Manuel Roxas

Manuel Acuña Roxas (January 1, 1892 – April 15, 1948) is

the fifth President of the Republic of the Philippines (May 28
1946 - April 15, 1948.
Roxas was born on January 1, 1892, in the city of
named after him upon his death, the province
Capiz is now the province of Roxas. Gerardo Roxas and
Rosario Acuña and her parents. She graduated.
law at the University of the Philippines
Philippines) in 1912 and became a topnotcher in the Bar Exams.
He started in politics as a Provincial Fiscal.
Served in various capacities under the Government
Commonwealth Manuel L. Quezon. In 1921, he was elected.
in the House of Representatives and the following year is
becoming Speaker of the House. After the establishment of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935), Roxas became a member of
National Assembly, served (1938–1941) as Secretary of
Finance in the cabinet of President Manuel Quezon, and
elected (1941) to the Senate of the Philippines. During World War II, he was captured (1942)
the power of the Japanese invaders. But during World War II,
he was established under the Republic of the Philippines created by the Japanese. During this time,
he served as an intelligence agent for the guerrillas. He was captured by the returnees
American Powers Roxas on suspicion of collaboration with the Japanese. After the
he was acquitted by General Douglas MacArthur along with President Sergio
Together with the Filipino generals from the Armed Forces of the Philippines are
General Basilio J. Valdes and General Carlos P. Romulo were reinstated in their positions.
as an official of the United States Armed Forces. This brought life to his
political life, and with MacArthur's support, he won the presidential election on April 23
1946 against Sergio Osmeña. As president, he exonerated those who collaborated with
the Japanese. On April 15, 1948, Roxas was suddenly attacked by a heart condition and he died, while
delivering his speech at the former United States military base at Clark Air Base
This is currently. He was succeeded by President Elpidio Quirino.

Biography
Early life
Roxas was born on January 7, 1891, in Capiz to Gerardo Roxas, Sr. and Rosario Acuña.
his father was killed by the Spanish civil guards before Manuel was born. He is
graduated from the Manila High School (now Araullo High School) in 1909.
She studied law at a private school founded by George A. Malcolm.
dean of the College of Law at the University of the Philippines. In the second year, he entered
at the University of the Philippines where he graduated as valedictorian and obtained
highest mark of 92% in the bar examination in 1913.
Governor of Capiz
Roxas began his political career in 1917 as a member of the council.
municipality of Capiz (now City of Roxas). He was elected Governor of Capiz.
from 1919 to 1921.
Representation
Roxas was elected to the House of Representatives of the Philippines in 1922 and served.
as Speaker of the House of Representatives for 12 years. He has been a member of the Philippine
Council of State. In 1923, Roxas and Senate President Manuel L. Quezon resigned.
At the Council of State, Governor-General Leonard Wood began to vet
proposed law passed by the legislature of the Philippines.
OsRox Mission
Roxas, together with Sergio Osmeña, led a campaign called Mission
OsRox(1931) for the recognition by the United States of the independence of the Philippines and self-governance
in the Philippines. The OsRox mission achieved the passage of the United States Congress of the Hare–
The Hawes-Cutting Act promises to grant freedom to the Philippines after 10 years.
but it was rejected by the Senate of the Philippines at the urging of Manuel L. Quezon. Quezon was
led a mission in 1934 to secure the passage of the United States Congress
The Tydings–McDuffie Act was passed by the Senate of the Philippines.

Senate
He was elected to the Senate of the Philippines in 1941, but the Philippine Congress did not convene.
only after the Philippines was liberated from Japanese occupation
in 1945. When the Congress convened in 1945, he was elected by the Congress that was elected in
1941 as President of the Senate.
Other positions held in the government
of the Constitutional Convention from 1934 to 1935 that created the Constitution of
Philippines of 1935 under the Tydings-McDuffie Act. He served as Secretary of Finance
from 1938–1940, Administrator of the National Economic Council, Administrator of the National
Development Company, Brigadier General of USAFFE, and others.
Japanese era
During World War II, Roxas served in the government of the Second.
Republic of the Philippines by Jose P. Laurel under the Japanese as Director of the Agency
Gathering of rice supplies for the Japanese army. He became a member of the committee.
draft the Constitution of the Second Republic under Japan.
However, Roxas is suspected by the Japanese of collaborating with the guerrillas.
against the Japanese and conducted secret surveillance on Roxas despite the order of
General Hommama close to Roxas to stop their spying on Roxas.
In 1945, Roxas along with other members of the cabinet of the Second Republic was captured.
General Douglas MacArthur. Roxas was released, pardoned, and returned by MacArthur to
Brigadier General in the General Headquarters of the American Army in the Section
Intelligence while other arrested individuals such as Jose Yulo, Antonio delas Alas, Quintin
Teofilo Sison was imprisoned to be tried for collaborating with the Japanese.
MacArthur claimed that Roxas was innocent and helped the guerrilla movement against the Japanese.
In 1948, President Roxas pardoned those arrested who were said to be accomplices of the
Japanese.
In the 1946 presidential election, Roxas sought the support of the Hukbalahap (Hukbong)
After the War against the Japanese) but because of the belief that Roxas collaborated with the Japanese
and closely related to the wealthy landowners, they supported
Sergio Osmeña. After Roxas won the election in 1948, he announced the
both PKMatHukbalahap are 'illegal organizations' and ordered the arrest of
this is due to the 'overthrow of the government through violence' and 'establishment of
their own government with the help of violence and fear.
President of the Philippines

After the Americans liberated the Philippines from Japanese occupation,

The Commonwealth of the Philippines was returned to the Philippines on February 27, 1945, where President
Sergio Osmeña.
Roxas won the 1946 presidential election on April 23, 1946, with 54 percent of the vote.
total votes against Sergio Osmeña of the Nationalist Party and Hilario Moncada of the Party
Modernista. If Roxas ran under the Liberal Party he founded after
separated from the Nationalist Party. Roxas served as president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from
May 28, 1946 to July 4, 1946 when the Philippines achieved freedom from the States
United.
On June 21, 1946, Roxas appeared before the United States Congress to urge
the passage of two laws enacted by the Congress of the United States on April 30, 1946: the Law
Tydings–McDuffie and the Bell Trade Act were both passed by the Congress of the United States.
On the day the Third Republic of the Philippines was launched and the independence of the Philippines from the United States.
United on July 4, 1946, Roxas took the oath as the first President of the new Third Republic.
Republic at Luneta, Manila. The occasion was attended by around 3,000 dignitaries including
Commissioner to the Philippines and the first Ambassador of the United States to the Philippines Paul
McNutt, General Douglas MacArthur arriving in Tokyo, United States Postmaster General Robert E.
Hannegan, a delegation from the United States Congress led by
Senator Millard Tydings (author of the Tydings–McDuffie Act) and Representative C. Jasper Bell (has
(act of the Bell Trade Act) and former Civil Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison. This was attended
around 300,000 people who witnessed the lowering of the national flag of the United States and
raising of the national flag of the Philippines.
Roxas was the sitting President of the Philippines until his death on April 15.
1948.
Death

Roxas died on April 15, 1948, during an attack on the residence of Major General E.L.
Eubanks Clark Field, Angeles City, Pampanga after speaking in front of
United States Air Force. Because Roxas's term has not yet ended, he
and was succeeded by Vice President Elpidio Quirino.
Elpidio Quirino
SiElpidio Rivera Quirino (November 16, 1890 - February 29
1956) is a politician and the sixth
noPresidentng Republic of the PhilippinesApril 17, 1948 - 30
December 1953.
Quirino was born inVigan, Ilocos Suron November 16
1890 with Mariano Quirino and Gregoria Rivera. He graduated.
law at the University of the Philippines
Philippines) in 1915.
Elected to Congress in 1919. Appointed as Secretary of
Finance of Governor Gen. Murphy in 1934 and became
member of 'Constitutional Convention'. Became the second
he is the president ofManuel Roxasin 1946. And took an oath
as President after Roxas died on April 17
1948. The Quirino administration faced a
serious development of the communist movementHukbalahap.
He started the campaign against the Huk.
President, he rebuilt the country's economy again,
he developed agriculture and industries.
Defeated byRamon Magsaysayin his second run for president. He died in
heart attack on February 29, 1956 at the age of 66.

