Understanding Complex Numbers and Operations
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ScribdTranslationsDefinitionandoperationsofcomplexnumbersinbinomialform
Definition of complex number
A complex number is defined as an ordered pair ofreal numbers:
Z = (a, b) with a, b∈ R
where the first element of the ordered pair is called the real part of the complex number, and the second
the element is called imaginary part:
Re(z) = a
Im(z) = b
In complex numbers, the following operations are defined:
(a, b) + (c, d) = (a + c, b + d)
(a, b).(c, d) = (ac – bd, ad + bc)
With these operations, it can be demonstrated that the set of complex numbers has the same
properties of real numbers with addition and multiplication.
We can naturally identify the complexes with zero imaginary part with the real numbers.
On the other hand, the numbers with a zero real part: z = (0,b) are called pure imaginary. It is defined as
imaginary unit:
i = (0,1) imaginary unit
We can then deduce another way to express a complex number:
z = a + bi in binary formómica
Note: in some texts of Physics and Engineering, the imaginary unit is designated as j, to avoid
confusing with laique usually indicates the intensity of electric current.
Since we have defined a complex number as an ordered pair of real numbers, it is natural
interpret it as a point in the plane. On the abscissa axis (real axis) we will locate the complex numbers of real part
null imaginary. And on the y-axis (imaginary axis) we will place the pure imaginaries:
Operations in binomial form
Addition and subtraction
Yesz1= a+b iyz2 = c + d i, then:
z1+z2= (a+bi) + (c+di) = (a+c) + (b+d) i
Similarly: z1–z2= (a–c) + (b–d) i
Multiplication
z1.z2= (a+b i) . (c+d i) = a c + a di + bi c + b di2 [1]
How much is it?i?2
According to the defined multiplication:
(a, b) . (c, d) = (ac - bd, ad + bc)
Fori = (0,1)result
i2 = (0,1) . (0,1) = (–1,0)what we identify with the real number-1.
In summary:
i2 = -1
Replacing in[1]result
z1. z2= (ac–bd) + i (ad+bc)
You can verify that it is consistent with the definition.[2].
Conjugate of a complex number
The conjugate ofz = a + bi, it is defined as:
Z = a – bi
We observe thatzy¯zsymmetric with respect to the real axis, as shown in the following figure:
Properties:
1)z + z̅ = a + bi + a - bi = 2a = 2 Re(z)
2)z–¯z = a + bi – (a–bi) = 2 bi = 2i. Im(z)(remember thatIm(z)∈ R)
z.¯z = (a + bi) (a – bi) = a – a bi + bi a – b i =2 (a
2
+ b)∈
2 2
R > 0 pNow everythingz≠0
Examples
Let the complex numbers be:
2 + 3i
Calculate:
Complex solutions of quadratic equations
We have found a number whose square is-1!
How much does it give(–i)
2
?
From now on, we will be able to solve equations like this:
x2 + 1 = 0
This simple equation has no solution inRbut it does have a solution inC:
SC= {i,–i}
In general, the quadratic equation
x2 + a = 0, with a > 0
it has no solution inRbut it has two solutions inC: x1,2= ± i √ a
Example
Solve the equations:
a)x 2+ 5 = 0
x - 4x
2
+5=0
Resolution