BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA

SANTIAGO MARIÑO POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

EXTENSION BARCELONA – PUERTO LA CRUZ

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Made by:

Francisco Fandiño

Barcelona, June 2010

 INTRODUCTION

The wind on structures generates loads that can lead to their overturning, its
behavior is generally uniform and constant, but increases at higher altitudes
pressure applied to the building. When the wind hits a building, it creates a
high pressure zone (positive) on the facade of the land facing the wind (UPWIND) and in
the cover; as it encircles the building, it increases its speed, creating zones of relatively low pressure
(negative) on the side faces and on the rear face of the building (SOTAVENTO).

The action of the wind on the building that produces pressure differences on its facades
it is called aerodynamic effect. The wind also has a mechanical effect, producing loads.
additional information about the structure, and a thermal effect when cooling the building surfaces.

In high-rise buildings (skyscrapers), due to the change in wind speed and the
need to fill the empty spaces created by the interruption of the facades along the way
Wind generates whirlwinds or tornadoes that could cause structural instability.
not by the push generated in the front facade or suction in the back facade, but by the
lateral movement that these whirlwinds would generate, which in these cases is by mode of
savings are preferred to be made in the upper parts of the skyscraper with curved structures to soften this
speed change.

It is important to note the essential differences that exist in relation to the project of the
Structures subjected to wind action with respect to seismic action. The wind is
is characterized by acting for a relatively long time and in the same direction and the
the deformation capacity of the structure does not help to reduce the effects of that action. When
on the contrary, the seismic action is characterized by its short duration and its change of direction and
sense in very short time intervals, with the ability to deform being important for
disperse energy. On the other hand, the effect of the earthquake is proportional to the mass of the structure
and not to its exposed area.

Generally, due to the effects generated by seismic loads for the

Structural deformation is of greater significance or relevance to structural integrity, the
effects generated by the action of the wind are considered more for enclosures and facades, and
lightweight structures, for example glass facades in buildings, advertising billboards for
its little weight in relation to the area it occupies, and lattice towers generally due to their height and
weight.

For the reasons stated above, the importance of wind loads on certain types is revealed.
of structures where wind is more important than seismic loads.

2
WIND BEHAVIOR SIMULATION IN A BUILDING

3
WIND BEHAVIOR SIMULATION WITH SEVERAL ADJACENT BUILDINGS

4
WIND BEHAVIOR SIMULATION SIDE VIEW SEVERAL ADJACENT BUILDINGS

5
 EXERCISE 1, Calculation of the wind actions on a building with a height less than 20
meters and with a gable roof

Calculate the wind actions on the warehouse whose geometry and dimensions are indicated in the
figure, the building is planned to be constructed in the sector los montones of Barcelona, it is a
structure that is planned to be made of A-36 steel and its components and enclosures are in
concrete block e = 15 cm. The wind strikes perpendicular to the ridge.

Classification
according to its use: According to section 4.1 of the standard, the classification is B.
Wind importance factor: According to section 4.1.2, the factor α is 1.
Type of Exposure: According to section 5.2, the type of exposure is B.
Basic Wind Speed: According to table 5.1, the speed is 85 km/h.
Classification according to the type of Response: According to the standard, we must verify if the structure is of
closed or open type, slenderness ratio and fundamental vibration time.

It is a closed structure because the wind permeability in none of its facades exceeds
10% of the area.

The slenderness ratio is

h 9.75
→ =0.5
b 19.5

Fundamental vibration time: according to standard 1756-2001, the fundamental time of

vibration for a steel structure is given by:

T =0.08x h0.75 → T =0.08x ( 9.75 )0.75 →T=0.441 seconds

With these values and according to section 4.2 of the standard, it is Type I.

