INTRODUCTION

Athletics, a competitive sport (between individuals or teams) that encompasses a

a large number of competitions that can take place indoors or outdoors
outdoor. The main disciplines of athletics can be framed
in the following categories: sprints, walks, throws, and jumps.
The races, which make up the majority of athletic events,
vary from the 50 m flat (which takes place on an indoor track) to the
marathon race, covering 42.195 kilometers. In the United States and
In Great Britain, distances were expressed in miles, but since
In 1976, only metric distances are recognized for official records.
(except for the mile race). In Europe and at the Games
In the Olympics, distances have always been expressed in meters.

This article uses the metric system to express distances.

Outdoor athletics meetings are usually held in a
stadium in whose central space there is a track, whose floor is
of ash, clay, or synthetic material. The usual length of the track is
of 400 m, has an oval shape, with two straight and two curved lines.
most of the throws and jumps (called tests of
Field events take place in the area enclosed within the oval.
There are special disciplines, such as the decathlon (exclusively
masculine), which consists of five track events and five field events, and
the heptathlon (only female), which consists of four field events and
three races.

Hurdle races are speed races in which the competitors

They must overcome a series of ten wooden and metal obstacles.
plastic and metal) called fences. Outdoor fence tests
most popular, for men and women, are the 110 m hurdles (which is
they run with the so-called high hurdles), the 400 m hurdles (with hurdles
intermediate) and the 200 m hurdles (with low hurdles). In the championships
National indoor championships usually feature the 60m hurdles. The hurdles
the tall ones measure 107 cm in height, the medium ones 91 and the short ones 76.

At all distances, up to and including 110 m, the first hurdle is

13.72 m from the starting line and the rest of the hurdles are spaced apart.
9.14 m; the distance from the last hurdle to the finish line is
14.02 meters. In distances greater than 110 m but not exceeding
From 200, the first barrier is 18 m from the start and the rest are
separated by 18 meters. In the 400 m, the first hurdle is at 45 m and the
the rest are separated by 35 m, leaving 43 m from the last fence
to the goal.

In the women's 110 m hurdles race, the first one is 13 m from the
exit and the distance between them is 8.5 m, leaving 10.5 m from
the last hurdle to the finish line. A good way to jump hurdles consists of
to jump from afar and clear the barriers smoothly without breaking the
stride rhythm. The first leg that passes the hurdle returns to

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quickly jumping; the other leg, meanwhile, clears the hurdle almost
at a right angle to the body. A great speed, flexibility
and coordination are the most important elements for success.

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 Hurdle Races

2. Definition
Hurdle races (also called obstacle races) are
sprint racesin which the competitors must overcome a series of
wood and metal barriers (or plastic and metal) called fences.

Outdoor hurdle races are the most popular. For the category
masculine (male branch) there exist the110 meters hurdles, and for the female
the100 meters hurdles, which are traveled with the so-called fences
highs. There are also the400 meters hurdles, with lower fences. In
Indoor tracks usually host the 60 meters with hurdles, also with hurdles.
highs.

Race of110 m hurdles.

Obstacle races, unlike most disciplines

athletic, do not have roots in ancient sports. In fact, they are an invention
modern due again to the British and are inspired by the races of
obstacles of equestrianism. The history of the first official competitions of the110
metros with barriersit is in the 120 yard races (109.72 meters) with ten
3 feet and 6 inches (1.06 m) obstacles, which is the height that still is
use today. The 110 meter hurdles, like the100 m hurdles, its equivalent
female, it is a speed test consisting of ten hurdles that one must
jump a distance of 9.14 m for men and 8.50 m for women.

The400 meters hurdles, a relatively new discipline, was presented inOxford

around 1860, in the form of about 440 yards. It then developed into
France, while the British and the Americans looked down on it.
for many years. The 400 meter hurdles is one of the most
athletics techniques, as it requires the physical ability of a sprinter and the
attention to the running rhythm, and in particular the number of steps taken
among the ten obstacles.

The3,000 m obstaclesthey combine resistance with hurdle jumping.

They were also conceived in a bet among the students, in reference
to British equestrian sport very popular in the late 19th century. The athletes
they have to cover a distance of 3000 m on the track, and also clear
different barriers such as fences and the estuary. Recently, the 3000 m
obstacles were opened to women's participation and the test appeared
for the first time in the Olympic program in 2008.

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3. Rules
There will be ten hurdles in each lane (5 in an indoor track) and the edge of the crossbar.
closer to the starting line must match the mark on the track. This
the crossarm must be painted with white and black stripes or colors that
contrast.

