Torricelli's Theorem.

Alejandro Javier Atencia Ferrer, Andres David Barreto Rico and Joshua Alexander
Gutiérrez Quintero.
University of the Atlantic
Lab. Physics II - Mechanical Engineering.

Summary
Torricelli's theorem or Torricelli's principle is the application of the Principle
Bernoulli studies the flow of a liquid contained in a container.
through a small hole, under the action of thegravityWhich tells us
The velocity of a liquid in an open vessel, through an orifice, is the
What any body would have, freely falling in the void from the
liquid level to the center of gravity of the opening.
Bernoulli's principle, flow, velocity of a liquid.

Abstract
Torricelli's theorem or Torricelli's principle is the application of Bernoulli's
Principle and studies the flow of a liquid contained in a container, through a
small hole, under the action of gravity. Which tells us that: "The speed of a
liquid in an open vessel, through a hole, is the one that anybody would have,
falling freely in a vacuum from the liquid level to the hole's center of gravity.
Bernoulli's, flow, speed of a liquid.

1. Introduction
In 1641, Evangelista Torricelli demonstrated that the shape of a jet as it exits
An orifice is a fourth-order hyperbola. Isaac Newton (1686) argued
that the water has an effective fall inside a tank and that the
The opening has a real load above it that is double the height of the tank.
2. Theoretical Discussion

The Torricelli theorem allows calculating the discharge of a liquid through a

orifice. "The speed of a liquid in an open vessel, through an orifice, is the one that
it would have any body, falling freely in the void from the level of
liquid up to the center of gravity of the hole

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Image 1: Cylinder that contains a liquid which exits through an opening at the bottom.
inferior.
v= √2 g h (1)

V is the exit speed of the liquid, h is the height, and g is the gravity.

The semiparabolic movement is the fall of an object both on the x and y axes.
Which gives us these equations.

gt2 (2)
h¿ 2
h is the height from which the object falls
The horizontal distance that the liquid can reach can be calculated as follows:

x=vt (3)

t is the time it takes, v is the velocity of the liquid falling, and x is the distance
that this travels along the x-axis.
V 2f=2gh (4)

g 2
Y= x (5)
2v2

V sub f is the final velocity of the object.

The relative error is calculated as the quotient of the absolute error over the magnitude.
of the exact value with the absolute error, the magnitude of the difference from the real value
and the estimated value, always in absolute value.
(6)
Error%=
|
(Estimatedvalue−real value)
real value
2 |
100
3. Experimental Methods

For the development of the laboratory, the Phet Colorado simulator was used.

4. Analysis of Results and Discussion

First part
In this first part, the principle of Torricelli will be tested.

For this first part, the water tower will be completely filled with the help of the
The tape measure will be measured from the hole at the bottom to the surface of the
water. Then we use the speed sensor to determine the speed with which
water comes out through the hole.

We use the measuring tape again to determine the height at which the water remained.
after having let her out through the hole; we have let her out again
run the water through the opening and with the help of the speed sensor we measure
the speed at which the water exits through the opening. We repeat these steps
a few more times to complete table 1.

h(m) V(m/s) V2
10,13 15.3 234.0
8,11 14.2 201.6
7.74 13.9 193.2
6.59 13.2 174.2
5.21 12.7 161.2
Table 1: Heights and speeds with which the water exits through the hole.

Second part
In the second part of the experiment, it is completely filled, it remains constant.
the water inlet and with the help of the ruler, the distance traveled is measured from the
liquid on the x-axis at different heights, tabulate these two data along with the square of
the distance traveled in x and finally find the value of gravity with the
equations of semi-parabolic motion.

In this part of the experience, the value of gravity will be determined using
the equations of semi-parabolic motion.

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y (m) x (m) X2
7.5 16.9 285.61
10 19.44
12.5 21,76 473,4976
15 23.8 566.44
17.5 25.7 660.49
Table 2: Liquid outlet height and its respective horizontal reach.

In order to find the value of gravity, equation 5 is used and solved for.
gravity.

Image 2: PhET simulator.

Having the other values, you simply replace them and find the gravity.

Given g=10.22, thus based on decimal values.

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Third part

Image 3: Bottle with holes at different heights.

As we can see in image 3, we will take a 3-liter bottle and the

we will fill it with water and we will make five holes in that bottle at different
heights. With insulating tape, we cover all the holes made; we cover the part
top of the bottle with the cap without applying force on the walls of the
bottle. Now the holes of the bottle are carefully uncovered one by one and
we recorded the horizontal reach of each hole, with this data we completed the
table 3.

Table 3: Different heights and ranges.

# Height Height Y (cm) Range X(cm) Range X(cm)
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h(cm)
1 2 cm 20 cm 70 cm 70 cm
2 8 cm 16 cm 40 cm 40 cm
3 13 cm 13 cm 24 cm 24 cm
4 16 cm 8 cm 11 cm 11 cm
5 21 cm 3 cm 3 cm 3 cm

We can observe that as the height decreases, the speed increases.

Graph 1: V2vs h(m).

The speed at which the jet exits the orifice is due to the pressure.
hydrostatic pressure that the water exerts on the wall of the bottle, therefore it is
horizontal component (since it is perpendicular to that wall) When the section
the hole is much smaller than that of the container that holds the liquid, the law of
Torricelli establishes that the exit velocity through the orifice is -√2gh, where g is the
acceleration due to Earth's gravity and h is the difference between the height of the
surface of the liquid in the container and the height of the hole.
Since the highest value of h corresponds to the lower hole, starting from the
expression
previously we could think that the water that comes out of the third hole is the
which has a greater reach over the horizontal surface.
But the reach x of the water on the horizontal surface will depend on the speed.
with the jet coming out of the opening, just like the time t it takes to arrive

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to the surface; as no acceleration acts in the horizontal direction,
we can write x=vt The free fall time of the water from the hole to the
horizontal surface is t=√2(H-h)/g. Where h is the height of the water surface
about the horizontal surface. Thus, the range x of the water jet only
It will depend on h using the formula t=√2(H-h). It is obtained h= H/2 where x is the
maximum.
At the surface, the pressure is 106.9 kPa and at the bottom it is 194.2 kPa, this is
due to the fact that the pressure at different points at the same depth of a liquid in
a container is proportional to the latter, that is to say, the greater the depth, is
increase the pressure.

And based on the scope

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
16 18 20 22 24 26 28
Chart No. 2: And based on range.
Taking the range in meters as the x-axis and the height in meters as the y-axis, it gives us a graph.
exponential.
The value of gravity is equal to 10.22 m/s2and the relative percentage error is 4.28%.
Error%=
|
(10.22−9.8)

Error%=4.28%
9.8
100
|
Yes, since a larger volume will take longer to fall. This is because
the volume is given by the physical space occupied by a body, while
Weight is a different thing and can vary depending on the density of it.
body.
It must have a container and openings where the process can be carried out. This
based on the fundamental principle of hydrostatics, it establishes that pressure
the pressure exerted by the water depends on the depth. The deeper the depth,
greater pressure. Because of this, the water exits at a higher speed through the hole that is
closer to the base at greater depth.

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No, since these have a different composition than water, therefore not
meets the principle.

5. Conclusions

Through Torricelli's theorem and the semi-parabolic motion one can

to reach, quantify, qualify, and study the behavior of different
fluids and their implications involved in these two behaviors, reaching to
knowing which factors have the greatest influence on the results and magnitudes
physicals involved in these.

6. References.
[1] [Link]
[Link]?simulation=fluid-pressure-and-flow&locale=en