TD sheet with corrections

Exercise No. 1 - The stator of a star-connected three-phase alternator, with a frequency of 60 Hz and a speed of
rotation 900 rpm, contains 576 active conductors in total (the periphery has 48 notches and it
There are 12 wires in each notch). The inductive flux of the rotor is 0= 0.04 Wb, at maximum value
under each pole.
How many poles does the alternator have?
What is the theoretical electromotive force per phase?

What is the open circuit voltage between lines?

Solution
How many poles does the alternator have?
N=f/p
where:
f : the frequency
p: the number of pairs of poles
N: the speed
p = f / N = 60 x 60 / 900 = 4
The number of poles is: 2 x 4 = 8
The theoretical electromotive force per phase is given by the following expression

2p N
E= n ❑0
√2 60
Avec les notations du texte : on a : n= 96, Z = 192, q= 24, m=3, p= 4
2 4X900
E= 96X 0.04=1023V(effective value)
√2 60
-For the star connection, the line voltage is √ 3 phase voltage: V = 1775 V co

Exercise No. 2 - A single-phase alternator, driven at a speed of N=360 rpm, produces an emf of
effective value 110 V and frequency 60 Hz, when the rotor excitation current is Ir = 2 A.
We want this alternator to produce an effective voltage of 220 V and a frequency of 50 Hz.
What should be the new values for the training speed and the excitation current.
Note: It will be assumed that the shell is not saturated.
Solution
More generally, for a machine with p pairs of poles, the rotational speed in rpm will be
so (according to equation 4 of the synchronous machines course handout):
N = 60 f / p
The frequency is proportional to the rotation speed. Therefore, the alternator will need to be driven at:
N2= N1( f/
2 f1) = 360 ( 50 / 60) = 300 tr / min

According to equation 8 or 5, the electromotive force is proportional to the speed and the excitation current:

( E2/ E1) = ( N/
2 N1( Ir2Ir1)

From this expression, we can determine the excitation current for the new ones.
values of the voltage and frequency.
Ir2Ir1X ( E2/ E1) X (N1/ N2) = 2 X ( 220 / 110 ) X ( 360 / 300) = 4.8 A

Exercise No. 3 - A three-phase alternator delivers a current of 20 A with a voltage between phases of
220 V and a power factor of 0.85. The inductor, powered by a voltage source
continuing from 200 V, presents a resistance of 100 The alternator receives mechanical power.
of 7.6 kW. Calculate:
1- the useful power supplied to the load
2- the absorbed power
3- the yield
Solution
1-The useful power supplied to the load
Puseful= √ 3I as you = √ 3 X 220 X 20 X 0.85 = 6480 W = 6.48 kW
2-The power absorbed
Pabsorbed= Pmechanics+ pinduction joule = Pmechanics+ U2/ Rinductor
Pabsorbed= 7600 + 2002/100 = 7600 + 400 = 8000 W = 8 kW
3-The yield
= Puseful/ Pabsorbed0.81 = 81%

Exercise No. 4 - A three-phase alternator is coupled in star. On a resistive load, it delivers a

current of 20 A under a voltage of 220 V between two terminals of the winding. The resistance of f
the inductor is 50 that of an induced winding of 1 W. The excitation current is 2 A.
The collective losses are estimated at 400 W.
Calculate:
1- the useful power.
2- the power absorbed by the inductor.
3- the Joule losses in the armature.
4- the yield.
Solution
1-The useful power
Puseful= √ 3U I cos √=3 X 220 X 20 X 1 = 7620 W = 7.62 kW
2-The power absorbed by the inductor.
It is also the Joule losses in the inductor: Pinductor= RinductorX I2excitation= 50 X 22= 200 W
3-The Joule losses in the armature.
3 x Rinuitx I2induce3 times 1 times 202= 1200 W (star coupling)
4-The performance

The power absorbed by the alternator = useful power + total losses

Pabs= 7.62 + (0.2 + 1.2 + 0.4) : 9.42 kW
The yield is equal to Puseful/ Pabs=7.62 / 9.42 = 0.81 = 8l %o

Exercise n°5 - Let a single-phase alternator producing a sinusoidal voltage U of frequency f

= 50 Hz. Below is the simplified equivalent diagram of the armature (the resistance of
the winding is negligible). The reactance X of the armature is equal to 1.6 for a frequency of
50 Hz