TheathletesThey must remain on their street for the duration of the race and allow passage.
each hurdle. An athlete may be disqualified if:

• he/she does not breach a fence;

• pass the foot or leg under the upper horizontal plane of a
well, at any moment of the postage;
• cross a fence that is not on your street;
• intentionally knocks down a fence, decided by the Referee Judge;
• to go off their track after jumping the fence.

Furthermore, knocking down hurdles does not disqualify an athlete nor prevents them from achieving a
valid record or mark.

The barriers must weigh no less than 10 kg, and they are equipped with some
counterweights, so that to knock them down a force must be applied
horizontal between 3.6 and 4 kg. The counterweights are movable to adjust them to
each height of the fence and with jumps of 23.453 kilometers, in such a way that to
the tallest fence corresponds to the furthest counterweight from the base.

4. Height of the fences

4.1 Male Rama
• 60 meters with hurdles - 1,067 meters
• 110 meters hurdles - 1,067 meters
• 400 meters hurdles - 0.914 meters

4.2 Female branch

• 60 meters with hurdles - 0.84 meters
• 100 meters hurdles - 0.84 meters
• 400 meters hurdles - 0.762 meters

2000 and 3000 meters steeplechase

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 The standard distances will be 2000 and 3000 meters. There will be 28 hurdle steps and
7 pit jumps in the 3000 meter race and 18 hurdle steps and 5 jumps of
pit in the 2000 meters. In the obstacle race tests, there will be 5
jumps per lap after the first step of the finish line, being the
franking of the pit the fourth of the same. The obstacles will be
distributed regularly, so that the distance between them will be
approximately one fifth of the normal length of a lap. The height
The hurdles will be 0.914 m for men and 0.762 m for women; the bar
superior will be painted with stripes in black and white or colors that contrast. The
The pit must be filled with water up to the level of the track. In the Cadet category.
a distance of 1500 meters is run, with a height of 0.782 m, being the
first obstacle to overcome is the finish line. The athlete can pass each
Each athlete must clear each hurdle and pass through
above or across the water. Any athlete who:

The pit consists of an obstacle similar to the previous ones, followed by a

excavation of 3.66 meters in length and depth in slope, being the
maximum of 700 mm. This special obstacle gives a certain advantage to the
competitors with skills to run hurdle sprints
Well, the most recommended for competitors is to compete at a greater distance.
foso. Usual measurements of obstacles and the method of clearance. Unlike
of the obstacles used in hurdle sprint competitions, those of
this competition does not fall if they are hit; even some competitors do
they support on the obstacle to be able to jump it was also necessary to have the
correct speed to achieve it.

6. Outdoor
6.1 Female branch

Distance to goal
Number of Distance Separation
Test Height since the last one
fences first fence fences
really
0.840
100mv 10 13 m 8.50 m 10.50 m
m
0,762
400mv 10 45 m 35 m 40 m
m

7. Fence tests
Within the category of hurdle races, the following are found
tests:
• 100 meter hurdles
• 110 meter hurdles
• 400 meters hurdles

7.1 100 meter hurdles

The 100 meter hurdles is a test of theathleticscurrently only contested
in its female modality since men compete in their place in the event
of the110 meters hurdles.

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The height of the fences is 84centimeters, the first one being at 13
meters from the exit and the remaining nine at intervals of 8.5 meters.

The 110 meter hurdles event is part of the program of theGames

Olympicfrom the modern era since the edition held inMunichin1972in
that replaced the test of the80 meters of fencesthat was being disputed since the
Olympic Games ofThe Angelsof1932.

7.2 Records
Updated on 5-9-2007.

Brand
Record Athlete Country Place Date
(s)
Yordanka Old August 20of
World (WR) 12.21 Bulgaria
Donkova Zagora 1988
States August 24of
Olympic (OR) 12.37Joanna Hayes Athens
United 2004
Yordanka Old August 20of
European (ER) 12,21 Bulgaria
Donkova Zagora 1988
States July 23from
12.33Gail Devers Sacramento
United 2000
August 8of
African (AF) 12.44Glory Alozie Nigeria Monaco
1998
Olga June 27of
Asian (AS) 12.44 KazakhstanLantern
Shishigina 1995
September 3rd
Oceanic (OC) 12.28Sally Pearson Australia Daegu
of2011
South American Maurren May 19of
12.71 Brazil Manaus
(SA) Maggi 2001

7.3 110 meters hurdles

The 110 meter hurdles is a test of theathleticscurrently only disputed
in its male modality as in the female one it is replaced by the
the100 meter hurdles.

