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Report: Bridge Construction

Maria Guadalupe Gonzalez Luna 170503

Maria de Jesus Aguila Lopez
Saúl Sebastián Antimo Antimo 17050394
May 2019
National Technological: Mario Molina Pazquel and Enriques; Lagos Unit
of Moreno

Subject: Costs and Budgets

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INDEX
1) Introduction 3
2) Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 3
Objectives ............................................................................................................................................... 3
4) Marco Theoretico .
5) Materials and teams............................................................................................................................. 7
6) Procedure constructive
7) Specifications of the Bridgee.................................................................................................................. 8
8) Results 8
9) Conclusion 8
10) References Bibliographical:.................................................................................................................... 9

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1) Introduction
In general, the topic of bridges is of interest to all civil engineering students. It is about
the application of the knowledge acquired in the courses of material resistance, concrete
armed and specifically in the analysis of structures. It studies knowledge that does not
they are applied not only in the construction of bridges but also in many other structures. The idea of the bridge
It is as primitive as man; upon reaching a watercourse or a ravine, it is born immediately.
the idea of using some element that allows crossing it.
In earlier times, the development of the technique intensified in two aspects: design and the
construction. Additionally, new materials of incalculable value for the conquest appear.
greater lights: Steel and reinforced concrete, these two materials have almost displaced
complete to masonry constructions and absolutely to cast iron ones.
Nowadays, the analysis of a structure has become very analytical and precise, due to the
rigor that is required to design a bridge; that is why the study of structural analysis is
based on knowledge of physics, mathematics, and specifically statics, applying various laws
to achieve a balance between the load and the resistance of the structure
formed solely by frameworks.

Resumen
The following report will aim to predict the maximum load that a prototype will withstand.
bridge, made up of low tongue sticks, this will be achieved using basically what has been learned
in the course of Statics, which refers to the analysis of trusses using the joint method
the third law of Newton. It will be determined which member will fail when exposing the bridge to a
overload greater than what was determined.

3) Objectives
General objective: Design the framework of a stick bridge.
Specific objectives: Expect the design to support a maximum load. Apply theory
of material resistance and follow all the established rules in the contest.

Theoretical Framework
Force: Force is defined as each of the mechanical actions that occur between the
forces. A force is characterized by its point of application on the body, its direction or line
of action. Its meaning can be in either of the two opposites that define the line of action
and its magnitude that indicates its intensity. The forces that can act on a body
they are classified into volume forces and surface forces.
Compression force: The compressive stress is the result of the stresses or pressures.
that exist within a deformable solid or continuous medium, characterized by the tendency towards a
reduction of body volume, and to a shortening of the body in a certain direction. The
deformations caused by compression are opposite to those produced by the
traction.

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Tensile force: The internal effort to which a body is subjected by the application of two
forces that act in opposite directions, and tend to stretch it. It is considered that the tensions that
any section perpendicular to those forces is normal to that section, and possesses
opposing forces to those that try to stretch the body.
Bending of beams: Due to the continuity of the beam at the supports, the rotation on both sides
it must be the same:

The theory makes certain assumptions about how a beam deforms internally.
Valid assumptions for low-height beams: Does not work on walls Assumptions:
A flat section remains flat after deflection. (Euler-Bernoulli)
The deformed flat section remains perpendicular to the zero strain fibers (axis
neutral).
Definition of a Bridge: The term bridge is used to describe road structures, with
traced over the surface, which allow overcoming natural obstacles such as rivers,
gullies, hollows, channels, sea inlets, sea straits, lakes, etc.
For its part, the term viaduct is generally reserved for the case when those structures
roadways are built due to urban or industrial needs (such as elevated crossings within the
cities or industrial complexes), or to avoid crossing with other communication routes
(like transit interchanges on highways) in addition, the viaduct consists of great
number of successive openings. A walkway is a structure reserved for pedestrians or arranged for

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support pipelines. A pontoon is a small bridge (on the order of 3 to 10

metros).
Parts of a Bridge: Bridges fundamentally consist of two parts: the superstructure and
the infrastructure.
Superstructure: It is the part of the bridge where the live load acts, and it is made up of:
Board.
Longitudinal and transverse beams.
Ladders and handrails.
Tread cover.
Other facilities.
Infrastructure or substructure: It is the part of the bridge that is responsible for transmitting the loads.
the foundation soil, and consists of:
Stirrups.
Batteries

Types of bridges
Arch bridges
These bridges use the arch as their main structural component. The number of arches that are
needs vary depending on the type of load and stress forces they must withstand. Examples of
arch bridge is the 'Old Bridge' in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina and the bridge at the gate of
hell, in New York.