Biography
Early life
If Elipidio Quirino was born inVigan, Ilocos Surthe late Don Mariano Quirino of Caoayan, Ilocos
At Doña Gregoria Mendoza Rivera of Agoo, La Union. She studied in Caoayan at
elementary, at Vigan High School for secondary and then went to Manila as
junior computer technician at the Bureau of Lands and property clerk at the police department
Manila. He graduated from Manila High School in 1911 and passed the service examination.
sibil. In 1915, he graduated with a degree in law from the University of the Philippines and passed the bar.

Congress
Representative
Quirino was elected to the House of Representatives from 1919 to 1925.
Senate[
He was elected as a Senator from 1925 to 1931 representing the First District.
Senatorial. He served as secretary of finance and of the Interior ofCommonwealth of
PhilippinesInSecond World War, Quirino was re-elected to the Senate but
did not serve until 1945. After the Second World War, Quirino
that was appointed as Senate President pro tempore.
Mission for the Freedom of the Philippines

In 1934, Quirino was a member of the Philippine freedom mission in Washington, D.C., which
led byManuel L. QuezonThis achieved the passing ofCongress of the States
Unitedng Tydings–McDuffie Act.
Second World War
WhenJapanese occupation of the Philippineshe became the leader of a revolution against
the Japanese but he was captured and imprisoned. His wife Alicia Syquia and
three of their children were killed by the Japanese.
Vice President
After the Americans liberated the Philippines from Japanese occupation,
theCommonwealth of the Philippineswas returned to the Philippines on February 27, 1945 where the President
yesSergio OsmeñaIn December 1945, the House Insular Affairs of the Congress of the United States
United has passed a resolution that sets the election no later than April 30.
YesManuel Roxasyou run under theLiberal Partyin its establishment after separating
in the Nationalist Party. Quirino was chosen to run alongside Roxas. Roxas and his party won.
Quirino in the 1946 presidential and vice-presidential elections on April 23, 1946. Quirino
Oh, the appointed Secretary of Foreign Affairs.
President
YesManuel Roxashe died on April 15, 1948 due to a heart attack at the home of Major General
E.L. Eubank at Clark Field, Pampanga after speaking in front of the Armed Forces
Air Force of the United States. Because Roxas's term is not yet finished, he was succeeded.
was Vice President Elpidio Quirino on April 17, 1948. The following year, he
Quirino ran under the Liberal Party and was elected President for a four-year term.
Economy
Under Quirino's term, there was an impressive reconstruction of the economy.
After the Second World War, general economic growth of 9.43%
for economic aid from the United States. Under Quirino, many
the factory that has been established has raised the level of employment and has provided the country with
first industrial infrastructure. Through strict austerity policies,
He managed to stabilize the peso and balance the budget. Quirino extended the...
irrigation system, hydroelectric plants were built at Maria Cristina and Bulacan
to solve the electricity problem in Luzon, the roads were improved, a bank was established
central and rural banking that lends to farmers and entrepreneurs. Created by
Quirino the Social Security Commission and the President's Action Committee on Social Amelioration
that oversees the provision of assistance, loans, and relief to the poor
citizen. His program includes insurance for unemployment,
aging, accidents and disabilities, health, motherhood and state relief.
Interactions
The Quirino government made peace withJapanand the Mutual Agreement of
The defense between the United States and the Philippines was established in 1951. Under
Quirino, the government is faced with a serious threat ofHukbalahapin the original army
guerrilla warfare againstJapan. The agreement of Qurino with its leader isLuis Tarucit is broken
In 1948, Quirino appointed the Secretary of [Link] Magsaysayto suppress
the rebellion carried out through excessive violence and promises ofreform in
wolf.
Accusations of corruption and attempted impeachment
The administration of Quirino was marked by widespreadcorruptionThe election of
The presidency in 1949 that he attained is one of the dirty elections in
history of the Philippines. He is the first sitting president of the Philippines who
attemptedimpeachaccused of using government funds for repairs
and to buy furniture for Malacañang,nepotismand smuggling diamonds. The
impeachment was rejected by the congressional committee due to lack of factual and legal basis
basis. Corruption droveRamon Magsaysayin leaving the Liberal party and
ran against Quirino in the 1953 presidential election under theNationalist Party.
Death
After losing toRamon MagsaysayIn the 1953 presidential election, Quirino was
retired from politics in 1953. He died on February 29, 1956 atattack to the heart.
She was buried inManila South Cemeteryin Makati.

Ramon Magsaysay
Sir Ramon ''Monching'' del Fierro Magsaysay(August 31, 1907
- March 17, 1957) is the seventhPresidentngRepublic of
Philippines(December 30, 1953 - March 17, 1957), who served
until his death in an accidental fall of
the airplane he is on.
He was born inCastillejos, Zambaleson the 31st of August,
1907 Exequiel Magsaysay and Perfecta del Fierro. Studied
he at the University of the Philippines and at Jose Rizal College (known
now asJose Rizal University).
He served as the manager of Try-Tran Motors.
time before the war. When Bataan fell,
he organized the 'Guerrilla Forces in Western Luzon' and
American and Filipino forces liberated Zambales.
on January 26, 1945. In 1950, as Secretary of
Defense, he dismantled the leadership of the
Hukbalahap. He thwarted the danger planned by the Red Communists and became
very popular among the people. Whenelectionin 1953, he defeatedQuirinoand became the third
president of the Third Republic of the Philippines. His vice president isCarlos P.
Garcia.
President Magsaysay saved democracy in the Philippines. This is his most important
He suppressed the rebellion of the Huk or the communists. HeLuis TarucSupreme
ngHukbalahapthe highest leader of the communist party surrendered to him. So,
Magsaysay was called the "Savior of Democracy."
She is called the 'Champion of the Masses' and the most beloved President of the Philippines because
he restored the trust of the citizens in the government. He ended thecorruption in
governmentand the incompetent generals were fired.
His reign ended when he died in the plane crash.
his ride (Mt. Pinatubo) in Mount ManunggalBalamban, Cebuon March 17
1957.

