Shift fork function

Part of the transmission that has the function of engaging the gears. The fork is
driven by the lever of the *gear andactabout the sliding sleeve
interposed between 2 free gears of the output shaft of the gearbox: the
the movements of the gear lever translate, due to the fork, into
translations of the sleeve that meshes with one gear or another, or else
remains in the middle position of neutral.

Generally, there is a fork for every 2 gears (first and second, third and
fourth), except for reverse gear, whose gear is engaged and disengaged by
a special fork.
The tines always remain in contact with the corresponding ones.
sleeves, while the connection to the gear lever is made only when
the gear is selected; a simple retaining device prevents the lever
it can join at the same time with 2 forks and introduce 2 gears.

The sleeves, when the gear is engaged, rotate while being connected.
constantly with the output grooved shaft of the change; therefore,
between the fork and the sleeve there is a friction contact; for this reason,
the forks are generally made of phosphor bronze, in order to do so
reduce the friction of contact with the sleeves ofsteel.

In the changes of the balador, once very widespread, the forks

they acted on the gears of the secondary shaft, transferring them to
to achieve the connection with the gears of the auxiliary or intermediate shaft.

Synchronizing function
Lossincronizadoresson are rings made of bronze, which are housed in the
the extremes of each gear of each speed and their presence is necessary since it
in charge of reducing theRPMof a gear rotating as it moves to the
same RPM of rotation of the gear of march that is going to be selected.

For example, to shift from second to third, the second gear does not engage.
to be turning at the same speed as the third gear. If we shift the gear
in those circumstances, the change will surely come in forced or it will not come. From the
on the contrary, enter gently and without making noise to make the pinion solidary with the axle and with it.

The synchronizers are mounted on a spline on the secondary shaft of the gearbox.
changes, in such a way that they have a rotational movement in accordance with it (they rotate in the
same speed).

In manual gearboxes, these elements are connected to the gear lever.

through a mechanism of articulated bars. Each synchronizer can slide over
its striation towards a gear wheel or towards another, in such a way that when coupling one
The lever shifts, the synchronizer makes the movement of one wheel cohesive.
dentation of the secondary tree with said tree, that is, a relationship is imposed between the
rotation speed of the car wheels and the output shaft of the gearbox (or
secondary tree)

At first, one might think that this coupling would occur abruptly and originally.
too great efforts, but the synchronizers are designed so that the
'synchronization' will be done progressively. The process is as follows:

First, the user shifts the gear lever to the

desired march. When moving it, the synchronizer begins to approach one of the wheels
teeth. As the synchronizer gets closer, a phase begins
sliding over surfaces (generally conical) that are present
both in the toothed wheel of the gearbox and in the synchronizer. These surfaces
high friction allows to equalize the rotational speeds by friction of the
synchronizer (that is, of the secondary tree) with the gear that is
selected for the march.

From this process, it can be deduced that, logically, the gears of the shaft
the secondary are mounted on it on bearings that allow independent rotation
of both.

Once synchronization has occurred, the final coupling takes place.

synchronizer to the gear wheel, with which the slipping ceases, and the operation remains
coupled. If this process is not done correctly (the lever is not in the position
suitable, etc) the march 'goes out'.

The wear that these elements suffer is much less than other rubbing parts of the
automobile (like clutches or brakes), so they require less maintenance.

gearbox or transmission oil

The oil for the gearbox or transmission is of vital importance
for the correct operation of the cash register as well as for a long life of
service.

Initially, the transmission fluid has a frequency of

much smaller change than the motor oil of the car as it is subjected
to a lower mechanical stress and lower temperature, but this does not mean that
we must completely forget about the oil change of the gearbox
transmission.

Changing the transmission fluid is a quite simple task and that

it takes very few minutes, you can even do it yourself if you want,
you will need 3 quarters of oil, a wrench to loosen the plugs - see drawing
below, a meter hose and a funnel - read the lines below
to have an idea of how to do it.

Some mechanics use the20W50 motor oil for the box of

transmission, this is a big mistake.

First, the oil 20W50 isMotor oiland not for transmission box, it
which brings a couple of negative consequences for our transmission box:

The 20W50 oil is very heavy for the transmission case, which translates to
inadequate lubrication of the transmission case.

The 20W50 oil in the transmission box causes problems when

make the gear change while driving. This is very noticeable especially
when the shift from second to third and from fourth to third is made,
producing snoring and noises when the couplings do not easily occur
gears

Bearings

The rotating element that can be used in the manufacture of the bearing can be
ofballs, ofrollersor ofneedles.

In bearings, the rotational movement, according to the direction of the load it supports,
It can be axial, radial, or a combination of both.

A radial bearing is one that supports radial loads, which are directional loads.
normal to the line that passes through the center of its axis, such as a wheel; it is
axial if it supports efforts in the direction of its axis, such as in the hinges or
door and window hinges; and axial-radial if they can support them in both, in shape
alternative or combined.
The manufacturing of ball bearings or roller bearings is a very special technology.
given the necessary procedures to achieve the perfect sphericity of the ball. The
The largest manufacturers of such bearings use vacuum for this purpose. The material
is subjected to abrasive treatment in chambers ofemptyabsolute. The final product is
almost perfect, saving the adverse effect of thegravityin the manufacturing process.