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Beam bridges
A very basic type of bridges that rests on several beams of various shapes and sizes. The
Beam bridges can be inclined or V-shaped. An example of a beam bridge is the bridge of
Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, in southern Louisiana.
Truss bridges
A truss is a triangulated framework of elements that primarily act in tension and
compression. Truss beams were common in the construction of steel bridges before
welding.
Cantilever or overhanging bridges

These bridges are similar in appearance to arch bridges, but they support their load on arms.
diagonal and not vertical. An example of a cantilever bridge is the Queensboro Bridge in the city.
from New York.
Suspension bridges
Bridges that use ropes or cables from the vertical league to support the weight of the cover of the
bridge and traffic. An example of a suspension bridge is the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco.

Cable-stayed bridges
Bridge that uses deck cables that are connected directly to one or more columns.
verticals. The cables are usually connected to the columns in two ways: harp design
(each cable is connected to the different points of the column) and fan design (all the)
cables connect to a point at the top of the column.

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Bridges can be fixed or movable and have various uses:

The traffic of cars
The pedestrian crossing
The train crossing
The passage of pipes
The passage of water (viaducts)

The construction of a bridge is not an easy task. Sometimes the use of types of
traditional scaffolding is not possible and it is necessary to think of other types of supports to carry out
the work is finished.

Efficiency
Arch bridges
Rope bridges
The structural efficiency of a bridge can be considered as the load-to-support ratio.
the weight of the bridge, given a certain set of materials. In a common challenge, some
students are divided into groups and receive a certain number of wooden sticks, a distance
to build and glue, and then they are asked to build a bridge that will be tested
until it is destroyed, progressively adding load to its center. The bridge that withstands the most
load is the most efficient. A more formal measurement of this exercise is to weigh the completed bridge.
instead of measuring a fixed amount of provided materials and determining the multiple
of this weight that the bridge can support, a test that emphasizes the economy of materials
and the efficiency of assemblies with glue.
Failures in a bridge:
Failure due to corrosion,
Fatigue of materials,
Wind,
Inadequate structural design,
Earthquakes,
Inadequate construction procedure,
Overload the impact of vessels,
Defective materials

5) Materials and equipment

Tongue depressor sticks and squares
White liquid glue resistance 850
pencil
Measuring tape
Scale ruler
Scale

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6) Construction procedure
A template for the armor and the long sections of the bridges was designed on a piece of cardboard.
The sticks were measured and marked 3 cm from each corner towards the center of the stick.
He placed the sticks on the cardboard base, just once the shape was determined,
The corners were glued and their proper drying and pressing with clamps was ensured.
made of plastic.
Once the first baseline was established, the process was repeated until the rest was obtained.
the lines of the section and 6 more straight lines.
The lines were divided into groups, from the first group the joints were glued.
between two tables. The process was repeated with the other group.
The upper part of the bridge was assembled by placing the straight lines made previously.
together with unions in the shape of (A).
Once the upper and lower union of the bridge is made by placing sticks that
they will join the parts.
For the supports, the sticks were glued in measurements of 4 x 3 sticks.
For the top plate, tongue depressors were used placed transversely.
each other.
An attempt was made to reinforce the upper structure by adding sticks to the corners.
It was left for several days.
He/she entered the contest to break it

7) Bridge Specifications
90 cm
Width:
Height: 59 cm
Final weight: 2.200 Kg

8) Results

9) Conclusion
The design was carried out
Our bridge experienced a failure because the weight restriction of the contest limited us.
prevented properly reinforcing the top of this as it was intended to reinforce the
supports that are diagonal in the center bringing us closer to the permitted cross area
in the contest.

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10) Bibliographic References:

Bridges. Design, analysis, and construction, Hernández Ibáñez, S., E.T.S.I.C.C.P.

University of A Coruña, La Coruña, 2002.
Puentes, Leonhardt, F., Polytechnical Press Romandes, Lausanne.
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Types of forces that
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