Biography
Youth
Ramon Magsaysay was born inIba, Zambalesthe blacksmith is Exequiel Magsaysay and
Teacher Perfecta del Fierro. She studied at Zambales Academy in secondary school and University
In the Philippines in college for the pre-engineering course. He transferred to the Institute of Commerce at Jose
Rizal College (1928–1932) and graduated with a degree in Commerce. He worked as a driver.
while studying. He worked as a mechanic for Try Tran Bus Company in Manila and
eventually became its manager. In the Try Tran office, he met his wife.
yesLuz Banzonis claiming compensation for the bus company sold by his father
Banzon on Try Tran. They were married on June 10, 1933.
Second World War
At the outbreak ofSecond World WarMagsaysay joined the motor pool of the 31st.
Inventory division of the Philippine Army as captain. After thecollapse of
Bataanin 1942, he organized the Guerrilla Forces of Western Luzon that fought against
the Japanese. He remained in the rank of captain when the Americans liberated the Philippines
In 1945, although he managed 12,000 people, he refused to raise the
his rank but he was made a major by the Americans. At the end of the war,
He was appointed Military Governor of Zambales on February 4, 1945. After that
For two months, the provincial administration has been transferred to the civilian Governor.
House of Representatives
On April 23, 1946, Magsaysay was elected toHouse of Representatives of
Philippinesas Independent. In 1948, he was chosen by PresidentManuel Roxasto go
saWashingtonUnited States as Chairman of the Committee on Guerilla Affairs
to help in passing theRogers Billthat provides benefits to veterans
Filipino in war. He was re-elected as a representative in 1948 and became the Chairman of the House.
National Defense Committee.
Secretary of National Defense under Elpidio Quirino
On August 31, 1950, Magsaysay was appointed by the PresidentElpidio Quirinoto become Secretary
National defense after Magsaysay offered Quirino to fight the
communist guerrilla using his experiences in guerrilla warfare during the War.
Magsaysay intensified his struggle against the ...Hukbalahapas one in
the most successful anti-guerrilla campaign in modern history. Its success is
it is said to be a cause in a part of the unconventional methods used by
Magsaysay. He used the soldiers of the Army of the Philippines to distribute relief.
good and other assistance in remote areas of the province. The army established
schools, hospitals, houses for the poor citizens. Offered by
Provision of forgiveness, medical treatment, and free land in the forests of Mindanao for
any rebel who surrenders. While public opinion is positive about the Philippine army.
the number of is increasingHukbalahapis falling. Before Magsaysay, the citizens
In the remote rural areas, there is no trust in the soldiers of the Philippine Army.
but under Magsaysay, the citizens began to respect and admire the officials
soldiers. By 1952, most of the rebel leaders had been captured or killed.
Presidency
Ramon Magsaysay won the 1953 presidential election against the incumbent president.
yesElpidio Quirino. She swore to wear theBarong Tagalogthe first president of
Philippines that did this. He opened the gates of Malacañang to ordinary people.
citizen. Magsaysay completely cleansed the Philippine army, ending corruption and
the incompetent generals were dismissed. Special anti-guerrilla units were created.
against the rebels. The key to Magsaysay's success was his approach to the
ordinary citizens. He strictly enforced the discipline of the troops in their
dealing with farmers.
Economy
As President, he developed close economic and security engagements with
Philippines in the United States. The economic growth of the Philippines is 7.13%.
Due to the severe inequality in the distribution of land and wealth among the
poor citizens, he introduced land reforms but these were
conservative members continue to blockCongress of the Philippinesthe owner of the
wolves representing their personal interests. However, managed to acquire
Forms of land settlements for homeless farmers have been accomplished.
bring down the prices of goods and manage to divide the large estates.
Death
On March 16, 1957, Magsaysay left Cebu where he spoke at three events.
educational institution. That night at one o'clock in the morning, he boarded a
the president's airplane 'Mt. Pinatubo' which is a C-47 back to Manila. The following morning when
On March 17, his plane was reported missing. By noon, it was reported that his
the airplane crashed on Mount Manunggal in Cebu and 26 out of 27 passengers and crew were
died. The only survivor was the journalist Néstor Mata.
An estimated 2 million people attended the funeral of Magsaysay on March 22, 1957.
He was introduced by the Vice [Link] Garciaas President.

Carlos P. Garcia

Carlos Polistico Garcia (November 4, 1896 - June 14, 1971)

is aFilipinopoet and politician and the
eighthPresidentngRepublic of the Philippines(March 23, 1957 - 30
December 1961). Became the second vice president and a member of
cabinet ofRamon MagsaysayYes, Garcia. He swore an oath.
tellpresidentwhen Magsaysay died. Garcia is known
his implementation of the policy 'Filipino First'
First

Biography
Early life
Garcia was born on November 4, 1896, in the town
ngTalibon, BoholHis parents are Policronio Garcia and Ambrosia Polistico.
He studied atSilliman UniversitysaCity of Dumaguete, and eventually he graduated.
in advocacy forPhilippine Law Schooland entered the bar in 1923 in Manila.
He left his law training and became a high school teacher.

House of Representatives
She entered politics in 1926 as a member ofHouse of Representativesat
served until 1932.

Governor of Bohol
Garcia served as governor of Bohol from 1932 to 1941.

Senate
He was elected to the Philippine Senate in 1941 but was unable to serve due to the occupation.
the Japanese in December 1941. He continued to serve as Senator when
the Philippines was liberated from Japanese occupation in 1945. He served from
1945 to 1953. Garcia went to the United States to lobby for reparations for damages.
in the war of the Philippines. He also served as a delegate of the newly formedUnited Nationsin San
Francisco. In the Senate, he became the minority leader and led the influential.
committee on government, military, justice, and foreign relations of the Philippines.

Japanese period
After the Americans surrendered to the Japanese in May 1942, Garcia was
sought by the Japanese authorities to arrest due to his refusal to join
Japanese occupation. He joined the guerrilla force against the Japanese in Bohol.
until the end of World War II.

Vice President
In November 1953, Garcia was elected as Vice President along withRamon
Magsaysayas President of the Philippines. Under Magsaysay, Garcia became Secretary of
migration relations. As its secretary, he created the peace agreement with the Japanese and
negotiated for the payment of this in the war. Garcia attended the Geneva Conference
about Asian matters. He attacked the communists and supported the
American policies throughout the East. In the Philippines, he continued to develop policies.
sponsorship and management of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) Conference in 1954
resulting in eight member military alliances to prevent the expansion of
communism.

President
In March 1957, Garcia became president after the passing ofRamon Magsaysaysa
an airplane accident.
He won the presidential election in November 1957. To obtain the
after winning the 1957 election, he choseDiosdado Macapagalfrom the oppositionMatch
Liberalto run as a vice president.

Economy
As President, he maintained a strict austerity program to eliminate the
corruption. He tried to stop the growingblack marketand endeavored to energize
the economy. The growth of the Philippine economy is at 4.54%. He implemented the
policy 'Filipino First' to end the dominance of foreigners in the economy of
Philippines. All foreign investors, most of whom are Americans, are limited to
counting on 51 percent interest in domestic companies. He also began to distance himself.
in the full dependency on the United States as the guarantor of the Philippines' security and sought
new orientation towards other Asian countries. These policies are not
The Americans liked it. Garcia also tried to revive the native arts.
cultural means to strengthen the national identity of Filipinos.
While in power, Garcia's Government engaged with the leaders of
United States to transfer control of unused military bases to the Philippines
America. Eventually, Garcia's pro-Filipino stance became excessive and led to his downfall.
it was initiated in the newspapers, on the air with the help of the CIA while it was favored
the AmericansDiosdado Macapagalto win the election in 1961.

1961 presidential election

In 1961, amid a slowing economy and allegations of corruption, Garcia
was defeated in the presidential election by his second presidentDiosdado Macapagal.
After the defeat, he retired from politics but in 1971 he was encouraged.
youFerdinand Marcosfor the purpose of a new constitutional convention that will create
Constitution of the Philippines of 1973but he died before he could take the position.
Death
Aside from his achievements as a nationalist politician, Garcia is also known as a poet.
his Boholano dialect. He died of a heart attack on June 14, 1971, at the age of
74.

Diosdado Macapagal
If Diosdado Pangan Macapagal (September 28, 1910 - 21
April 1997) the ninth President of the Republic of
Philippines (December 30, 1961 - December 30, 1965). He is
but Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo also became president in
Philippines. He immediately launched the decontrol program.
Say, there are no more limitations on imports and the exchange of pesos.
to the dollar. As per Macapagal's request,
The Land Reform Code was passed by Congress.
This was signed by Macapagal on August 8, 1963 to
becoming a complete law. Under the Administration of
Macapagal moved the celebration of Independence Day.
on June 12 instead of July 4 Simply called Day of
The friendship of Filipinos and Americans is July 4...