The no-load characteristic, for a rotation frequency of 750 rpm is given by:
E(V) = 120 i(A)
With i: the excitation current.
The alternator supplies a resistive load through which an effective current of intensity I = 30 A flows.
Voltage U across the resistor a. for effective value U = 110 V and for frequency f = 50Hz.
1- Calculate the number of pole pairs of the alternator knowing that it must run at 750 rpm for
provide a sinusoidal voltage of 50 Hz.
2- Check that the effective value of the induced electromotive force of the alternator E is equal to 120 V.
3- Derive the value of I, the intensity i of the excitation current.
4- What is the resistance R of the load? Deduce the useful power supplied by the alternator.
the resistive load.
5- Under the test conditions, the losses of the alternator are estimated at 450 W. Calculate the
yield.
Solution
1-Calculate the number of pole pairs of the alternator knowing that it must run at 750 rpm for
provide a sinusoidal voltage of 50 Hz.
N = 60 f / p p = 60 f / N = 60 X 50 / 750 = 4
2-Check that the effective value of the induced electromotive force (emf) of the alternator E is equal to 120 V.

For this, let's build the vector diagram of Behn-Eschenburg:

Using the Pythagorean theorem:

E= √
U2+(XI)2

E= √
1102+(1.6X30)2=120V
3- Deduce the value of the intensity i of the excitation current.
Ev= 120 i i = Ev/ 120 = 120 / 120 = l A

4-What is the resistance R of the load? Deduce the useful power provided by the alternator to the
resistive charge.
R = U / I = 110 / 30 = 3.67
Pu= R I2= 3.67 X 3023300 W

5-In the test conditions, the losses of the alternator are estimated at 450 W. Calculate the
yield.
= Puseful/ Puseful+ pertes = 3300 / (3300 + 450) = 3300 / 3750 = 0.88 = 88%

We change the rotation speed to 500 rpm. We denote f ',E', X', U' and I' as the new values of
f, E, X, U and I. The excitation current of the alternator remains unchanged: i' = i.
6-Calculate f’ and deduce X’
f '= p n’ equals 4 X (500 / 60) = 33.3 Hz
X=L
X' = L ’

X' = X f’ / f = 1.6 X 33.3 / 50 = 1.07

7-Calculate E'. Deduce I' the current in the load and U' the voltage across the alternator.

The excitation is constant, so the emf is proportional to the rotational speed.

E’= E x ( ns’ / ns) equals 120 x (500/750) = 80V

√ ' 2 +¿ ¿
E' = U
I’ = E’ / √ R2 + X ' 2 = 80 / √ 3.672 +1.072 = 20.95 A
U’ = R I’ 3.67 X 20.95 = 76.8 V
8- What must the excitation current be to have U' = 110 V?
U’ = R x E’ / √ R2 + X ' 2
With E’ = 80i
i = U’ √ R2 + X ' 2 / 80 R = 76.8 x √ 3.672 +1.072 / 80 x 3.67 = 1.43 A

Exercise No. 6 - The equivalent circuit of the rotor of the alternator is:

The resistance of the winding of the armature is: Rs = 0.3 .

The no-load characteristic, for a rotational speed of 1500 rpm, is given by:
E = 200 i
with: the excitation current (in A)
And the effective value of the emf (in V)
1- Calculate the number of pole pairs of the alternator given that it must run at 1800 rpm.
to provide a sinusoidal voltage with a frequency of f = 60 Hz.
2- A short-circuit test at 1500 rpm gives a armature current Icc = 20 A for a current
excitation i = 0.4 A.
Show that the synchronous reactance (in, )) can be written as :

Xs = √¿ ¿

Make the digital application.

3- The alternator powers a resistive load R that consumes a current of effective intensity
I = 20A.
The voltage v(t) across the resistor has a root mean square value of V = 220 V and a frequency of f = 50
Hz.
3-1- What is the rotation speed of the alternator (in rpm)?
3-2- Calculate the resistance R of the load
3-3- Calculate the useful power provided by the alternator to the load.
3-4- Show that the rms voltage of the alternator E is equal to 240 V.
3-5- Deduce the excitation current intensity i.
3-6- The collective losses of the alternator are estimated at 300 W. The resistance of the excitation is
r = 200 .
Deduce the efficiency of the alternator.
Solution
The calculation of the number of pole pairs of the alternator

p = f / N = 60 / (1800/ 60) = 2
2- Show that the synchronous reactance (in, )) can be written as: Xs = √ ¿ ¿for a short essay
circuit at 1500 rpm, providing an armature current Icc = 20 A for an excitation current i = 0.4 A.

