NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

HIGH SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND

ARCHITECTURE
ZACATENCO UNIT

WALLS

RIGOBERTO RIVERA OLGUÍN

SUBJECT: GRAPHIC EXPRESSION 2

GROUP: 3CV12
TEAM:
BENITEZ HERNANDEZ OSCAR URIEL
SANDOVAL HERNÁNDEZ VALERIA

SHIFT: EVENING
 DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF WALLS

Wall: It is a constructive element in the form of a vertical plate, made of

masonry and/or reinforced concrete, whose function is to support and transmit
load, generate spaces, isolate, divide, decorate, etc.

There are different types of walls:

For its mechanical work

i. Load-bearing wall

Load-bearing walls are walls that have a function

structural. These elements, apart from dividing two spaces, support the weight
of the building. For this reason, these walls must be respected and left
unscathed, otherwise, this action could seriously affect the
building stability and property stability, eliminating its function
that resists the loads.

Reinforced concrete wall

Load-bearing walls are walls that have a function

structural. These elements
besides dividing two spaces
they bear the weight of the building.

For this reason, these walls

they must be respected and left
intact, if not, this
action could to resonate
seriously in the stability
of the building and the stability of
property, removing its function of resisting loads.

The materials to build a load-bearing wall are: stone, bricks,

reinforced concrete, adobe brick, cement, artificial stone, concrete block
cement, hollow and adobe.
 Concrete block walls

The concrete block is designed for the

confined and reinforced masonry. The block
it is made of cement, sand and
Aggregates are of great strength.
structural. It is also used as
construction system, is excellent already
it is a very versatile product, moreover it is
suitable for tropical or warm climates.

Type of concrete block

The gafa: They are the most well-known model. Sometimes it is used with gaps.
horizontally to allow a bit of visibility and let air in with the
exterior.
Multicamera: The internal gaps of this model are located
compartmentalized. This type of block is usually used when
wants to build a single-leaf wall.
Of load: They tend to be more solid and are used for walls that have
structural functions.

Clay walls

It is a construction method that involves creating walls with earth.

wet clay, compacted by pounding with a rammer filling a formwork
with different layers.
The Tamped Earth is a procedure by which they were built and
they build structures on earth, without
support them with wooden pieces or others
materials. This method consists of
compact prepared soil layer by layer,
in the middle of two planks with the thickness

normal of the stone walls. Tamped

in this way, the earth is tied, takes
consistency and shape a homogeneous mass, which can be raised up to the
necessary height for a house or building.

Stone walls

The stone is used as it comes from the quarry, that is, in an irregular shape.
(it is known as masonry, from where the wall gets its name)
of masonry); the other, when the stone is carved, that is, they are produced in
rectangular parallelepiped shape and its exteriors form smooth or with planes
regularized reliefs that are called ashlar walls.

The masonry walls can be of three types: ordinary, dressed, and

concerted.

1. Ordinary masonry: It is made using the use of

stalls or cuts of different sizes, and in it, it is impossible that
the wall features a flat outer surface, as the stones or
supports are arranged in the construction, just as they come from the
quarry, they are settled with mortar and there is an effort to coordinate some with
others to achieve their tying.

2.
Masonry
careada The
material and the

construction is the same as in the ordinary, but after the construction of the
wall and through the use of masonry axes, chisels, etc., it
they lower the protrusions to achieve a flat surface.
 3. Masonry
arranged
If difference of
the previous by
to use stones that
they have ways
regulars,
but of different ta-
hands and therefore,
they are disposed of their
meetings in a way
uniform.

Confined masonry walls

Confined masonry is a type of construction in which the

bricks support loads in horizontal and vertical directions, as if they were
load-bearing walls.

The walls are framed with a lattice of beams and interconnected pillars, more
slender as a reinforced concrete structure: all elements contribute
a monolithic behavior of the structural set in case of receiving tension
due to an earthquake, the wind, etc.

The confined masonry is suitable for building rehabilitation and, due to its
features, limits the possibility of thermal bridges and facilitates savings
energetic.
 Reinforced masonry walls

These walls
they are

built with hollow pieces reinforced inside with steel bars of

high resistance and small diameters. They are placed vertically inside
the cells and in horizontal joints of mortar. Its use has been limited by
the difficulties that this type of system presents in its construction, the lack of
quality control and the traditional use of confined masonry. For
ensure the correct placement of the reinforcement and the filling of the gaps, the
supervision during its construction has to be more elaborate and detailed.

Walls of
cavity
reinforced
It is the construction made with two walls of masonry pieces of
parallel faces reinforced or not, separated by a continuous space of
reinforced concrete, with composite functionality and that meets the requirements
of chapter D.6. This structural system is classified, for design purposes
earthquake resistant, as one of the systems with special capacity of
energy dissipation in the inelastic range

They are classified as reinforced cavity walls those that are built with
two masonry side walls that leave a continuous internal cavity,
reinforced as indicated in this Chapter, which is injected
subsequently in its entirety with mortar or fluid concrete.