Biography
Godgiven was referred to as "The Poor Boy from
in Lubao" because he is the child of a poor farmer. He was born in San Nicolas, Lubao,
Pampanga on September 28, 1910, to Urbano Macapagal and Romana Pangan. He lived in
a home and came under the care of Don Honorio Ventura until completing the
Doctor of Laws from the University of Santo Tomas in 1936 and entered politics.
He is the brother-in-law of Rogelio de la Rosa, ambassador of the Philippines to Cambodia and he is the president.

Own life
His first wife was Purita de la Rosa. When she passed away, he remarried.
His wife is Evangeline Macaraeg. His daughter is Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, the next President.
in the Philippines, and Maria Cielo Macapagal Salgado, Arturo Macapagal, and Diosdado Macapagal, Jr.

Education
He graduated from elementary school at Lubao Elementary School and from secondary school at
High School of Pampanga. He graduated from college from the University of Sto. Tomas.
He earned a degree in the field of Law. He also earned a Doctorate in Civil Law.
Doctor of Economics.
She once worked as a lawyer for an American office. She was elected to Congress.
in 1949 and again in 1953. He is the author of the Rural Health Law
Law) and the Law on Appropriate Minimum Wage. He also led the
delegation for the Mutual Defense Treaty of the United States and the Republic of the Philippines (US-
He was elected as Vice President in 1957 and became President.
in 1961. He launched the Agricultural Land Reform Code.
Reform Code) and the corruption in the government was cleaned up. He had connections for five years with
Socio-Economic Program for controlling trade in foreign countries. He is also known for
the nationalization of retail and due to the Reform Bill
Agricultural land. Additionally, among his accomplishments is the dissemination of the National
Language, the change of the date of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12, the
claim to Sabah (officially submitted on June 22, 1962), and in the formation of Maphilindo
Manila Agreement. Marcos separated from the Liberal Party and was made a candidate of the Party.
Nationalist in the presidential election of 1965. Marcos defeated Macapagal in that election.
He was elected as the president of the Constitutional Convention in 1971.

Death
He died due to a heart attack, pneumonia, and a Sabbath illness, at the Health Center of
Makati (Makati Medical Center) in the City of Makati, on April 21, 1997, at the age of 86. He was buried.
at the Libingan ng mga Bayani in Taguig, Manila.

Ferdinand Marcos
From the Tagalog Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ferdinand Marcos

Marcos in 1982.

10th President of the Philippines

Sixth President of the Third Republic

First President of the Fourth Republic

Tenure
 December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986

Prime Minister Cesar Virata (1981–1986)

Vice President Fernando Lopez

Arturo Tolentno (1986)

Followed by Diosdado Macapagal

Followed by Corazon C. Aquino

Prime Minister of the Philippines

Tenure

June 12, 1978 - June 30, 1981

Followed by Cesar Virata

Assemblyman

Tenure

June 12, 1978 – June 30, 1981

Birth September 11, 1917

Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, Philippines

Death September 28, 1989

Honolulu, Hawaii

United States

Political party Liberal Party (1946–1965)

Nationalist Party (1965–1978)

New Society Movement (1978–1986)

Spouse Imelda Romualdez

Children Imee Marcos

Ferdinand Marcos, Jr.

Irene Marcos
 Livelihood Defender

Religion Aglipayan

Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) is the
10PresidentngRepublic of the Philippinesfrom December 30, 1965 - February 25, 1986. He/She was a
lawyer and served as a member ofHouse of Representatives of the Philippinesfrom 1949 until
1959 at member ofSenate of the Philippinesfrom 1959 to 1965 before becoming President of the Philippines
in 1965 for a four-year term. During his first term, Marcos began
spending on public works including the construction of roads, bridges, health facilities
centers at schools. He maintained his popularity during his first term and
in 1969 was re-elected as president for a second 4-year term. However,
Marcos' popularity as president declined during his second term.
Criticism of Marcos during his second term stems from the deception in his 1969.
campaign and severecorruption in the [Link] was also a general
dissatisfaction of the citizens because the population continues to grow rapidly
the economy that led to higher poverty and violence. TheNPAit was formed
in 1969 and theMoro National Liberation Frontthey fought for the separation of Muslims from the Philippines
Mindanao. Marcos took advantage of these and other incidents like the
protests of workers and students and bombings in various places in
a country to create an environment of crisis and fear that he later used to
justify his imposition of Martial Law orMartial LawAt this time, the
popularity of the SenatorBenigno Aquino [Link] of the oppositionLiberal Partyit grows quickly.
Marcos blamed the communists for the suspected bombing of the party rally.
Liberal yesMiranda Plazaon August 21, 1971. An assassination attempt was carried out
Juan Ponce Enrile, the defense secretary of Marcos, was one reason provided by Marcos.
to impose Martial Law but this was later admitted by Enrile to be fake. On the 23
In September 1972, Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law and dissolved
theCongress of the Philippinesremoving duties from senators and representatives. Under the
Martial Law, had the powerlegislativeon the making of laws by Marcos. In 1973,
replaced theConstitution of the Philippines of 1935a new Constitution and Marcos is
proposed amendments to the new Constitution ratified in 1976 that provides
to him the power to continue practicing powers under the
1935 Constitution and all the powers granted to the President and Chief
Minister of1973 Constitutionalso of the powers to legislate until
Martial Law was declared. Under Martial Law, Marcos imprisoned around 30,000.
political opposition, critical journalists, and activists including
SenatorBenigno 'Ninoy' Aquino. Since 1973,made government propertyyou Marcos the
private businesses and became properties of Marcos or given to himcronyoh dear
child.[2]Marcos established thecrony capitalismand themonopolyto the important
industries such as coconut, tobacco, bananas, manufacturing, sugar, and others that provided
great benefit to hiscronyMarcos is [Link] from a foreignerna
It reached 28 billion dollars when Marcos was ousted in February 1986 from just under 2.
billion dollars when Marcos was inaugurated as president in 1965.[3][4]He appointed the
military officers to oversee certain corporations and ordered the military to control them
all public utilities and media.[2]The civil courts were removed by
Framework of power and autonomy.[2]The citizens' wages have halved and the
national wage of the Philippines held only by the richest 10 percent
The population of the Philippines has increased from 27% to 37%.2The critic of Marcos isBenigno Aquino
[Link] found guilty by the military tribunal for the overthrow of Marcos' government
in 1977 and was sentenced to death. Aquino suffered from heart disease while
imprisoned and Aquino chose to go to the United States instead of being treated by doctors
to avoid getting involved in controversy. In order for Marcos to achieve the endorsement
ngDaddyvisited in February 1981 andCatholic Churchduring his regime, raised by
Marcos lifted Martial law on January 17, 1981 although all orders and decrees that
released during Martial Law remained in effect. A new election was held in 1981
where Marcos won another six-year term as president. After the
Three years later, Ninoy Aquino returned to the Philippines on August 21, 1983, where he was murdered.
at the airport that was later calledNinoy Aquino International AirportFound by
the commission appointed by Marcos that the military is behind the assassination of Ninoy
but involved military members includingFabian Verwas acquitted in a
The trial of the Marcos government. Aquino's death pushed his supporters.
yesCorazon Aquinorun to1986 snap electionagainst Marcos. The reported
the Marcos camp's pandering in the 1986 elections and the violence led to the resignation of
defense secretary Juan Ponce Enrile and military vice chief of staffFidel RamosThis is
to humansPeople Power Revolutionfrom one million to three million
fell in 1986 due to the lack of trust of the citizens in Marcos' leadership.
This prompted Ferdinand Marcos and his family to flee toHawaii, States
Unitedwhere he died in 1989. It is said to be from 5 billion to 10 billion dollars
what Marcos seized from the wealth of the Philippines during his 20 years in power.[5]
6
The Philippine government has managed to recover only 4 billion dollars.
the $684 million hidden by Marcos in Swiss bank accounts.[7]