The complex short circuit impedance: Z = Rs + j Xs

E = Z Icc = √ R + X From
2 2
s cc where:X s= √
¿¿

E (V) = 200 X i (A) = 200 X 0.4 = 80 V

Xs = √ ¿ ¿= 4

3- The alternator feeds a resistive load R which consumes a current of effective intensity
I = 20A. The voltage v(t) across the resistor has a root mean square value V = 220 In it
for frequency f = 50 Hz.

3-1- What is the rotational speed of the alternator (in rpm)?

N = f / p = 50 / 2 = 25 tr / s = 1500 tr / min
3-2- Calculate the resistance R of the load
Ohm's law gives us R = V / I = 220 / 20 = 11
3-3- Calculate the useful power supplied by the alternator to the load.
PusefulV = I x cos 220 X 20 X 1 = 4400 W
Other method:
Puseful= R I2= 11 X (20)2= 4400 W
3-4- Show that the emf of the alternator E is equal to 240 V.
The complex impedance is: Z = ( R + Rs) + j Xs
E = Z I = √ ¿ ¿ = √ ¿ ¿ = 240 V
3-5- Deduce the intensity of the excitation current i.
E = 200 i i = E / 200 = 240 / 200 = 1.2 A
3-6- The collective losses of the alternator are estimated at 300 W. The resistance of the excitation is
r = 200 Deduce the efficiency of the alternator.
= Puseful/ Puseful+ Joule losses from excitation + Joule losses from the armature
Joule losses from the excitation are equal to: r i2= 200 x (1.2)2288 W
Joule losses of the armature: RsI2= 0.3 X 202= 120 W

= 4400 / 4400 + 288 + 120 + 300 = 0.86 = 86 %

Exercise No. 7 - A three-phase alternator in a delta configuration runs at a constant speed while being excited by a
current rotor. Its stator has 3 accessible terminals:
The open circuit voltage, measured between any 2 terminals, is 120V. The measured resistance
between any 2 bounds, is 1.333 The current measured on a wire arriving at a terminal when
this one is short-circuited to the other 2, worth 17.32 A.
What is the synchronous reactance per phase?
same question, assuming that the alternator is mounted in star configuration

Note: It is assumed that the alternator is not saturated.

Solution
a-Par phase in triangle
120 V
Icc= 17.32 / √ 3 = 10 A
Rs(3/2) x 1.333 = 2

Xs = √ E2−¿ ¿ = √ 120−¿
2
¿ 11.86
star phase a-Par
E = 120 / =√ 369.3 V
Icc = 17.32 = 10 √3 A
Rs0.667 = 2/3
Xs =¿ √¿/ 10 3.96√ 3
Note: By neglecting Rs, we would find respectively 12. and 4 the error thus committed
would be weak at about 1.5%.

Exercise No. 8 - A single-phase alternator at 60 Hz runs at 150 rpm and its excitation current is
maintained constant at Ir = 5 A. The flux per pole is 0.0142 Wb. The stator coils
it consists of 6 coils per pair of poles, and their total internal resistance is Rs= 3 The current
The short circuit is worth Icc = 100 A.

What is the emf?

What is synchronous reactance?
3-What is the voltage across the terminals when the alternator delivers 50 A in a pure resistance?
4-What is then the voltage drop in % (voltage regulation)?
Observation: the alternator is not saturated
Solution
What is the electromotive force?

The fem is determined from the expression:

2
E= nf❑
√2 0
The number of pole pairs: p = 60 f / N = 60 x 60 / 150 = 24
The total number of turns: n = p X q = 24 X 6 = 144
2
from where : E = 144X60X0.0142 = 546 V
√2
2- What is synchronous reactance?
Xs = √ E2−¿ ¿ = √ 546−¿
2
¿ 4.56
3- What is the voltage across the terminals when the alternator delivers 50 A in a pure resistance?
When the alternator delivers 50A with cos = 1, the resistive drop is: Rs I = 3 x 50 = 150 V and the
Inductive reactance is: Xs I = 4.56 X 50 = 228 V.
From : ( V + Rs I )2(Xs I)2= ( V + 150)(228)
2 2
= (546)2 V = 346 V

4- What is the voltage drop in % (voltage regulation)?