Solid or rigid walls

The solid walls are made up of elements of 10-50 cm of concrete.

normal or light. In solid walls, the required static reinforcement is
placed in the plant by the manufacturer, often assuming, especially in the
in the case of lightweight concrete elements, only the function of reinforcement
of transport. The elements are used for interior basement walls with
and without load-bearing function, as well as for walls with and without load-bearing function in the

low and high plants.

 ii. DIVIDING WALL

They divide two spaces. Unlike load-bearing walls, which are

walls that, in addition to their function of containing, distribute
forces from one floor to another, these are just screens that divide and
they separate environments.

HARD DRYWALL WALLS

It is a dividing wall made of plaster, this type of walls in addition to

dividing spaces, they can be decorative and are built according to design.

The Durock wall is likewise a dividing wall, but of

fibercement.

The construction of partition walls made of plaster panels:

Regular plate that is the most common and

used in construction. RF plate
o FC Resistant to theFire
Fire Code) suitable for supporting
for a longer time the exhibition
to the fire.

And RH or WR plates (Resistant to the

Humidity or water resistant suitable
for areas that are exposed to
moistures such as they are, bathrooms, patios
for service, kitchens, etc. But not for areas that will be in the
in the open air.
 Frame made of channels and posts of 4.10 cm in gauge 26, which is
Use regularly for lambrines on one side, for column assembly
false to cover ducts or
pipes, or for walls of two
faces that require a
small thickness; frame
of 6.35 cm. which is used
for double-sided walls,
although it can also be
use for walls
the tears to a face; and the
9.20 cm frame. also used for two-sided walls and that
require heights greater than the common ones used in the areas
residential or office.

The walls made of fiber cement board are used in the same.
system and conditions that the drywall panels, but these because of
regularly used for outdoor areas and that are exposed to the
exposure to the elements or high humidity.

PANEL WALL W

Panels with three-dimensional structure of

wire AR and polystyrene core. System
versatile that speeds up construction times
and reduce costs on elements of the work that
by traditional system are complicated
to carry out. Available in various thicknesses and
uses.

The w panel is a semi-structural panel that

used to build barrier walls and details
architectural in interiors. It is not
recommended for slabs. It is made up of
a three-dimensional wire structure of
polished or galvanized steel, of high strength,
with a yield strength f'y of 5,000 kg/cm2, which
it carries at the center a soul of polygonal bars
of expanded polystyrene. On both sides of the
a space is left free between the polystyrene and the mesh, which
allows the application of mortar.

Wall of
containment y
retention

Their constructive components

whose main function is to serve
of retention, well of a land
natural, an artificial land or
well of objects that will be subject to storage. In the first two
cases, the typical example is that of a retaining wall for earth, while
that a barn warehouse is a sample of the third.

The retaining wall essentially behaves like a cantilever beam.

in the foundation, the body of a basement wall behaves like a slab of
one or several openings. In this case, it is supported or anchored in the flooring (or
forged), and the friction between the foundation and the ground makes the arrangement unnecessary.

of additional supports at the foundation level.

Gravity walls

Retaining wall made of mass concrete that is capable of

to resist overturning or sliding due to its own weight. Also called a wall
by gravity.
 Concrete wall

They are built with a material called

concrete, which is nothing more than a mixture

made of earth, lime, water, and cement, although

it is generally also added
fragments of crushed rocks called
gravel.

Masonry walls

Masonry is a traditional building system. It consists of

superimpose rocks, bricks or precast concrete blocks, for the
construction of walls or surfaces. The materials, whether uniform or not, also
called masonry blocks, are arranged manually and paired. For their
a mixture of is used in additioncementlime, with sand and water.

Riprap walls

The riprap walls are those made up of rock blocks.

irregular, polyhedral in shape, unworked and of variable size (300 to 3000kg)
they are placed one by one. Their function is to contain the pressure from the earth.
 Gabion walls

Gabion walls are structures made with metal grids that are
they fill in the work with rocks of certain characteristics and size.

The applicationGABIONSallows to carry out SLU type checks

geotechnical (sliding, overturning and ultimate load), both under conditions
static as seismic. The blocks can be placed in five rows at
maximum.

Prefabricated walls

Prefabricated concrete walls are those walls that have been manufactured
prior to their implementation in an industrial process and are transported and
later installed in their final location.
The prefabricated retaining walls are made up of panels or
modular elements of reinforced or prestressed concrete sections
nervous, attached to each other and embedded in a concrete base 'in
"situation", to which they will transmit their flexo compression efforts. The maximum height
the height that these walls usually reach is 9 meters, although it may vary according to the
manufacturer.