Contents
[itago]

1Biography
o 1.1As a soldier
o 1.2They are at the congress
. 1.2.1Representation
. 1.2.2Senate
o 1.3Personal
2As President of the Philippines
o 2.1First term (1965–1969)
o 2.2Second term (1969–1981)
. 2.2.1The bombing at Liwasang Miranda
o 2.3The 1973 Constitution
o 2.4Prime Minister
o 2.5New Society
o 2.6Third term (1981–1986)
. 2.6.1Accusations of corruption and attempts at impeachment against Marcos
3Removal from power
o 3.1The assassination of Ninoy Aquino
o 3.2Snap Election
o 3.3People Power Revolution
o 3.4Two presidential inaugurations
o 3.5Departure of the Marcos family from the Philippines to Hawaii
4Death
5Legacy of Marcos's leadership
6The economy of the Philippines under the leadership of Marcos (1965–1986)
o 6.1Crony capitalism and the establishment of monopolies
o 6.2Poverty and unequal wages
7Lawsuits against the Marcos family
8The recovered wealth of the Marcos family
o 8.1Claims of the sources of Marcos' wealth
9External links
10References

Biography[change| change the basis]

Marcos was born on September 11, 1917 inSarrat, Ilocos NorteMr. Mariano R.
Marcos and Donya Josefa Edralin are his parents. He has three siblings, Dr.
Pacifico, Elizabeth at Fortuna. Her father was a congressman of Ilocos and governor of
Davao. Donya Josefa is a former teacher in their town. Five years old
he only entered elementary school at Sarrat Central School. At the University of the Philippines
he took up Law and graduated as Cum Laude in March 1939. He was a scholar at
throughout his study at the University of the Philippines and he became well-known on campus
due to the alleged excellence in debate and public speaking as well as in the field of sports
Like swimming, boxing, and wrestling, he was recognized. He also wrote for the Philippines Collegian.
the official publication of the University of the Philippines. Ferdinand was reviewing for the bar at that time
exams after his father lost in his bid to run for congress again. The one who defeated
this isJulio Nalundasanwas shot and killed after the election. Ferdinand is the
he was accused, and even though a good lawyer defended him, he was convicted
He is still serving seventeen years of imprisonment. He was inside the prison when he became the topnotcher.
in the bar exams and to become a full-fledged lawyer, he requested the Supreme Court to
He was allowed to defend himself in the case filed against him, and the Court permitted him.
Supreme Court acquitted.
As a soldierchange| change the basis]
When the eruptedSecond World War, Marcos when he joinedUnited States Army
Forces in the Far Eastas Intelligence Adviser Officer or Mayor of the 21st Division of the Army
Marcos walked that he fought in defense ofBataanagainst theJapaneseand became
one of the victims ofDeath March in Bataanthat she was imprisoned and released by the
Japanese inLayersbut he was again arrested, imprisoned, and tortured in theKuta
SantiagosaIntramuros, ManilaHe escaped and established a movementguerrillasa
Northern Luzon, known as "Maharlika". It is also said that it is one of the great ones.
leader of the guerrillas inLuzonand his so-called most admirable bravery
work was at the Battle of Pasong Bessang and helped between the Filipino soldiers and
American fighting inJapanHowever, in the repeated investigation ofUnited States
Armyinvestigators found no basis for Marcos' claims of his
embracing heroism in military operations against Japanese forces since 1942
until 1944.[8]Marcos has requested official recognition from the U.S. Army twice.
the existence of his guerrilla movement "Maharlika" to receive benefits and
previous pay but between 1945 and 1948, various officers of the U.S. Army were
You will reject these requests that refer to Marcos' claims of 'fraud' and
"hangal". The U.S. Army investigators concluded that what Marcos claimed
The movement 'Maharlika' is a fake creation and 'no such unit has ever existed.'
as a guerrilla organization during the Second World [Link] excellent
documented exposure by [Link] Gillegothe fake medals of Marcos are
resulted in Marcos shutting down the newspaper that published it and the imprisonment of
this publisher.[9]10
They are in Congresschange| change the basis]
When the United States granted the Philippines independence on July 4, 1946,
theCongress of the Philippinesit was established. After the war and the establishment of the Republic of the Philippines
In 1948, appointed by the PresidentManuel Roxasas Marcos said special technical assistant. In
In the same year, Marcos ran for congress and was elected twice. In the midst of
In her third term as a representative, she ran for the Senate.
Representative[change| change the basis]
If Marcos ran and was elected twice as the representative of the second district of
Ilocos Norte from 1949 to 1959 and served as minority floor leader at one point and
acting temporary President of the Liberal Party in 1957. He was named chairman
and House Committee on Commerce and Industry and member of the Defense Committee
led by Ramon Magsaysay. For the third time, he was elected as a representative in
1957
Senate[change| change the basis]
In 1959, Marcos ran for the Senate and achieved the highest number of votes.
boto. He was a member of the Senate from 1959 to 1965 who served as the President of the Senate.
from 1959 to 1965. He was the minority floor leader in 1960; executive vice president, LP
1954–1961 at president of the Liberal party 1961–1964.
Personalchange| change the basis]

The First Family

From left: Imee, Irene, President Marcos, the First Lady, and Bongbong.

Through Congressman Daniel Romualdez who is a cousin ofImeldawas recognized by

Ferdinand and Imelda, who was crowned Miss Leyte. Imelda was awarded the title of 'Muse of Manila.'
the mayor of Manila, Arsenio Lacson, after Imelda's protest against him
loss in the "Miss Manila" competition. Ferdinand and Imelda were married by a judge on the 1.
May 1954. They had three children: the names ofImee, BongbongatIreneIf Marcos has one
the daughter namedAnalisa Hegyesias a model Evelin Hegyesi.[11][12] It has been reported that
Ferdinand Marcos had a secret relationship with American [Link] Beamsna
arrived in the Philippines in 1968 to perform in a movie about Marcos. This is
reported to have caused a scandal for Marcos due to a tape recorded by Beams of his
cohabitation with Marcos13[14][15][16]the students protesting in the air
University of the Philippines radio station for more than a week.[17] [18]

As President of the Philippines[change| change the basis]

For a long time, Marcos was a member of the Liberal Party. He sought the nomination of
party as a candidate for the presidency in 1964, but the current president that
yesDiosdado Macapagalthe chosen one of the party. Marcos broke away from the Liberal Party and he moved to
saNationalist Partywhere he obtained their nomination. He won the election
on November 19, 1965 with 3,861,324 votes against 3,187,752 votes ofMacapagal.
First term (1965–1969)change| change the basis]
December 30, 1965 - Oath of Mr. Ferdinand Edralin Marcos as the 10th President of the Republic of the Philippines.

On December 30, 1965, Ferdinand Edralin Marcos took an oath as the 10th President of
Republic of the Philippines.

North Luzon Expressway, one of the infrastructure projects under the leadership of Marcos.

