&#xE28D;

= +
= 340.77 * sin60° = √2502− 126.962
= 30.11 = 215.36
= 30.11+ 96.85
= 126.96

= 215.36
250
= 0.86

Example 3.5 A load of 65KVA with a lagging power factor is combined with
a synchronous motor of 25KVA that operates with a power factor of 0.6 in
advance. Calculate the power factor of the 65KVA load, if the overall is 0.85
delayed.
Solution

θ = cos−10,85
3= cos−10,6= 53,13°
⍴1= 90− 3= 90- 53,13° = 36,87
h = 90° - θ = 90− 31,78° = 58,22°
= cos−10,85 =31,78°
+ ⍴2+ ⍴1= 180°
⍴2= 180− (⍴1+ )
⍴2= 180− (36,87° + 58,22°)
⍴2= 84,91
By the law of sines, it is required that:
65 25
82
= BDA2
2= 25N/A
65
= 0.3831
2= −1 0,3831

2= 22,52°
1= + ⁡ 2
1= 31,78° + 22,52
1= 54,3057
Fʛ sı = cos 54,3057
= 0,58

Example 3.6Halle Io, in the circuit of figure 3.4

Solution:

Figure 3.4
 Remember: fp is Power Factor
R= Power factor is 1
RC=Leading Power Factor
RL = Lagging power factor

Load of 12 KW and power factor = 0.866 leading

= −1 0.866

= 30°
= 12 30°
= 6.9282⁡
1= 12− 6.9282⁡

Load of 16 KW and power factor = 0.85 lagging.

2= −1 ⁡0.85

2= 31.78°⁡
= 16∗ ⁡31.78°
= 9.92⁡

2= 16+ j9.92⁡

Load of 20 kvar and power factor = 0.6 lagging

3= −1 0.60

3= 53.13°
= Tg53.13°
20
= = 15KW
tg53.13
3= 15 +20
 = + +
= 12− 6.9282⁡ + 16+ j9.92⁡ + 15 +20

= 48.75 <28.14
= 42.99 + j22.976

= ∗ ∗ Remember: The factors must be in effective value

∗
48.75 <28.14°
0 = = =
220< 0°

0= 0.20< −28.14°⁡ ⁡ Veff Conversion Vp = Veff* √

0= 200< −28.14⁡

The current in the time domain is:

0( ) = 0.20cos(wt -28.14°)

Example 3.7 What value of Capacitor should be placed in parallel with the
generator, which supplies the power triangle of the figure, to correct the factor
to power of 1?

Solution: To correct the power factor to 1, it is necessary that the power

the capacitor's reactive power completely cancels out the inductive reactive power of
22.48 Kvar

2 Remember:
= =
∗ ∗ ⁡
= 22.98 103 ⁡ ⁡
 2202 1
= ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ =
22.98 103 ⁡ 2 ∗ 60∗ 2.106Ω

= 2.1061Ω⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ = 1250µ

Example 3.8 Two loads connected in parallel consume a total of 2.4KW, with power factor
delayed by 0.8, from a 120v rms and 60Hz line. Some of the loads absorb
1.5KW with a lagging power factor of 0.707. Determine: a) The power factor
from the second load, the parallel element required to correct the power factor
from the two charges and convert it into a delay of 0.9.

= 1+ 2⁡ 1= 10.5 + j1.5 KVar

2.4 = 1.5KW + Pℎ2 = −11.5
1.5
2.4 − 1P2 = 45°
2= 0.9KW

= ( 1+ 2+) (1+ 2 )
= 1+ 2

⁡
 1= −1 0.8= 36.87°

2.4
= tan(36.87°)
Q = tan(36.87) ∗2.4
= 1.8
2= − 10.5
2= 1.8− 1.5 =0.3
2= 0.9+j0.3
0.3
ϴ2= tan -1
0,9
ϴ2= 18,43°
2= cos18,43°
2= 0,9487
= − → = ϴ4
= − → = 4
= (1,8− 1,16)
= 0.67 KVARC
2 ( 120 ) 2
= = 0,67KVÄCDH
( 120 ) 2
= 0,67 10-3

= 21,4Ω
1
⁡ = 2 million 100
1
= 2d360.21,4Ω
= 123

Example 3.9 Calculate the active power consumed by the 15 ohm resistors.
ohms of the figure, if the total active power consumed in the circuit is 2000w

Solution
 (
= 15II8− 2= ) + = 5.2908 - j0.8443
2
∗ = 2000
2000
= √ = 19.4426
5.2908
The current in the 15 ohm resistor is:

19.4426∗ (8− 2)
15 = = 6.9446< -9.06ᵒ
15 +8− 2
The current in the 8 ohm resistor is:

8= 19.4426*15
15+8− 2
= 12.6323< 4.9696ᵒ
The power in the 15 ohm resistor is:

15 = I152 15 = (6.9426)2 15vations = 723.4⁡

The power in the 8 ohm resistor is:

8= ⁡ 82∗ 8= 12.63232 8 = 1276.6
 1.13. Practice No. 3

Power measurement

Additional material

Decade of inductance.
2. Variable power resistor of 100 ohms.
3. Vatimeto
120 volt 60 watt bulb or other.

Procedure

1. What is the effective network voltage and the network frequency.

2. Carefully make the necessary connections to measure with

the wattmeter measures the average power absorbed by the light bulb when
it connects to the mains voltage. With external measurements it could
determine with what power factor the bulb is.
consuming this average power?

a. With the inductance decade and the variable resistance, I assembled the
circuit of figure 3-6.
b. Calculate the inductive reactance in the coil.
c. Calculate the tension in the coil.
d. Calculate the voltage across the resistor.
e. Calculate the average power absorbed by the
f. With the wattmeter measure the average power and compare it with the
calculated.
g. With the oscilloscope measure the phase difference between voltage and
current, then measure Ieff and Veff and perform the product
Veff*Ieff*cos(B), where B is the measured phase difference.
Does it match the reading of the wattmeter?
Could you measure the reactive power of the circuit in figure 3-6?
Because Veffin VeffR2+ VeffL2 Explain.
 100 OHMS

266mH Vi(t) = Network voltage

Vi(t)

Figure 3-6