It is normal to find the so-called mounted bearings in

Colombia, Ecuador and other Latin American countries are known asChumaceras

Types of bearingsedit]

Each type of bearing exhibits characteristic properties, which

depending on its design and what makes it more or less appropriate for a
given application. For example, the rigid ball bearings can
to support moderate radial loads as well as small axial loads.
They have low friction and can be produced with great precision. Therefore,
thus, they are the preferred ones for medium and small electric motors
size. Cylindrical roller bearings can support loads
very heavy radial and they are oscillating, which allows them to assume bends
of the shaft, between two bearings, that support the same shaft. These
properties make them highly used in engineering applications
heavy, where the loads and the deformations produced by the loads are
considerable. In large machines, some misalignment is common between
the supports of the bearings.

Deep groove ball bearingsedit]

Rigid ball bearings.

They are used in a wide variety of applications. They are easy to design, not
separable, capable of operating at high and even very high speeds and
require little attention or maintenance in service. These characteristics,
combined with their price advantage, they are the most bearings
used.

Single row angular contact ball bearingsedit]

The bearing of a row of balls with angular contact is arranged

its rolling paths so that the pressure exerted by the balls is
applied obliquely with respect to the axis. As a consequence of this
disposition, the bearing is especially suitable for supporting not
only radial loads, but also large axial loads, must
mounting oneself in contrast to another bearing that can receive
axial load in the opposite direction.

Needle bearingsedit]

They are bearings with very thin and long cylindrical rollers in relation
with its smaller diameter. Despite their small section, these bearings
they have a great load capacity and are eminently suitable for
the applications where the radial space is limited. This type of
Bearings are commonly used in bicycle pedals.

Tapered roller bearingsedit]

The tapered roller bearing, due to the oblique position of the rollers
and rolling paths, it is especially suitable for resisting loads
simultaneous radial and axial. For cases where the axial load is very
It is important that there is a series of bearings whose angle is very wide. This
the bearing must be mounted in opposition to another bearing capable of
to withstand axial forces in the opposite direction. The bearing is
detachable; the inner ring with its rollers and the outer ring are assembled each
one separately.

Cylindrical roller thrust bearingsedit]

They are suitable for applications that must support heavy loads.
axial. In addition, they are insensitive to shocks, they are strong and require little
axial space. They are single-direction bearings and can only
accept axial loads in one direction. Its main use is in applications
where the load capacity of the thrust ball bearings is
inadequate. They have various industrial uses, and their extraction is safe.

Spherical roller thrust bearingsedit]

Axial bearing.

The axial roller bearing with spherical rollers has a row of rollers arranged
obliquely, which, guided by a tab of the fixed ring to the shaft, rotate
on the spherical surface of the ring resting on the support. Consequently,
the bearing has a great load capacity and is self-aligning
manual. Due to the special execution of the support surface of the
rollers on the guide tab, the rollers rotate apart from the tab by
a thin layer of oil. The bearing can, therefore, rotate at a
high speed, even supporting heavy load. Contrary to the others
axial bearings, this can also withstand radial loads.

Spherical ball bearingsedit]

Spherical roller bearing.

The spherical roller bearings have two rows of balls that support
on a spherical rolling path on the outer rim, allowing
angular misalignments of the axis with respect to the support. They are used in
applications where significant misalignments can occur, due to
example, due to thermal expansions, flexions on the axis or by the mode
of construction. In this way, they release twodegrees of
freedomcorresponding to the inner ring's rotation with respect to the two axes
geometric perpendiculars to the axis of the outer ring.

This type of bearings have less friction than other types of.
bearings, which heat up less under the same conditions of
load and speed, being suitable for higher speeds.

Cylindrical roller bearingsedit]

Cylindrical roller bearing of type NUP.

A cylindrical roller bearing typically has a row of

rollers. These rollers are guided by tabs from one of the rings, while
that the other ring may or may not have tabs.

Depending on the arrangement of the tabs, there are several types of bearings.
of cylindrical rollers:

Type NU: with two tabs on the outer ring and without tabs on the ring
interior. They only accept radial loads, are detachable, and allow
relative axial displacements of the housing and shaft in both
senses.
 Type N: with two tabs on the inner ring and no tabs on the ring
exterior. Its characteristics are similar to the previous type.

Type NJ: with two tabs on the outer ring and one tab on the ring
interior. It can be used for the axial fixation of the shaft in one direction.

Type NUP: with two integral tabs on the outer ring and with a
integral tab and two tabs on the inner ring. One of the
the tabs of the inner ring are not integral, that is to say, it is similar to a
washer to allow assembly and disassembly. They are used for
Axially fix a shaft in both directions.

Roller bearings are stiffer than ball bearings and are used
for heavy loads and large diameter axles.

Spherical roller bearingsedit]

The spherical roller bearing has two rows of rollers with a path
common spherical in the outer ring being, therefore, of alignment
automatic. The number and size of its rollers give it a capacity of
very heavy load. Most series can support not only
strong radial loads but also considerable axial loads in both
directions. They can be replaced by bearings of the same
designation that will be given through letters and numbers as appropriate
to the determined normalization.

Single direction ball axial bearingsedit]

The single-row axial ball bearing consists of a row of balls.

between two rings, one of which, the fixed ring on the axis, has a flat seat,
while the other, the ring supported on the bracket, can have a seat
flat or spherical. In the latter case, the bearing rests on a
counter plate. The bearings with flat seating should, undoubtedly,
preferred for most applications, but those with spherical seats
they are very useful in certain cases, to compensate for small inaccuracies of
manufacturing of the supports. The bearing is intended to withstand
only axial load in one direction.

Thrust needle bearingsedit]

They can withstand heavy axial loads, they are insensitive to the loads of
shock and provide hard bearing applications requiring a minimum
of axial space.