Determination of the actions on the wind-resistant system

According to table 6.2.2 (a) of the 2003 standard, the pressures and forces of the system will be calculated for:

Barlovento
P z=q z x G hx C p−qhxG C pi

Sotavento
Ph=qhx G h x C p−q hxGCpi

Where:
qzDynamic thrust pressure
qhDynamic Suction Pressure
GhResponse Factor to Bursts
CpThrust and Suction Coefficients
GCpiCoefficient of Permeability

Calculation of the Dynamic Thrust Pressure

According to section 6.2.3 of the standard 2003, the dynamic thrust pressure will be calculated by the
formula:
q z =0.00485x Kzx αxV2

Where:
a: Wind Importance Factor
V: Basic Wind Speed in km/h
KzCoefficient of exposure to dynamic pressure calculated by:
2
4.5 β
K z=2.58x
( )Zg
for z≤4.5m
2
z
K =2.58x
z
( Z ) for z> 4.5m
g
β

Where:

ZgFactor given for the type of exposure in table 6.2.3 with a value of 370
β: Given factor for the type of exposure in table 6.2.3 with a value of 4.5

Calculation of Kz:

For 4.5 meters:

2
4.5
K z=2.58x
( )
370
4.5
→ K z=0.364

For 5 meters:
2
5
K z=2.58x
370 ( ) 4.5
→ K z=0.381

7
For 6 meters:
2
6 4.5
K z=2.58x
( )
370
K z=0.413
Calculation of Dynamic Pressure of Thrust (Windward):

q 4.5=0.00485 x 0.364 x 1 x 852→ q 4.5 =12.76Kg/m2

q 5=0.00485x0.381x1x852→ q 5=13.35 Kg/m 2
q 6=0.00485x0.413x1x852 → q 6 =14.47Kg/m2

Calculation of the Response Factor to Bursts:

According to section [Link] for wind-resistant systems type I, the response factor to
bursts will be calculated using the formula:

G h=0.65+ 3.65xδh

Where:

hExposure factor that represents the intensity of turbulence given by the formula:
2.35x k√
δ h=
h 1β
()
9
Where:

k: Drag Coefficient over a surface given in table [Link], according to the type of
exhibition.
h: Average ceiling height for type I constructions
3.75
h= +6 → h =7.875≈8 meters
2
0.0235√
δ h= →δ h =0.241
8 4.51
()
9
Gh=0.65+0.8785h=1.53

Calculation of Suction Dynamic Pressure (Leeward):

According to section 6.2.3 of standard 2003, the dynamic suction pressure will be calculated by the
formula:
q h=0.00485x Khx αxV2

Where:
Wind Importance Factor
V: Basic Wind Speed in Km/h
KhCoefficient of exposure to dynamic pressure calculated by:

8
 2
4.5
K h=2.58x
( ) paraz ≤ 4.5m
Zg
β

2
h
K =2.58x
h
( Z ) >4.5m
g
β
parasite

Where:

ZgFactor given for the type of exposure in table 6.2.3 with a value of 370
β: Given factor for the type of exposure in table 6.2.3 with a value of 4.5

NOTE: The value of qhit is constant and will be evaluated for this case at the average height of the
building
2
8 4.5
K h=2.58x
( )
370
→Kz =0.469

q h=0.00485x0.469x1x852 → q h=16.43 kg/m2

Calculation of the Coefficients of Internal Push and Suction:

According to section [Link] and knowing that the permeability of the façades does not exceed 10%...
value of G C=+
pi / - 0 . 2 5

NOTE: For push it is positive and for suction it is negative.

External Lift and Suction Coefficients (Wind Resistant System):

According to section [Link] of the 2003 standard, the push and suction coefficients will be calculated.
According to table [Link] for this case. Calculating the slenderness ratio we obtain:

h19.5
→ =0.57
b 34

For Barlovento: 0.8

For Sotavento: - 0.5
For sides: - 0.7

External Thrust and Suction Coefficients (Roof):

According to section [Link] of the standard 2003, the thrust and suction coefficients will be calculated.
According to table [Link] for this case. Calculating the slenderness ratio, we obtain:
L19.5
→ =2.438
h 8

Calculation of the Roof Angle:

9
 3.75
θ=tan−1
( )
9.75
→ θ =21.03°

For Barlovento:

Since there are no direct values in the table for slenderness and angle for roofs [Link], it is necessary to
interpolate in the following way:
3−2.438
Cp=0.2+
3−2
x
( −0.75−0.2 →C=−0.334
) p
Calculation of the Pressures on the wind-resistant system:

With all these values, we calculate the pressures exerted on the structure which
we summarize in the following table:

TRANSVERSE PRESSURES AT THE RIDGE (External Thrust + Internal Thrust)