His first term was marked by increasing industrialization and creation of

infrastructure of the entire country such asNorth Luzon ExpresswayatMaharlika HighwayThis is
done by Marcos through the appointment of a cabinet mostly composed of
technocrats and increasing funding forArmed Forcesand mobilizing these in
helping in construction. Marcos started the building of roads, bridges,
schools, and health centers that were said to have provided benefitspork barrelfor
his [Link] production ofriceis in the midst of this that led to
sufficiency of rice in the country and has managed to export rice worth 7
million dollars. This happened due to the assistance of the foundationsRockefelleratFordFoundations
and Marcos brought theGreen Revolutionin the Philippines. Founded by the Rockeller foundations and
Ford angInternational Rice Research InstitutetoLos Baños, Lagunawhere is the director
American Dr. Robert Chandler and primary rice breeder American Dr. Henry
Beachell. A created variety of rice by Dr. Beachell called IR8, referred to as miracle.
rice made in the Philippines and other countries that is sufficient for rice during these times.20

During his first term, Marcos received significant economic and

money fromUnited States.19He shortened the agreement of the military bases of
The United States in the Philippines from 99 years to 25 years. In October 1966, in the Philippines.
there is a summit of seven countries to discussescalating problem in
VietnamMarcos requested Congress to send soldiers to South Vietnam. When
proposed by the presidentDiosdado Macapagalin 1964–1965 to send soldiers to
Vietnam, Marcos led the opposition to the plan to send soldiers to
Vietnam for both legal and moral reasons. Despite the opposition against
Marcos' plan, he was able to gain the approval of Congress and the government is
sent more than 10,000 Filipino soldiers toVietnamunder PHILCAG (Philippine
Civic Action Group). He signed the Investment Incentives Act of 1967 and is responsible for
enactment of the Decentralization Act that empowers local leaders
government that appointed officials paid with local funds. In
this period when the regional organization was formedASEANin fighting against threats
communist in the region.

Second term (1969–1981)

In 1969, Marcos was re-elected as President of the Philippines for another four years.
term for 11 candidates. This election was marred by significant violence,
vote buying and fraud on Marcos's side[21][22]and Marcos used the 50 million dollars of
the wealth of the Philippines to fund his campaign.[23]The second term of
Marcos marked the turmoil in the economy caused by both internal and external factors.
the factors. In 1969, the Philippines experienced a higher rate
ng inflationatdevaluationand cents. Additionally, the reduction of Arab countries
oil production in response to Western troops' assistance to Israel in the conflict
The Arab-Israeli conflict has resulted in high oil prices around the world. During this time
when the infrastructure of the Philippines as well as the crops and livestock are
the occurrence of common natural disasters accompanied by internal and external
economic forces that led to uncontrollable price increases in the
main commodities.
In 1969, theNew People's Armyand carried out attacks, turned to the
abduction and involvement in various violent incidents that resulted in the death of 404 people. The
The violence in the community in Mindanao has led to 100,000 refugees, burning of homes.
homes and death for hundreds of Christians and Muslims inCotabatoatLanaoThe violence
has drawn international attention and sympathy from the Organization of Islamic
Conference (OIC) along with other Muslim countries such asLibyathat gave
military training and logistics for rebelsMoro. ThesecessionismMuslim is one of the
the reasons for Marcos declaring martial law. On March 3, 1970, a rebellion broke out among the
driving a public jeep in Manila and nearby areas. The reason is to
to condemn the extortion by the police and to request the strengthening of the Town Hall board
the increase of 5 centavos in jeep fare. On March 23–24, 1970, the students
The passengers held a demonstration opposing the fare increase for jeepneys.
at bus.
The students held a series of demonstrations that initially were
protest against the increase in tuition and other school fees, but before long
demanding reforms from the government. On January 26, 1970, on the day of the opening of
regular session atCongressthe National Unity of Students
led byEdgar Jopsonheld a large demonstration outside the Congress
to express their petition for the holding of aConvention
Constitutionalin the year 1971 that led to clashes between the police and
student. On January 30, 1971, at the so-called 'Battle of Mendiola' or 'First Quarter Storm' or
The First Quarter Storm held another demonstration by the activists
student where four demonstrators lost their lives and many were injured. The
the student went to Malacanang after going to Congress and insisted
they were able to enter Malacanang. They threw pillboxes and homemade bombs
(Molotov) in the palace grounds. This led to a battle between the activists
student and security guard of Malacanang that lasted until after midnight.
The following day, Marcos announced on radio and television that the events in
Mendiola is a rebellion aimed at overthrowing its government.
The 1973 Constitution
The suggestion is to change theConstitution of the Philippines of 1935for the reason that this was created
while the Philippines iscolonynotUnited Statesand that is made of influence
American and no longer relevant are its principles in solving problems and
responding to the needs of the citizens. Affirmed by the Congress on August 24
1970 the Republic Act Number 6132 calling for a Constitutional Convention
in the year 1971 and held on November 10, 1970, the election of 320 delegates was conducted
Constitutional Convention. The Constitutional Convention convened in the first
June 1971 but before the Convention ended, Marcos declared martial law.
Military in September 1972 and imprisoned some delegates against Marcos. On
May 19, 1972, the delegate revealed thatEduardo Quintero(the former ambassador of the Philippines to
United Nations from Leytebribery₱11,150 for a group to
influence his vote on the proposal in the Convention that prohibits a repeat
running in the presidential election and prohibiting the president's spouse from running for president.
Quintero stated that the group that bribed includes 12 delegates from Samar-
Leyte along withImelda Marcosat Paz Mate, the wife of Rep. Artemio Mate of Leyte.
The draft of the proposed new Constitution was approved on November 29, 1972.
Among the provisions of the crafted Constitution is the change of the system of government.
from the presidency toparliamentarywhere the President is
that represents the leadership of the state, thePrime Minister of the Philippineswas elected by
The National Assembly will exercise governmental power along with its
Cabinet, and a National Assembly that consists of a single chamber (unicameral) is
there is power inmaking of laws.
Marcos issued Presidential Decree 73 on November 30, 1972, which
setting ofplebisciteheld on January 15, 1973 to vote on the proposed
Constitution. Marcos issued Presidential Decree 86 that created the
each village of the municipalities or towns and in each district of the cities of the Assemblies of
citizens or Citizen Assemblies to broaden the basis of participation of
citizens in a democratic manner. From January 10–15, 1973, the
The Assembly of the Constitution. The new constitution took effect on January 17, 1973.
through Proclamation Number 1102 by Marcos with a favorable vote of 14,976,561 and
the strong opposition of 743,869. The validity of the ratification of the 1973 Constitution is contested in
several cases filed in the Supreme Court of the Philippines. Among the points
it is raised against the validity of its ratification: voting is by voice
while Article 15 of the Constitution mandates voting, the numbers of
the voting mentioned in proclamation 1102 was created by Benjamin Romualdez while the
the commissioners of the COMELEC who refused to participate in the process of fraud were removed, and
There is no free expression among the people due to the climate of fear created by Martial Law.
The petition questioning its validity was dismissed by the Supreme Court by a vote of 6-4.
[25]