7.4 History
The origin of this test is found in1850, when the students of the
University of Oxfordthey organized a 140 raceyardsin which
they had to overcome 10 hurdles. Subsequently, in1864the distance was set to
run 120 yards (109.72 m) and the height of the hurdles at 3.5pies(1,0667
m), the first being 15 yards (13.72 m) from the start and the nine
remaining at intervals of 10 yards (9.14 m).

In1888France adjusts the distance by adding 28centimetersbetween the last

Well, the arrival with which the characteristics were definitively established.
essentials of the test.

The 110 meters hurdles event is part of the program of theGames

Olympicsof the modern era since its first edition held inAthensin
1896with the curiosity that it was only contested over nine obstacles.

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7.5 Records
(Updated as of December 31, 2008)

Brand
Record Athlete Country Place Date
(s)
June 12of
World (WR) 12.87 Dayron Robles Cuba Ostrava
2008
August 27of
Olympic (OR) 12.91 Xiang Liu China Athens
2004
Kingdom August 20of
European (ER) 12.91 Colin Jackson Stuttgart
United 1993
American June 12of
12.87 Dayron Robles Cuba Ostrava
(AM) 2008
African (AF) 13.26 Shaun Bownes South AfricaHeusden July 14of2001
Asian (AS) 12.88 Xiang Liu China Lausanne July 11of2006
Kyle Vander August 11of
Oceanic (OC) 13.29 Australia Gothenburg
Kuyp 1995

7.6 400 meter hurdles

The 400 meter hurdles is an event of theathleticscurrent in which each athlete

must overcome a total of 10 hurdles, with the first one located 45 meters from the
output and the next nine at intervals of 35 meters. The height of the fences
is 91 centimeters in the male category and 76 centimeters in the
feminine.

Each athlete runs along one of the lanes in which the track is divided, a circumstance
which implies that they are not positioned at the same height in the output to prevent the
The outer streets cover more meters than the inner streets.

The 400-meter hurdles in its men's category are part of the program.
official of theOlympic Gamessince its second edition held inParis
in 1900 and, since then, they have only not been held in the 1912 edition
inStockholmThe women's event would not debut until the Games.
celebrated, in 1984, inThe Angels.

7.7 Records
(Updated as of 31-8-2007)

Brand
Record Category Athlete Country Place Date
(s)
States August 6
Men 46.78Kevin Young Barcelona
World Cup United of1992
(WR) Yuliya August 8
Women52,34 Russia Tula
Pechonkina of2003
States August 6
Hombres46,78Kevin Young Barcelona
Olympic United of1992
(OR) Melaine August 20
Women 52.64 Jamaica Beijing
Walker of2008
Stéphane July 5of
European Men 47.37 France Lausanne
Diagana 1995
(ER)
Women52,34Yuliya Russia Tula August 8

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 Pechonkina of2003
States August 6
Men 46.78Kevin Young Barcelona
American United of1992
(AM) States August 11
Women 52.61Kim Batten Gothenburg
United from1995
Samuel August 7
Men 47,10 Zambia Zurich
African Matete of1991
(AF) Nezha August 25
Women 52.90 MoroccoSeville
Bidouane of1999
27 of
Hadi Soua'an Arabia
Men 47, 53 Sydney Septemberof
Al-Somaily Saudi
Asian 2000
(AS) 9 of
Mujeres53,96Qing Han China Beijing Septemberof
1993
Rohan July 31of
Men 48,28 Australia Atlanta
Oceanic Robinson 1996
(OC) Debbie August 28
Women 53.17 Australia Seoul
Flintoff-King of1988

8. TECHNIQUE AND TRAINING

In the 110 meters hurdles, they take eight steps to the first hurdle, so the
the push foot is placed on the front block.

The foot of the driving leg bends, as it helps to kick out with more force.
force of the ground and for the body to have the necessary indication to promote the
attack on the fence. The hips will remain high. The other leg continues
bent until the knee reaches hip height, moment in which the
that extends and surpasses the fence performing a resting action that
it favors hip reach. The hurdle attack is performed from above
down.

The foot of the attacking leg contacts the ground with the outer part and the
the leg remains extended. The driving leg also extends,
initiating a lateral lift where the thigh advances and rises opening the
knee outward. When the thigh is over the fence, continue your action
and the knee always rises in the race line. It then descends and
it makes contact with the ground.