Lightened walls

It is referred to as a lightweight wall to any constructive element that

composed of materials with physical properties such as; low density,
reduced thickness, very slender, easy to handle and install.

Garden walls

Reinforced earth wall whose exterior face is composed of modules

concrete prefabricates as planters.
Depending on the constructive elements that make up the wall, there are two
typologies:

• Formed by:
Modular reinforced concrete element with an 'L' shaped section.
Reinforced concrete anchor piece with a semicircular wedge shape.
Anchor straps made of high modulus polyester or steel
galvanized responsible for joining the two previous pieces.
Filler material.
• The one established by:
Vertical pieces to which the reinforcements are anchored using high-strength screws
resistance.
Inclined horizontal piece that supports vegetation.
Armor that absorbs stress from friction. These are made of steel.
galvanized and variable length according to the calculation.
Filler material.

Dry walls

If characterize for to be
clean constructions, being the
own stone the material used.
These walls created
originally for to separate
cattle lands are a contribution
extra biodiversity. Due to its
construction system, provide shelter and transit area for a multitude of
species. In the same way, favorable habitats are created for some
rocky environment plants have the possibility to develop.
 Structural walls

A load-bearing wall or supporting wall is referred to as the walls of a

buildings that have a structural function; that is, those that
support other structural elements of the building, such as arches,
vaults, beams or trusses of floors or the roof.
When the walls bear horizontal loads, such as pressures
oftheadjacentland,theyarecalledretainingwalls.

Reinforced earth walls and reinforced soil

A reinforced earth wall is a linear retaining structure.

composed of earthen materials to which reinforcements are applied,
generally metal bands or strips arranged according to plans
horizontals to improve their mechanical properties.

The basic structure of a reinforced earth wall consists of a fill.

granular, cohesive through horizontal reinforcements, a wall
vertical on its visible side that serves as containment and a drainage system.
Granular filling

The volume of granular material provides compressive strength by acting

like a gravity wall; the weight of the material exerts a resistance against the
external compression loads generating a friction response.

Horizontal reinforcements

The use of horizontal reinforcements provides shear and tensile strength to the
massive, improving its cohesion and stability, despite a good
compaction. The separation of the sheets will depend on the study of
stability and usually varies between 20-30 cm.

Vestment

It is the visible part of the structure. It is composed of prefabricated panels.

concrete or shotcrete, concrete flakes, to which they go
anchored the horizontal reinforcements.

It is a linear element that prevents the earth from falling and limits the
longitudinal deformability of the mass. It can be reinforced with a mesh of
steel when the load is very high.

iv. Opaque walls

The brick is an opaque material: if a brick wall is raised in a place

where the rays of the sun reflect, this luminosity will not pass through the wall.

v. Translucent walls

Translucent concrete, understanding translucency as that property

What do the bodies have that let light through but do not allow to see
clearly the objects. This type of concrete was invented and patented in
Hungary by the Hungarian architect Aron Losonczi in 2001.

Due to its position

i. Interior walls

The interior walls, whose function was solely and exclusively to divide or
separate spaces, and they had no participation in the structural system, they
used as a simple dividing element called partition walls or
partitions. The same happened in the evolution of the exterior walls.

ii. Exterior walls

The outer walls provide an enclosure for the house to protect it.
 Due to its dynamic position
i. Fixed walls

The basic function of this type of walls is to isolate or separate, needing to

having, moreover, characteristics such as acoustic and thermal, waterproof,
resistance to friction or impacts.

ii. Mobile walls

Mobile walls are walls that adapt to different areas and that
they have mobility for certain types of spaces, so
they have as a main characteristic the easy adaptation to different spaces
multipurpose. Its functionality allows for dividing different rooms, for example, for
having several conferences simultaneously in the same place.
The movable walls provide both spatial and acoustic solutions, as
They achieve high levels of sound insulation.

Due to its construction system

i. Walls by wire

This name is given to the wall whose arrangement of elements is made in

longitudinal sense. It has interior and exterior faces.

ii. Walls to embers

This type of wall is the opposite of the interior, since the partitions are placed
informtransversal presenting both interior and exterior faces.
 iii. Combined wall

It is the combination of the capuchin wall, thread, and a brand.

iv. Hollow wall

It is one that is used as an insulator, as the placement of the partitions

forms interior cavities or air chambers. This type of wall can
to be built on a thread, cappuccino, as a brand or combined. There are other types of
walls that are used as a decorative element, divider, or cladding,
generally being built adjoined to the load-bearing walls.
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Natural Stone Walls

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Dividing Walls (fixed or mobile, the
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wall classes