The voltage drop is E - U = 546 - 346 = 200 V
E−V200
The voltage regulation in % is worth 100 = 36.6%
E 546

Exercise No. 9 - A three-phase smooth-pole alternator in star configuration, with negligible resistance, and of
synchronous reactance 2 per phase, delivers a total active power of 800 KW under a voltage
between lines of 2000V. Knowing that the voltage between lines was 2500 V, calculate:
1-the angle of electromagnetic power .
2-the current delivered by line
3-the power factor cos .
Solution
1-The angle of electromagnetic power .
The tension of the flow per phase
V = 2000 / √ 3 1154 V
The female per phase:
E = 2500 /√=3 1442 V
According to expression 27 of the synchronous machines course handout,
sin = P . Xs / 3. V. E = 8 X 105X 2 / 3 X 1154 X 1442 = 0.32
18.7° , cos = 0.947

2-the current delivered by line

We calculate the side XsI of the triangle constructed on V and E:

(XsI)2= E2+ V2- 2 E X V X cos = (1442)2+ (1154)2- 2 X 1442 X 1154 X 0.947 = 0.24 X 106
(XsI)20.24 X 106V I = 490 / 2 = 245 A
The phase current is equal to the line current in a star connection.

3-the power factor cos .

P = 3 V I cos cos = P / 3 V I = 8 X 1053 X 1154 X 245 = 0.943 19.5°

Exercise No. 10 - A three-phase star alternator with rated characteristics of 5 KVA, 220V between
lines, 60 Hz, 8 poles, smooth poles, has an open-circuit voltage between lines of 150V when the rotor is
trained at 900 rpm and the excitation current adjusted to 2A. The armature resistance is negligible and
The synchronous reactance per phase is 110% of the base impedance.
Without changing the speed, we adjust the excitation current so that, when the alternator is
short-circuited, a short-circuit current equal to the nominal current flows. What is the value of the
excitation current that allows to achieve this result?
Note: Saturation is neglected.
Solution
Base power = Total nominal apparent power = 5000 VA
Line voltage = Nominal line tension = 220 V
Base impedance = (base voltage)2Base power = (220)25000 = 9.7
hence the synchronous reactance per phase: Xs= 1.1 X 9.7 10.65 X 220
To calculate the necessary excitation current, we reason by phase:
Nominal current = 5000 / √ 3 220 = 13.1 A
hence the necessary emf in short circuit:
E = XsI = 10.65 X 13.1 = 140 V or the emf is proportional, at equal speed, to the current
of excitement:
When Ir1= 2 A E1= 150 / √ 3 = 86.6 V
Where: Ir2Ir1( E2/ E1= 2 X (140 / 86.6) = 3.23 A

Exercise No. 11 - A smooth-pole three-phase star turbo alternator has the nominal characteristics
following: 1.2 MVA, 17.32 KV, 60 Hz, 4 poles. The armature resistance is negligible and the
no-load characteristic at 1800 rpm is as follows:
Go (A) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
E(kV per phase) 3 6 8.5 10 11 11.6 12 12.3 12.5 12.7

This alternator being intended to operate saturated, the following 2 tests are carried out at 1800 rpm:
the stator terminals being short-circuited, we measure a line current of 40 A when the current
The rotor excitation current is Ir = 15 A.

The alternator supplying an inductance for a balanced three-phase system of adequate value, we measure
a voltage between lines of 15.6 kV and a line current of 40 A when the excitation current of the
rotor voltage Ir = 45 A.
a) Determine, by constructing from Poitiers, the leakage reactance ωl and the f.m.m of the armature reaction.
per phase, corresponding to the nominal flow of the alternator.
b) Determine by the Poitier diagram, the value of the excitation current Ir that would allow
the alternator to deliver its rated power under
the nominal voltage in a power factor network = 1. In
deduce the voltage regulation.
Solution

Nominal flow voltage per phase = 10,000 V

Nominal current flow per phase = 40 A (equal to
star line current
Test 1 gives point C, test 2 gives the point
C’ (Ir = 45 A, V0= 9000V). By C’, we are conducting a
parallel to OC (15 A to the left). By O’, on
draw a line parallel to the initial slope of E, from where A’. By A’we draw a perpendicular to O’C’,
from B’ It reads on the graph:
A’B’= 12000 - 9000 = 3000V
B’C’ = 45 - 35 = 10A
L = 3000 / 40 = 75 (which is 30% of the base impedance of 250) ).