Gcp
SURFACE z h qz qh Gh Cp i Pz pH
0.2
4.50 m 12.76 Kg/m² 1.53 0.8 5 11.51 Kg/m²
0.2
Barlovento
5.00 m 13.35 Kg/m² 1.53 0.8 5 12.23 Kg/m²
Facade 0.2
a 6.00 m 14.47 Kg/m² 1.53 0.8 5 13.60 Kg/m²
0.2
Leeward 8.00 m 16.43 Kg/m² 1.53 -0.5 5 -16.68 Kg/m²
0.2
Laterals 8.00 m 16.43 Kg/m² 1.53 -0.7 5 -21.70 kg/m²
0.2
Barlovento 8.00 m 16.43 Kg/m² 1.53 -0.334 5 -12.50 Kg/m²
Ceiling
0.2
Leeward 8.00 m 16.43 Kg/m² 1.53 -0.7 5 -21.70 Kg/m²

TRANSVERSE PRESSURES TO THE RIDGE (External Push + Internal Suction)

SURFACE z h qz qh Gh Cp Gcpi Pz Ph
1.5
4.50 m 12.76 Kg/m² 3 0.8 -0.25 19.73 Kg/m²
1.5
Windward
5.00 m 13.35 Kg/m² 3 0.8 -0.25 20.45 Kg/m²
Facade 1.5
a 6.00 m 14.47 Kg/m² 3 0.8 -0.25 21.82 Kg/m²
1.5
Leeward 8.00 m 16.43 Kg/m² 3 -0.5 -0.25 -8.46 kg/m²
1.5 -13.49
Laterals 8.00 m 16.43 Kg/m² 3 -0.7 -0.25 Kg/m²
1.5
Barlovento 8.00 m 16.43 Kg/m² 3 -0.334 -0.25 -4.29 Kg/m²
Ceiling
1.5 -13.49
Sotavento 8.00 m 16.43 Kg/m² 3 -0.7 -0.25 kg/m²

Determination of Actions on Components and Enclosures:

10
Type of Exposure: According to table 5.3.2 of the standard 2003, being a closed structure type I and
with a height of less than 20 meters, the exposure type is C

Pressures and Forces: According to table 6.2.2 (b), for a closed structure type I and with height
less than 20 meters, the formula will be applied:

p=qhxG C pe −q hxGCpi

The pressure qhwe obtained it in the pressures for the wind-resistant system with a value of
16.43 Kg/m². The value of the internal suction coefficients GCpiaccording to section [Link] it has
a value of ± 0 . 2 5.

Calculation of the internal thrust coefficients GCpe:

According to table [Link] (a), we must calculate the width 'a' of the graph as the smallest value between
0.1 x b y 0.4 x h, but never less than 0.04 x b, nor 0.90 m.

Where:

It is the smallest dimension in plan

h: It is the height of the evaluated side of the construction

1.1 x 19.5 = 1.95; 0.4 x 8 = 3.2; we take a = 1.95 meters.

Calculation of tax areas (A) Facade:

Zone 1:

According to graph 1 for area 1, the tax area is:

2
A= (34−2 x a ) x h → A =( 34−2x1.95x6→
) A=180.6m

According to table [Link] (a), for areas greater than 45 m², the thrust coefficient GCon= 1
And the suction coefficient GCpe- 1.1

Zone 2:

A=A=1.95x6→ A=11.7m2

GC thrust coefficientonzone 2:
GCpe =1.4−0.242xlog ( A) →GCpe =1.4−0.242xlog ( 11.7→GC
) pe =1.14

Suction coefficient GConzone 2:

GCpe =−2+0.544xlog ( A) →GCpe =−2+0.544xlog 11.7) →G
( Cpe=−1.42

11
Calculation of tax areas (A) Ceiling:

Zone 3:

√ √
b2 19.52
L= + 3.752 → L= +3.752 → L=10.446m
4 4
2
A= (34−2 x a ) x ( L −2x a )→ A= 34−2x1.95x10.446−2x1.95→
( ) ( A=197m
)

According to table [Link] (b) for an angle of 21◦ and tax area greater than 9 m², the value of the
thrust and suction coefficients GPpe- 1.10

Zone 4a:
2
A= (34−2 x a ) x a → A =( 34−2x1.95x1.95→
) A=58.69m

According to table [Link] (b) for an angle of 21◦ and tax area greater than 9 m², the value of the
thrust and suction coefficients GPpe- 2.00

Zone 4b:
2
A= (L−2xa x a) → A= 10.446−2x1.95x1.95→
( ) A=12.76m

According to table [Link] (b) for an angle of 21◦ and tax area greater than 9 m², the value of the
thrust and suction coefficients GPon- 2.00

Zone 5:

A=A=1.95x1.95→ A=3.80m2

GCpe =−3+1.047xlog ( A) → G C pe =−3+1.047xlog ( 3.8→GC

) pe=−2.393

NOTE: It is necessary to study all possible combinations to determine the values of the
most unfavorable design pressures.