According to the provisions for the transition of the Constitution, Marcos must immediately convene the Interim.
National Assembly for the ratification of the 1973 Constitution and this Assembly should
They appointed an interim President and interim Prime Minister. However, this was not done.
Marcos suspended the implementation of the 1973 Constitution for the reason that there was
state of emergency and he needed to continue Martial Law.[25]Instead, Marcos
suggested someI carein areferendumon October 16, 1976, ratified
in 1976 which includes the provisions: replacement of the Interim National Assembly with
Interim National Assembly, whose current President will continue to exercise
powers under1935 Constitutionand all the powers
entrusted toPresident of the PhilippinesatPrime Minister of the Philippines1973 Constitution, and the
The president will continue to exercise legislative powers until
declare Martial Law.
Prime Minister
On April 7, 1978, the first election was held for theNational Assemblywhere it was obtained from
Marcos's party has 152 out of 165 seats, making Ferdinand Marcos...Prime Minister
in the Philippinesfrom 1978 to 1981. The opposition accused Marcos of cheating in
ballot counting.[26]
New Society
A few months before the declaration of Martial Law, the President traced the nation's illness to
the existence of a 'society with illness.' This he attributes to
powerful groups that he called oligarchy (power in
government in the hands of a few people) and Maoist communist supporters desiring
overthrow the government through subversion and the use of violence. In order to
the alleged undesirable things that caused suffering, hardship and
crime in the country, Marcos advocated for the establishment of a new way of life that
beneficial not only to the citizens but to the country and the whole world. This is the
simulation of the New Society - a society composed of new Filipinos. In the implementation of
New Society, Marcos confiscated the businesses of the 'Chinese and Spanish oligarchy'
but these went to the members of the Marcos family and close friends
to use these fronts to hide what they have obtained from corruption. Established by
Marcos is thecrony capitalismwhere his/her beneficiaries greatly benefitedcronyyou
Marcos who became the new oligarchy.[27]Under Martial Law,made national or property
the governmentMarcos, the large private corporations such as
ngPLDT, PAL(Philippine Airlines), Meralco, Fortune Tobacco, San Miguel Corporation and others that
the properties of the Marcos and Romualdez families.[29]It is said that PAL or Philippine
Airlines have been made a private vehicle forImelda Marcosand his friends for
their shopping in New York and Europe.30Themonopolyto the
important industries were established by Marcos such as coconut, tobacco, banana, manufacturing,
sugar and others. The sugarcane and coconut farmers were forced to sell their
products of the monopolies established by Marcos at lower prices than the price
globally. Between 1972 and 1976, Marcos expanded the size of the military from 65,000
up to 270,000 people. He placed military officers on the boards of corporations.
and he ordered the military to control all public utilities and media.[2]Encapsulated
the government's reform programs in the word 'PLEDGES' which means: P-
Kapayapaan at Kaayusan
Development in Livelihood
Changes in Government; Educational Reforms
Education); Social Services. In October 1972, one month
After declaring Martial Law, Presidential Decree Number 27 was issued.
(Presidential Decree No. 27) by Marcos where the farmers, instead of just being laborers
the owners of the farm will already own a part of the farm. If they do not have money yet
they will be assisted by the Land Bank of the Philippines to pay the corresponding amount for
landowners and the farmers will pay at the bank. Another way
to provide land to farmers without their own land by sending it to them
in places like Nueva Vizcaya, Southern Leyte, Lanao del Sur, Davao del Sur, and Sultan
The land they will cultivate and each farmer will be given six hectares there.
forgot. They will be lent money for their cultivated fields to be paid within three
year. When Marcos was ousted in February 1986, the 50,000 to 70,000 hectares
only the land has been distributed to small farmers from 10.3 million hectares of
private land and from 17 million hectares of public land.[31]
Among the programs implemented by the Marcos administration areAbundant 99na
aiming to achieve an abundant harvest for rice farmers and attain a yield of 99 sacks
rice or more per hectare of cultivated land. To achieve this, the implementation of various types was carried out.
rice or cooked rice with high yield produced byInternational Rice Research InstituteThe
farmers will be helped to borrow money from the bank to purchase seeds as well as
the necessary fertilizers and pesticides to increase its yield. Masagana 99 was created to
Philippines that had enough rice in the early years of its implementation but failed to expand
the real wages of agriculture because the increase in total supply has intensified the squeeze
cost-price that eliminated the intended profits from rice farming.[32]abundant
More about planting white corn, yellowbut, carabaoand ballot in 43 provinces;
The vegetable garden for health aims to increase the number of vegetable plants; Blessing
DagatoBlue Revolution aims for fishermen to be able to borrow money and to
improve their livelihood and for fishermen to be able to pay for their
Borrowed, the Marcos government took steps to become more widespread
the transfer of those caught by these fishermen. Also included in the program of
Sea Blessings is research and expanded service, sowing and development of
fishing, conservation and placing of last fish habitats and expansion of
market. Included in the government's programs is the increase in production of
crops that are exported and sold within the country. The production of these has also been increased.
following commercial products of ramie, rubber, abaca, and cotton. One of the largest
the source of the rooms that entered the country was the mining of copper, gold, nickel,
carbon and others, and the electronics industry in the Philippines is also gradually developing.
Handcrafted items make up a large portion of Cottage products.
Industries include products such as leather bags and briefcases, fish sauce, ceramics,
old clothes, straw hats, narra furniture, pots, lamps made of
fabric and capiz, guitar, mat, woven cloth, and products made of brass from Marawi. When
in the early 1980s, Marcos introducedgolden apple snailin the Philippines to increase the
population protein but later became pests for farmers in the fields of
rice[33]
Third term (1981–1986)
On June 16, 1981, six months after martial law was lifted, the first election in
the presidency is held for a six-year term. As expected, Marcos is
ran and won a major victory against other candidates. The
main opposition partyUnited Nationalists Democratic Organizations(UNIDO) not applicable
a coalition of parties and LABAN boycotted this election as a sign of
protests during the elections in 1978 for an interim National Assembly that
they condemned it as fraud. In Marcos's third term, his health was
quickly fell due to illnessesrockoften described aswolf
erythematosusThe Marcos regime is sensitive to publicity about his condition.
doctor ofMalacañangare youPotenciano Baccaythat stated that in these times it has undergone
Marcos in a kidney transplant was later kidnapped and found dead.34Many
People are asking if he still has the capability to lead due to his serious illness.
at the increasing chaos in politics.
People Power Revolution
Due to irregularities in the election, theReform the Armed Forces Movementlaunched a
an attemptcoup d'étatagainst Marcos. The initial plan was to launch an attack
theMalacanang PalaceMarcos is in charge. Other military units will control the ...
strategic facility such asNAIAmilitary bases, radio and television stations, the
GHQAFP inAguinaldo Campand highway junctions to limit counter-offensives
of the loyalist troops of Marcos. Lt. [Link] Honasanthe leader of the group
attacking the Malacanang Palace. However, when Marcos learned about the plan
he ordered the capture of its leaderswas presented at local and international
press and some of those arrested attempting to oust Marcos, including [Link] Saul
Arominand [Link] Doromal.[59][60]
Due to the threat of their impending imprisonment, Enrile and his companions decided
planning against Marcos to seek help from AFP Vice Chief of Staff Lt. GenFidel Ramosna
He was the head of the Philippine Constabulary (now Philippine National Police). Ramos agreed to
resign from his position and support those planning against Marcos. Back in
At 6:30 pm on February 22, 1986, Enrile and Ramos held a press conference.
at Camp Aguinaldo where they announced their resignation from their positions.
Marcos' cabinet and the withdrawal of their support for Marcos' government. Marcos himself
later held press meetings calling for Enrile and Ramos to
surrendered urging to "stop this foolishness."[61]In a message
broadcast on Radio Veritas at around 9 PM, Cardinal Sin urged the
Filipinos to assist the rebel leaders by going to the section
ngEDSAbetweenKampo CrameatAguinaldoand providing emotional support,
food and other supplies. Many people, priests, and nuns went to EDSA.[61][62]
At the height of the People Power revolution, it was announced byJuan Ponce Enrilethe worship
it was fabricated to give Marcos a reason to impose martial law.
People continued to flock to EDSA until it swelled to hundreds of thousands.
armed civilians. The mood on the streets is actually happy that many are
bringing their whole families. The singers entertained the people, the
The couple and mother led the prayer vigil and people set up barricades and makeshift structures.
in the sandbags, trees, and vehicles in some areas along EDSA.
Somewhere, people are listening to Radio Veritas on their radios. Some of the
the group is singingMy Country[64]Since 1980, it has become the nationalist anthem of the opposition.
People often show the sign of FIGHT[65]there is a formed "L" on their thumb
at hintuturo. After lunch on February 23, Ramos and Enrile decided to
strengthen their positions. Enrile crossed EDSA fromKampo
Christmas bonusuntilCamp Cramein the midst of the separations of people.[61]In the middle
In the afternoon, Radio Veritas delivered reports of the landing of Marines nearby.
camps in the east and LVT-5 tanks approaching from the north and east. A
the contingent of Marines with tanks and armored vans led by
Brigadier GeneralArtemio Tadiarwas stopped along theOrtigas Avenueabout 2 km from
camps of ten thousand people.[66]The nuns who handle the
the rosary knelt before the tanks and the women held on to each other to
haranguing the troops.[67]Tadiar asked the people to let them pass, but they did not move.
people. In the end, Marcos' troops retreated without firing a shot.
happened.[61] At night, the standby transmitter of Radio Veritas failed. Moments later
In the late evening, the staff managed to go to another station to begin the
airlift from a secret location under the nameBandit Radio. Sa
dawn of Monday, February 24, 1986, the first serious clashes between the troops
the government occurred. The marines marching from Libis to the east are
threw tear gas at the demonstrators that quickly spread. Some marines were
entered and held the eastern side of Camp [Link], the
helicopter of the 15th Strike Wing ofPhilippine Air Forceled by Col. Antonio Sotelo is
ordered from Sangley Point, Cavite to proceed to Camp Crame.[68]In secret, the squadron is
instead of attacking Camp Crame, they landed here with shouting people
people embracing the pilots and their crew. A helicopter thatBell 214in the frying pan
Major Deo Cruz of the 25th Helicopter Wing and othersSikorsky S-76gunship that was chosen by
Colonel Charles Hotchkiss of the 20th Air Commando Squadron joined earlier in the
rebels in the sky. The presence of helicopters boosted the morale of Ramos and
Enrile continues to encourage his fellow soldiers to join the movement.[61]At
In the afternoon, Corazon Aquino arrived at the base where Enrile, Ramos, and the RAM were.
officer and people are waiting.[68]
Meanwhile, the President of the United StatesRonald ReaganI'm worried that I might have a heart attack.
Marcos will kill the protesters that will be witnessed on television around the world.
The Reagan administration issued a statement that if Marcos uses force then
This will cause irreparable damage to the relationship between our two governments.
[52]
At the same time, June Keithley received reports that Marcos had left
Malacanang Palace was broadcasted to the people on EDSA. The people celebrated and
even Ramos and Enrile came out from Crame to face the people. However,
the celebration is temporary because eventually Marcos appeared on the television controlled by
government nowChannel 4,[69] he declares that he will not resign from the presidency.
It is assumed that the false report is a calculated act against Marcos to incite.
In the masses, there are many defects.[61]In this broadcast, Channel 4 suddenly
vanished into the sky. A container of rebels led by Col. Mariano was captured.
Santiago is the station. Channel 4 has returned to the air at noon with Orly reporting.
Channel 4 is back on the air to serve the people.
At this time, the people at EDSA have grown to more than one million.[61]The
this broadcast is considered the return of ABS-CBN to the air because it is the first
Former employees are now inside its complex after 14 years.
the closure of this by Marcos during martial law. In the last afternoon, the rebel helicopters
to attackVillamor Airbasedestroying the president's air assets.
Another helicopter headed to Malacanang Palace that struck with a rocket and
caused minor damage. Later, most of the officers who graduated fromPhilippine
Military Academy(PMA) has affected the government of Marcos. The majority of the
The Armed Forces have moved to the other side.[61]
Two presidential inaugurations
On the morning of Tuesday, February 25, around seven in the morning, there was a confrontation at
between the loyalists and the rebel soldiers. There are snipers shooting at the
rebel soldiers. However, the rebel soldiers continued to storm the Channel station.
9, and located not far from Channel 4.
Just a moment ago, took an [Link] Aquinoas the new president of the Philippines in a
ceremony at Club Filipino in Greenhills, one kilometer from Camp Crame. Sworn in
Aquino was sworn in by Senior Associate Justice Claudio Teehankee, and Laurel was also sworn in as
Second Vice President of Justice Abad Santos. Held by Aurora Aquino, mother of Ninoy Aquino,
the bible used in Aquino's oath. Present at the ceremony was Ramos, who was promoted.
saying General, Enrile and other politicians. There are many supporters outside.
Aquino, most of whom were dressed in yellow to show their support. After the
Aquino's oath was accompanied by their singing of Bayan Ko.