F s = 10 A (on the scale of Ir) (armature reaction f.m.m).

We set the vector V = 10,000 V and the vector

perpendicular L = 3000 V, hence E’ = 10440 V. We read on
the no-load characteristic Ir = 22 A for E ’= 10440 V (point
D).
We construct at the scales of Ir, the vector F 10s A in
phase with I (which is also in phase with V), and the vector
F ‘= 22A perpendicular to E’ (this vector‘ F represents the
resulting m.m. under load). From this, we deduce the m.m.
excitation necessary F = 27r A.
The open-circuit characteristic reads E = 11,200 V for Ir = 27
A (point F’Excitation current Ir = 27 A.
RT = 100 [ (11,200 – 10,000) / 11,200] = 10.7%

Exercise No. 12 - A factory consumes an average apparent power of 1000 KVA with a power factor
0.6. In order to improve the power factor, it is proposed to install a synchronous motor.
500 KVA synchronous generator, connected in parallel to the grid.

By reasoning on the diagram of active, reactive, and apparent powers, determine the
maximum power factor that can be obtained using this synchronous compensator.
Calculate the active power that the motor will have to consume to achieve this condition. Calculate
the reactive power it provides.
Calculate the gain achieved on the apparent power consumed by the factory.
Observation: The engine's efficiency is 100%.
Solution
Initially, the factory consumes
a-
AC = 1,000 kVA
600 kW 1= 53°, cos 1= 0.6, sin 10.8
BC = 800 kVAR
 Let's draw a circle with center C and radius 500 kVA, and lead by
To the tangent AD to this circle; AD represents the new power
apparent with the compensator, and for the power factor
maximum ( 2minimal)
sin ( 1 - 2) = CD / AC = 500 / 1000 = 0.5
2= 53° - 30° = 23°
cos 20.92
sine 2 = 0.39
b- P = CE = BG = 500 X sin 2= 195 kW
Q = CF = ED = 500 X cos 2 = 460 kVAR
c - AD = 1000 X cos ( 1 - 2866 kVA
1000 - 866 = 134 kVA.

Exercise No. 13 - A synchronous motor, 3 phases, Y, 230V, 60 Hz, 20 poles, smooth poles, has a
synchronous reactance of 4 by phase and a negligible resistance. The excitation current being
I adjusted so that the consumed current is minimal, the active electrical power consumed by the
the motor is worth 800 kW.

What is the electromagnetic couple?

What is the f.c.e.m per phase?
What would be the maximum electromagnetic torque that the engine could develop with the
what is the value of the excitation current? What would be the power factor then?
Solution
a-I is minimal when cos 1. Rsbeing neglected, we have p = 10
Te= Pe/ = 800,000 / 2
dude (60 /10) = 21 200 J/rd

b-Tension per phase V = 2300 / √ 3 = 1325 V

√ 3 = 200 A
Current per phase I = 800,000 / 2300
Drop XsI = 800 From where E √=¿ ¿ = 1552 V
c) If we keep the excitation constant, we also keep E constant in magnitude: E thus describes a circle.
from center O and radius 1552 V. The maximum couple would be obtained when the area of the triangle
OEV would be maximum, that is E in E':
Tmax / T = OE’V / OEV = 1552 / 800 1.94
Tmax = 41 400 J / rd

Exercise 14-
A salient pole three-phase star alternator delivers an apparent power of 5kVA at 220.
Between lines, to a network of cos 1. We give

Direct phase reactance Xd = 12

Transverse reactance per phase Xq = 7
Draw the d,q diagram of Blondel and calculate the electromotive force and the electromagnetic power angle.
corresponding to this regime.

Solution
Per phase V = 220 √ 3 = 127 V,
S / 3 X 127 = 13.1 A
Being in phase with V, we have:
tg tg = Xq . I / V = 7 13.1 / 127 = 0.725
cos = 0.81 = 0.59
= 36°
E = Vq + Xd Id = V cos + Xd I sin 127 X 0.81 + 12 X 7.75 = 196 V per phase