These combinations are:

p=qhxG C pe −q hxGCpi
p=qhxG C pe −q hx−G C pi
p=qhx−GC pe −q hx G C pi
p=qhx−GCpe −q hx−GCpi

12
Where negative coefficients are for suction and positive ones are for thrust

The following table summarizes the most unfavorable pressures on the components and
enclosures

TRANSVERSE PRESSURES AT THE RIDGE FOR COMPONENTS AND CLOSURES

SURFACE ZONE qh GCpe GCpi p
1 16.43 Kg/m² -1.1 0.25 -22.18 Kg/m²
Facade
2 16.43 Kg/m² -1.42 0.25 -27.44 Kg/m²
3 16.43 Kg/m² -1.1 0.25 -22.18 Kg/m²
4a 16.43 Kg/m² -2 0.25 -36.97 Kg/m²
Ceiling
4b 16.43 Kg/m² -2 0.25 -36.97 Kg/m²
5 16.43 Kg/m² -2.393 0.25 -43.42 Kg/m²

EXERCISE 2. Calculation of wind forces on a fence

A bulletin board for electronic notices measuring 4 meters high and 12 meters wide.
length and weight of 1200 Kg, will be located on the alternate road near the Volca Bridge. Calculate:

a) The expected thrust against the board due to wind action.

b) The average pressure loads on the windward and leeward sides of the signboard.
c) The necessary distance at which the bolts should be placed to prevent tipping.

According to Chapter IV of standard 2003, the classification of the structure based on its use is Group C.

According to article 4.1.2, the importance factor α is 0.9

According to Article 4.2, its classification is based on its response characteristics and having a relationship
with a slenderness of 0.33, it is type II.

According to article 5.2, the type of exposure is C.

The basic wind speed according to figure 5.1 is 85 km/h.

Calculation of dynamic pressure

According to article 6.2.3, the dynamic pressure will be calculated using the formula:

To Barlovento

q z =0.00485x Kzx αxV2

For Sotavento:

13
q h=0.00485x Khx αxV2

Where Kz = Kh = 0.8 (According to table [Link])

q z =q h=0.00485 x 0.8 x 0.9 x 852 → q z=qh=25.23Kg/m 2

According to article 6.2.4, we determine the response factor to bursts Gh, which according to the table
6.2.4 (a) is 1.32.

According to table [Link], we obtain the thrust and suction coefficients for the billboard, Cf =
1.20

From table 6.2.2 (a) we obtain the formula for evaluating pressures on the windward side. (In this
case pz = ph)

For Barlovento and Sotavento:

F=q zx G h x C fxAf

Where Afit is the area of contact with the wind.

A f = 4x12 → Af=48m2

F=q zx G hx C fxAf F =25.23x1.32x1.2x48→ F=1918.29 Kg

According to section 3.3.2 of the 2003 standard, to prevent overturning, the stable moment must
to be at least 1.5 times greater than the tipping moment or in other words:

M est
≥1.5
M volume

Calculation of the Stable Moment:

M ist =1200x Z→Mis=? ?

M volume( 1918.29
= ) x2→Mvolume=3836.57 Kg.m

Operating:

1200x Z 1.5x3836.57
≥1.5→Z= → Z =4.8m
3836.57 1200

14
 EXERCISE 3. Calculation of wind actions on a lattice tower

Regarding the Cocker located in the Cerro Negro project, it is planned to install a lattice tower.
as indicated in the figure. Calculate the forces acting on the tower

Classification according to its use: C

Wind Importance Factor: 0.9
Type of Exhibition: C
Basic Wind Speed: 85 km/h
Slimness: h/b = 8.8/1.2 = 7.33
Classification according to the type of Response: Type III

Actions on the wind-resistant system

According to table 6.2.2 (a), the formula for calculating the forces is:
F=q zx G hx C f xAf

Response factor for bursts according to table 6.2.4 (b) is G.h1.30

Calculation of exposed areas:

Round profile:
2
Ar = (1.63+1.2x0.038→
) Ar=0.108m

15
Square Profile:
2
Ac = (1.1+Ac =0.198m
)

A f = A r + A c→Af =0.108+ 0.198→ Af =0.306m2

At =1.1x1.2→ At =1.32m2

Calculation of the Thrust Coefficient Cf:

According to table [Link] of standard 2003, we must first calculate the quotient between A.e/A
Ae 0.306
Ae = A f → → 0.232
A 1.32

Being the tower square in plan we have:

Square Profiles:
C=4.13−
fc 5.18x
( A/ Ae→ C=4.13−
) fc ( 1.19976fc =2.93
)
Round Profiles:
C fr=0.67x2.93→Cfr=1.96

Weighted coefficient calculation:

C fcxAc +C frx A r 0.58034+0.21168
C f= →C f= →C f=2.59
Af 0.306

The following table summarizes the design forces:

DESIGN FORCES IN THE LATTICE TOWER
Z Kz qz Gh Cf Af F
41.10 m 1.51 47.52 Kg/m² 1.3 2.59 0.31 m² 48.96 Kg
42.20 m 1.52 47.88 Kg/m² 1.3 2.59 0.31 m² 49.33 Kg
43.30 m 1.53 48.23 Kg/m² 1.3 2.59 0.31 m² 49.69 Kg
44.40 m 1.54 48.58 Kg/m² 1.3 2.59 0.31 m² 50.05 Kg
45.50 m 1.55 48.92 Kg/m² 1.3 2.59 0.31 m² 50.40 Kg
46.60 m 1.56
47.70 m 1.57
48.80 m 1.58

16
EXERCISE 4, Calculation of wind actions on a reinforced concrete building with
height greater than 20 meters and with laminated glass facades

Calculate the wind actions in the reinforced concrete building of 45 meters high and 15 floors.
what is shown in the figure and the required glass thicknesses for the components and
enclosures that are projected to be built on Av. Américo Vespucio in Lecherías.

Wind Direction

Slimness ratio: 45/15 = 3

Fundamental vibration period:
T =0.07x h0.75 =3.150.75→T=1.216s
Classification according to their response: Type I
Classification by use: B
Wind Importance Factor: 1
Type of Exhibition: D
Basic Wind Speed: 85 km/h

Actions on the Wind Resistant System

For Barlovento:

17
P z=q zx G hx C p−qhxG C pi

For Sotavento:
Ph=qhx G hx C p−q h xGCpi

Cp coefficients:

Through table [Link]

For Barlovento: 0.8
For Sotavento: L/b = 15/20 = 0.75 = -0.5
For sides and roof: -0.7

Burst Response Factor Gh:

2.35x k√ √
2.35x0.003
δ h= 1
→ δ h= →δ h =0.11
h β 45 101
9() 9 ( )
G h=0.65+ 3.65xδh → G h=0.65+3.65x0.11→Gh=1.05

Internal thrust and suction factor GCpi: ± 0.25

Calculation of dynamic pressure: The following table summarizes the dynamic pressures in the
structure:
PRESSURES IN REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING OF 45 METERS (BARLOVENTO)
LEVEL Z Kz qz qh Gh Cp Gcpi Pz
1.0
1 3.00 m 5 0.8 -0.25 52.33 Kg/m²
1.0
2 6.00 m 5 0.8 -0.25 54.43 Kg/m²
1.0
3 9.00 m 5 0.8 -0.25 57.61 Kg/m²
1.0
4 12.00 m 5 0.8 -0.25 60.03 Kg/m²
1.0
5 15.00 m 5 0.8 -0.25 62.01 Kg/m²
1.0
6 18.00 m 5 0.8 -0.25 63.69 Kg/m²
1.0
7 21.00 m 5 0.8 -0.25 65.16 Kg/m²
1.0
8 24.00 m 5 0.8 -0.25 66.47 Kg/m²
1.0
9 27.00 m 5 0.8 -0.25 67.65 Kg/m²
10 30.00 m 67.09 Kg/m² 1.0 0.8 -0.25 68.73 Kg/m²

