Mechanics of Forces and Equilibrium
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ScribdTranslationsMechanics of Forces and Equilibrium
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsMechanics and Strength of Materials
AESTHETICS
Study the conditions that must be met for a rigid body,
about which forces and/or couples act, remains in equilibrium, that is to say, they cancel each other out
forces or couples.
EQUILIBRIUM: A body is in equilibrium when it is at rest, or in
uniform rectilinear motion.
SYSTEM OF FORCES
1. FORCE.- It is a vector quantity that modifies the state of bodies.
varying its state of rest, varying the speed of the bodies,
increasing it, decreasing it, or changing its direction. ALL FORCE
IT APPEARS AS A RESULT OF THE INTERACTION OF BODIES.
2. COUPLE.- This term refers to a pair of parallel forces, acting in opposite directions and of
equal intensity, applied to the same body.
Ing. Laura J. Becerra Becerra
CIP 107844
1
Mechanics and Strength of Materials
Its value is calculated similarly to the calculation of moments:
*d
M= Moment of a couple.
F= Value of each of the forces.
d = distance between the two forces.
NOTE - The blame is nothing but a MOMENT, which will be discussed further on.
3. RESULTANT OF THE FORCES SYSTEM.- The RESULTANT of a
system of forces acting on a rigid body to a FORCE that them
replace, producing the same effect on the body as the system. It
represents the following cases:
a. Resultant of Forces that Have the Same Line of Action and Directions
Opposites:
Its line of action is the same as that of the components.
Its measure is the difference of the components.
Its meaning is that of the one with the highest absolute value.
Its application point is any point on the line of action.
F1 F2
R
R = F2 - F1
Balance is achieved by applying a force equal to or opposite to the
resultant.
b. The Resultant of Couples with Respect to the Same Axis:
YOUR DIRECTION: That of your axis of rotation.
ITS DIRECTION: It is determined by the corkscrew rule.
CUSTOMIZED: The measurement of your moment 'Fd'.
- ITS POINT OF APPLICATION: It is any point, it is a free vector.
Equilibrium is achieved by applying an equal and opposite torque to the resultant.
Ing. Laura J. Becerra Becerra
CIP 107844
2
Mechanics and Strength of Materials
NOTE.- To express kilogram weight or kilogram force in this work,
the kp nomenclature will be used.
Kp = Kg = Kilogram = Kg-Force = Kg-Weight
PROBLEM 1.- The bar has negligible weight, and the floor is smooth, there is no
Friction. Calculate the vertical component of the reaction at A.
PROBLEM 2.- A person pushes a door outward with a force of
20Kp and 30 cm from the axis of the hinge. Another pushes inward with a force of
25Kp and 20cm from the hinge axis. Find the resultant.
SOLUTION
By definition:
M=Fxd
M1 = F1 x d1 = -25 Kp x 20 cm.
-500 Kp-cm
Ing. Laura J. Becerra Becerra
CIP 107844
3
Mechanics and Strength of Materials
M2 = F2 x d2 = 20 Kp x 30 cm.
= 600 Kp-cm
MR = M1 + M2 = 100 Kp-cm.
c. The resultant of forces with the same line of action and the same
sense
Its line of action, the same as the components.
Its meaning, the same as the components.
Its measure is the sum.
Its application point is any point on the line of action.
d. The Resultant of concurrent forces:
Two or more forces are concurrent when their lines of action intersect at a
point. The resultant is found by the polygon of forces, by the method of
parallelogram or by the Cartesian coordinate system.
PROBLEM 3.- Let the forces a, b, and c intersect at point O. Find
graphically the resultant.
Ing. Laura J. Becerra Becerra
CIP 107844
4
Mechanics and Strength of Materials
PROBLEM 4.- Two people are pulling a cart with forces of 30 and 40 through two loops.
Kp. Making an angle of 120∘Calculate the resultant and the direction it will follow.
automobile in motion.
SOLUTION
e. The Resultant of parallel forces in the same direction:
- Its line of action is parallel to the forces.
- Its meaning, the meaning of the forces.
- Its measure, the sum.
- Its point of application is located at a point that divides the bar connecting the
forces in segments inversely proportional to the forces (Stevin).
Ing. Laura J. Becerra Becerra
CIP 107844
5
Mechanics and Strength of Materials
RELATION OF STEVIN.- Let O be the point of application of the resultant.
For moments:
F1 x AO = F2 x BO
From where: F1 = F2
BO AO
Algebraically:
F1 = F2 = F1 + F2 = R
GO TO GO + TO AB
F1 = F2 = R
BO AO AB
From this expression, AO or BO is solved depending on which end of the bar.
is wanted to be taken as a reference.
PROBLEM 5.- A body withstands the action of two parallel forces and of
same direction F1 = 16 Kp and F2 = 30 Kp, the distance that separates them is 1.20
m. Calculate:
Resultant.
b.- Point of Application.
Ing. Laura J. Becerra Becerra
CIP 107844
6
Mechanics and Strength of Materials
SOLUTION
a. R = F1 + F2 = 16 Kp + 30 Kp
46 Kp
b. F1 = R
BO AB
BO = F1 + AB = 16 X 1.2 m.
R 46
BO = 0.417 m.
f. The Resultant of parallel forces and in opposite directions:
- Its line of action is parallel to the forces.
- Its meaning is that of the greatest strength.
- Your measure, the difference.
- Its point of application is located at a point that divides the bar that connects
the forces in segments, inversely proportional to the forces (Stevin).
PROBLEM 6.- Let the forces F1 = 20 Kp and F2 = 30 Kp be directed in the sense
opposite and parallel, separated, by 1.10 m.
Calculate:
a.- Resultant.
b. Application Point.
SOLUTION
a. E = F1 - F2 = 10 Kp.
b. BO = AB
F1 R
Ing. Laura J. Becerra Becerra
CIP 107844
7
Mechanics and Strength of Materials
BO = F1 x AB = 20 Kp x 1.10 m.
R 10 Kp
BO = 2.20 m.
AO = 1.10 + 2.20 = 3.30 m.
Ing. Laura J. Becerra Becerra
CIP 107844
8