The hips stay in line with the track and the torso leans forward.
slightly over the lead leg at the moment of the hurdle pass. In the
Descent, the trunk straightens to accelerate the descent.

Three steps are taken between each fence. The first step is shorter than the
the second and the third is still shorter to favor the elevated position
of hips. The total width of the fence is approximately three meters and
half. Two meters are covered before passing the fence, and one and a half meters
afterwards. All of this depends, however, on each athlete and their
morphological characteristics.

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8.1.- Exit phase: it has three moments
fundamentals, which are identified by the
command or execution voices,
"your brands", "ready" and the voice of "out!".

When the athlete is located at the site of

start or exit, "on your marks", it
I crouch down supporting both hands on the
starting line and place the knee of the
delayed leg in contact with the ground,
the elbows are kept extended
forming an arch with the index fingers and
thumb. The hands will have a separation of approximately the width of the
shoulders, keeping the body balanced and the gaze directed down or
slightly forward.

At the word "ready," the knee lifts from the

floor and one of the knees is held
semi-flexed, the hip is raised to the height
at shoulder level, the weight of the body
it must be distributed between the arms and the
legs, in this position the athlete concentrates
to make the output as fast as possible.

When the command 'out' is given, this voice can be

also a whistle, clap or, as in the
Olympic Games competitions, a shot with
blank or blank-firing cartridges (bullets that do not cause harm)
(without noise). Upon hearing this signal, one runs as fast as possible.
as fast as possible. It is a violent action and
explosive and in an almost simultaneous movement they
first separate the hands from the ground and then the leg
delayed, which will cause an imbalance towards
forward and consequently the action will begin
the next phase, the acceleration phase. It shifts
first forward the arm opposite to the leg that is behind, if
it is the right leg, it will be the left arm.

8.2 - Fence passage

It consists of three moments:
• Fence attack
• Pass
• Fall

Moment of attack on the barrier: the back leg goes forward and up.
from the barrier, with a bend of the trunk forward, the arm opposite to the
the attacking leg approaches her, while the other arm remains
close to the body.

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Moment of pass: upon losing contact with the ground, the leg is extended
take out, keeping the trunk flexed, the leg back or of impulse
perform an abduction, with knee flexion to avoid hitting the fence.

Moment of fall or landing: the foot of the attacking leg rests on the
ground, the trunk extends and the back leg goes forward, to continue the
race.

8.3.- Hurdle race: it must be as uniform as possible, avoiding giving

shorter steps while maintaining the pace of the race

8.4.- Arrival:
In the final steps of the race when
the athlete approaches the finish line
you must prepare to perform a push-up
of trunk. The race is considered
concluded when the athlete reaches with
any part of its trunk the plane
vertical of the finish line, when I cross
the finish line.
To successfully complete the hurdles race, it is important to do several exercises.
before starting the race.

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1.- Perform exercises offlexibilityfor the trunk and the limbs
inferior.

2.- Execute the hurdle pass position on the ground, bending the torso over
the forward leg

3.- Execute the hurdle pass on

obstacles of 20 to 30 centimeters
approximately, placed at five
metros between each other.

4.- Execute, from the low output, the

hurdles race at a distance of 80
Metro stations. The barriers must be placed at
according to the following drawing.

Under the supervision of a teacher of

Physical Education or coach, each of the exercises is repeated until
they are completely dominated, covering the distances of the race without falling
the hurdles. In Physical Education classes, one can participate in racing.
with fences, as long as a field is available
athletics or a suitable space to develop the four parts that
they make up the hurdle race.

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9. BIBLIOGRAPHY

• The provided text is a URL and does not contain translatable content.
• [Link]
• 110 meter hurdles

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 INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................1
Hurdle Races...............................................................................................3
2. Definition .....................................................................................................................3
3. Rules............................................................................................................................4
4. Height of the fences........................................................................................................4
4.1 Male Rama
4.2 Female branch............................................................................................................4
2000 and 3000 meters with obstacles
6. Outdoor
6.1 Female branch............................................................................................................5
7. Fence tests...........................................................................................................5
7.1 100 meter hurdles.............................................................................................5
7.2 Records
7.3 110 meter hurdles.........................................................................................................6
7.4 History
7.5 Records
7.6 400 meters hurdles
7.7 Records
8. TECHNIQUE AND TRAINING...............................................................................8
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................12
INDEX............................................................................................................................13

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