18
 5
1.0
11 33.00 m 1.80 63.05 Kg/m² 67.09 Kg/m²
5 0.8 -0.25 69.73 Kg/m²
1.0
12 36.00 m 67.09 Kg/m² 5 0.8 -0.25 70.66 Kg/m²
1.0
13 39.00 m 67.09 Kg/m² 5 0.8 -0.25 71.53 Kg/m²
1.0
14 42.00 m 67.09 Kg/m² 5 0.8 -0.25 72.35 Kg/m²
1.0
15 45.00 m 1.91 67.09 Kg/m² 67.09 Kg/m²
5 0.8 -0.25 73.12 Kg/m²

PRESSURES IN A 45-METER REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING (SOTAVENTO)

NIVE
L h Kh qh qh Gh Cp Gcpi Ph
1 45.00 m 0.25 -51.99 Kg/m²
2 45.00 m 0.25 -51.99 Kg/m²
3 45.00 m 0.25 -51.99 Kg/m²
4 45.00 m 0.25 -51.99 Kg/m²
5 45.00 m 0.25 -51.99 Kg/m²
6 45.00 m 0.25 -51.99 Kg/m²
7 45.00 m 0.25 -51.99 Kg/m²
8 45.00 m 0.25 -51.99 Kg/m²
9 45.00 m 0.25 -51.99 Kg/m²
10 45.00 m 1.91 67.09 Kg/m² 67.09 Kg/m² 1.05
0.25 -0.5 -51.99 Kg/m²
11 0.25 -51.99 Kg/m²
12 0.25 -51.99 Kg/m²
13 0.25 -51.99 Kg/m²
14 45.00 m 1.91 67.09 Kg/m² 67.09 Kg/m² 1.05
0.25 -0.5 -51.99 Kg/m²
15 0.25 -51.99 Kg/m²

Calculation of Forces in the direction of the wind:

According to section 2.1.4 of the 2003 standard, the wind forces at each level will be calculated by the
next formula:

F= pxAz

Where:
Vector sum of the pressures upwind Pz and downwind Ph.
Tax area where the direction of the wind applies.

19
The following table summarizes the design loads for the building:
FORCES APPLIED AT EACH LEVEL OF THE BUILDING
NIVE
L Z qz p ∆z As F
1 3.00 m 52.33 Kg/m² -51.99 Kg/m² 104.32 Kg/m² 4.50 m 9388.80 Kg
2 6.00 m 54.43 Kg/m² -51.99 Kg/m² 106.43 Kg/m² 3.00 m 60 m 6385.54 Kg
3 9.00 m 57.61 Kg/m² -51.99 Kg/m² 109.61 Kg/m² 3.00 m 60 m 6576.43 Kg
4 12.00 m 60.03 Kg/m² -51.99 Kg/m² 112.03 Kg/m² 3.00 m 6721.56 Kg
5 15.00 m 62.01 Kg/m² -51.99 Kg/m² 114.00 Kg/m² 3.00 m 6840.03 Kg
6 18.00 m 63.69 Kg/m² -51.99 Kg/m² 115.68 Kg/m² 3.00 m 60 m 6940.83 Kg
7 21.00 m 65.16 Kg/m² -51.99 Kg/m² 117.15 Kg/m² 3.00 m 60 m 7028.96 Kg
8 24.00 m 66.47 Kg/m² -51.99 Kg/m² 118.46 Kg/m² 3.00 m 7107.54 Kg
9 27.00 m 67.65 Kg/m² -51.99 Kg/m² 119.64 Kg/m² 3.00 m 7178.61 Kg
10 30.00 m 68.73 Kg/m² -51.99 Kg/m² 120.73 Kg/m² 3.00 m 60 m 7243.62 Kg
11 33.00 m 69.73 Kg/m² -51.99 Kg/m² 121.73 Kg/m² 3.00 m 7303.63 Kg
12 36.00 m 70.66 Kg/m² -51.99 Kg/m² 122.66 Kg/m² 3.00 m 60 m 7359.41 Kg
13 39.00 m 71.53 Kg/m² -51.99 Kg/m² 123.53 Kg/m² 3.00 m 60 m 7411.59 Kg
14 42.00 m 72.35 kg/m² -51.99 Kg/m² 124.34 Kg/m² 3.00 m 7460.66 Kg
15 45.00 m 73.12 Kg/m² -51.99 Kg/m² 125.12 Kg/m² 1.50 m 30 m 3753.50 Kg
TOTAL 104700.70 Kg

Actions on Components and Enclosures:

Type of Exposure (Table 5.3.2): D

According to table 6.2.2 (b), the pressures will be calculated using the formula:

To Barlovento:
p=q zxGC−qxG
( pe ) Cz pi

For Sotavento:
p=q hx−G
( C−qpe )x GC
z pi

Calculation of the tributary width 'a':

According to table [Link] (c) and (d), for buildings over 20 meters in height, the width
tax 'a' will be the lesser value of:
0.05 x b = 0.05 x 15 = 0.75 m
0.5 x h = 0.5 x 45 = 22.5 m
a = 0.75 m

Calculation of tax area in Barlovento and Sotavento:

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Zone1:
2
A= (20− 4 times a) times ZhA= 20−4x0.75x3→
( ) A=51m

Zone 2 and 3:
A=axZh →A=0.75x3→ A=2.25m2

Calculation of GCpe coefficients:

Barlovento
Zona1: 0.8
G C=1.1−0.181xlog
Zone 2 and 3: pe ( A) →GCpe=1.1−0.181xlog ( 2.25→G
) Cpe =1.04

Leeward
Zona1: -0.8
Zona2: -1.8
Zone3: -2.5

The following table shows the design pressures for calculating laminated glass:
Actions on Components and Enclosures
Nive Barlovento Leeward
l Zone 1 Zone 2 and 3 Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3
1 54.94 Kg/m² 67.50 Kg/m² 54.68 Kg/m² 106.67 Kg/m² 143.06 Kg/m²
2 57.16 kg/m² 70.22 Kg/m² 55.20 Kg/m² 107.19 Kg/m² 143.59 Kg/m²
3 60.50 Kg/m² 74.32 Kg/m² 56.00 Kg/m² 107.99 Kg/m² 144.38 Kg/m²
4 63.04 Kg/m² 77.44 Kg/m² 56.60 Kg/m² 108.59 Kg/m² 144.99 Kg/m²
5 65.11 Kg/m² 79.99 Kg/m² 57.10 Kg/m² 109.09 Kg/m² 145.48 Kg/m²
6 66.87 Kg/m² 82.16 Kg/m² 57.52 Kg/m² 109.51 Kg/m² 145.90 Kg/m²
7 68.42 Kg/m² 84.05 Kg/m² 57.88 Kg/m² 109.88 Kg/m² 146.27 Kg/m²
8 69.79 Kg/m² 85.74 Kg/m² 58.21 Kg/m² 110.20 Kg/m² 146.60 Kg/m²
9 71.03 Kg/m² 87.27 Kg/m² 58.51 Kg/m² 110.50 Kg/m² 146.89 Kg/m²
10 72.17 Kg/m² 88.67 Kg/m² 58.78 Kg/m² 110.77 Kg/m² 147.16 Kg/m²
11 73.22 Kg/m² 89.96 Kg/m² 59.03 Kg/m² 111.02 Kg/m² 147.41 Kg/m²
12 74.20 Kg/m² 91.16 Kg/m² 59.26 Kg/m² 111.25 Kg/m² 147.65 Kg/m²
13 75.11 Kg/m² 92.28 Kg/m² 59.48 Kg/m² 111.47 Kg/m² 147.86 Kg/m²
14 75.97 Kg/m² 93.33 Kg/m² 59.68 Kg/m² 111.67 Kg/m² 148.07 Kg/m²
15 76.78 Kg/m² 94.33 Kg/m² 59.87 Kg/m² 111.87 Kg/m² 148.26 Kg/m²

The calculated value will be 148.26 Kg/m², we assume sheets of dimensions 2 x 2, according to the
Table A1 of the standard 2003 the thickness of the glass would be 6 mm for a safety factor equal to
1.5, the thickness would be 9 mm.

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According to table 15.15 of volume II of the civil engineering manual 148.26 Kg/m² = 31.07 lb/ft² and
crossing with the square meters of the sheet we obtain a value between ¼ and 5/16 inch, that gives us
gives more or less 7 mm x 1.33 = 10 mm.

THE LIMIT STATES

Combination of Load Structures of Concrete with Wind Consideration:
U=0.75x ( 1.4CP+1.7CV±1.6W )
U=0.9CP ±1.6W
Combination of Loads Steel Structures with Wind Consideration:
U =1.2CP+1.6CVt+ / - 0 . 8 W
U=1.2CP+0.5CV+ 0.5CVt±1.3W
U=0.9CP ±1.3W

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