Meanwhile, Marcos also took his oath at Malacanang Palace. Some of his supporters were there.
supporters shouting "Marcos! Marcos! Still Marcos!" The oath was made by
Speech on the balcony of the Malacanang Palace aired by IBC-13 and GMA-7.
[61]
No invited foreign dignitaries attended this ceremony.
security concerns. The Marcos couple appeared on the balcony in front of the
3000 loyalists of KBL shouting at Marcos 'Arrest the snakes!'.[70]After
The couple quickly left outside the Malacanang Palace. It was interrupted.
The broadcast of this when the rebel soldiers occupied the remaining stations.
Many demonstrators also marched at the barricades along theMendiola
They were far from Malacañang, but they were blocked there by loyalist soldiers.
Many demonstrators were angry, but they were calmed by the priests who pleaded not to.
become violent.[61]
The departure of the Marcos family from the Philippines to Hawaii
The PresidentRonald Reagana petition calling for Marcos to resign
The attempts to prolong the life of the current regime through
Violence is meaningless. The cure for this crisis can only be attained through
a peaceful transition to a new [Link] read the message of
Reagan at 3 a.m. (Manila time) and Marcos immediately called
Senator of the United StatesPaul Laxaltto ask for advice from Reagan.
 Marcos suggested to Laxalt the sharing of power with Aquino or to take office.
[70]

said the senior advisor of Aquino.[52]Laxalt called Marcos at five o'clock.

Marcos asked Laxalt, Senator, what do you think? Should I resign?
Laxalt replied, "I think you should cut and cut cleanly. I think the time has come."
you should cut it off cleanly. I think the time has come)
Marcos was sad. In the afternoon, Marcos talked to Enrile for his safety.
departure with his family and close allies like General Ver. At noon
Gabi, brought by the U.S. Airforce HH-3E Rescuehelicopterthe Marcos family at Clark Airbase
Pampanga is about 83 kilometers north of Manila before boarding the [Link] Air
ForceDC-9 MedivacatC-141Bheading to Andersen Air Force Base inGuam, and also going
at Hickam Air Force Base inHawaiiwhere Marcos arrived on February 26, 1986.[61]
Many are rejoicing at Marcos' departure. Demonstrators have also entered the Palace.
Malacañang, long denied to ordinary citizens in the past decade.
Aside from the thefts that took place, many also roamed around a place where
the history of the country has changed.

Even the whole world rejoiced. According to Bob Simon, a CBS reporter who is a
station in America, said "We Americans like to think we taught the Filipinos democracy;
Well, tonight they are teaching the world. We Americans like to think that we are
taught democracy in the Philippines, but tonight they are teaching the whole world.
Among the things recorded by the new government of the Philippines that were left by the family
Marks atMalacanang Palacewhen it fled to Hawaii 15 mink coats, 65 parasols,
508 gowns, 888 handbags, 71 pairs of sunglasses, and about 1,060 pairs of shoes.[71]Reported
when Marcos fled, U.S. Customs agents discovered 24 suitcases of
brick of gold and diamond jewels hidden in diaper bags. The certificates of gold
Bullion worth billions of dollars is said to be among the personal assets.
that was brought by Marcos and his family and cronies when they were given a safe passage by
Reagan administration to Hawaii.

Death
Three years later, he died on September 28, 1989, in Honolulu, Hawaii at the age of
on 72cardiac arrestafter a long battle with kidney and lung diseases
and heart.[72]

The body of Marcos was brought back to the Philippines in 1993 and was displayed in a mausoleum in
Batac, Ilocos Norte. The Marcos family requested that Marcos be buried inCemetery of the
Herobut this was opposed by many politicians and victims of therights
peachin Marcos.