PONTIFICAL CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF MINAS GERAIS

Avenue Dom José Gaspar, 500

Eucharistic Heart. Belo Horizonte–MG–ZIP Code 30.535-901

DIRECT CURRENT POWER SUPPLY USING THE REGULATOR OF

LM7805 Voltage

Beautiful Horizon
2020
 Matheus Oliveira Fialho Vieira
Sandro Silva Pessoa Santos

DC POWER SOURCE USING THE REGULATOR OF

LM7805 Voltage

Practical work presented to the subject

Electronics Lab I to be
used as an evaluative activity in
first semester of 2020.

Geraldo Cardoso de Melo

Discipline: Electronics Laboratory I
Class: Electronic Engineering and
Telecommunications 2020/1

Belo Horizonte
2020
 Summary

Direct current sources are increasingly necessary in the digital age and,
besides being very useful in our daily lives, they also help us a lot in
development of basic concepts about electronics, which is the focus of this project.
The work was developed with the aim of designing a circuit that would be
able to consolidate the knowledge acquired in the discipline of Electronics I. For this
improvement, a current source was built from the beginning of the project
continue using a rectifier bridge with filter and voltage regulator. In the case
A DC power supply of 5V and 1A was designed for this activity.
The project was built up to the simulation and development phases
PCB, but it was not possible to carry out the project assembly due to limitations of
resources available for the project at this time of pandemic. Even without the
final assembly of the source, the simulated results were satisfactory and it was possible
Perform an analysis very close to reality for the results obtained.

Source. Direct Current. Rectifier Bridge. Regulator.

Tension.
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

CA Alternating Current
CC Direct Current
CI Integrated Circuit
V Volts (Unit of measurement for electric voltage)
A Ampere (Unit of measure for electric current)
F Farad (Unit of measurement of capacitance)
 SUMMARY

1. Theoretical Introduction...................................................................................6

2. Theoretical-Practical Developmento ............................................................9

2.1. Theoretical Sizing and Calculations ..................................................9

2.2. Simulation with Proteus 8.5 software and measurementss ..............................16

3. Analysis of Results .........................................................................18

3.1. Comparison between theoretical and simulated resultss ......................18

4. Conclusion and suggestions for optimization

ANNEX A – Electrical Characteristics of the LM7805 from Texas Instruments......20

1. Theoretical Introduction

In the developed project, the idea was to create a source of direct current.
using a full wave rectifier, with four diodes, and a circuit
coupled with the aim of filtering and regulating the output voltage of the rectifier bridge.
In Figure 1, it is possible to see the proposed circuit for development in the project:

Figure 1–Proposed Circuit for Development

Source: Subject Teacher

The circuit in Figure 1 works as follows: at the input, we have a

connection for 127V of alternating current, which is connected to a transformer and a
a fuse. The fuse aims to prevent a possible overload or burning out
of the transformer in the case of a short circuit. The transformer, on the other hand, has the purpose of

lower the voltage to a value that is manageable to obtain 5V DC

output. The output voltage of the transformer will be calculated later in the topic
2.1. After the transformer, the voltage is still alternating, but it has an intensity
much lower than the input voltage, as shown in Figure 2:

Figure 2 – Input and Output Voltage in a step-down transformer

Source: Own authorship

The diodes are arranged so that at the output of the rectifier bridge, it is
a variable (pulsating) voltage is applied, but it continues, since the wave
it becomes always positive. This point of the circuit is identified as 'Vc=Vi'
in Figure 1.
The rectifier bridge works as follows: initially, in the half-cycle
positive, the diodes D2 and D4 conduct, thereby generating a positive voltage at the output
from the bridge. When the AC voltage at the input of the rectifier becomes negative, the
diodes D2 and D4 stop conducting and the diodes D1 and D3, in turn, start to
driving, generating a positive tension also at the bridge output. In Figure 3,
we can better visualize how this circuit works:

Figure 3 - Operation of a Rectifier Bridge

Source: [Link] (Modified by the author)

After the tension is rectified, we have the output circuit formed by the capacitor
C1 is the voltage regulator LM7805. Capacitors C2 and C3 are placed due to
the manufacturer's regulator recommendations. C1 functions to filter the
components of alternating output voltage of the rectifier; for each cycle, the
the capacitor is charged, and it starts discharging when the voltage begins to drop, but
it does not discharge completely. This cycle can be better visualized in
Figure 4 below:
 Figure 4–Output of a full-wave rectifier with filter

Source: [Link] - Access May/2020

Finally, we have the IC LM7805, which is responsible for stabilizing the voltage Vi,
which is applied at its input, and also by regulating the output voltage, aiming to
avoid the load effect at the power supply output - which is a reduction of the output voltage

due to the increase in output current. This regulator has an internal circuit
with transistors and resistors that form a voltage amplifier. This, through
of a closed loop and a reference voltage regulated by a zener diode,
keeps the output voltage at 5V, which is the value of its reference voltage.

Figure 5–Internal circuit of the LM7805 voltage regulator

[Link]
2. Theoretical-Practical Development

In this topic, the calculations made for the font project will be demonstrated.
CC. They were made based on the Shade curves and the circuit analysis.
with the aid of basic knowledge about voltage rectifiers. In this
development, we must consider the base diagram and its identification of
components of Figure 6:

Figure 6 – Developed circuit with identifications

Source: Own Authorship

[Link] Sizing and Calculations

Initially, we need to define some characteristics of the source, such as voltage

output voltage and maximum output current. In the case of this power supply, we will have the following

parameters: and .
Keeping in mind the value of Vo, we need to use the voltage regulator.
LM7805, which provides a voltage of 5V at its output, with the input voltage being
at least 7.5V, according to the IC datasheet.
The calculations and sizing of the components will be done based on the
output (Vo) and logically returning to the input of the circuit (Vp). For
manufacturer's recommendations, a minimum input voltage of is required
7.5V, which indicates its dropout voltage ) must be from, in
minimum,2.5V. So, we will do , and with that: .
For this application, the capacitors C2 and C3 must have values of 220nF.
a 100nF, according to the recommendation of the LM7805 datasheet. The capacitor of

220nF serves to stabilize the voltage if the regulator is far from the
voltage source. The 100nF capacitor functions to assist in the response
transitional of the regulator.
 The output voltage of the rectifier has a ripple factor that depends
directly from the value of capacitor C1. According to the manufacturer's datasheet, the
The ripple rejection is typically 80dB. Given this data, we will use a factor
dipped 5%.
Another piece of data that we must define for the project is the relationship between the resistance.

minimum viewed by the rectifier and that of the transformer's secondary. For this power supply,

We will use the relationship: ⁄ This data will be

important for the analysis of Shade curves and, with that, to find constants
essential for the circuit.
To calculate the value of the filter capacitor C1, we must use the curve of
Shade that, based on the type of circuit and the desired ripple factor value, we
show the value of the constant Figure 7 shows the relationship found:

Figure 7–Relationship between ripple factor and

Source: Cipelli, 1986

 The minimum resistance at the output of the rectifier can be calculated by:

⁄ ⁄ ,

since the input current of the LM7805 is approximately equal to

output current. The value of ω is 2πf, as shown in Figure 7. Given this,
we have to:
.

Since we already have the values of N, ω, and Rmin, we can calculate the value of C1.

by the formula:

⁄ ⁄ or .

Due to the restriction of commercial values for capacitors, we must

approximate the value of C1 calculated for the next commercial value, which is 4700µF.
This approach will not affect the circuit's functionality due to the increase, and
not reduction, caused in the RC constant of the capacitor. As we change the value of the

capacitor, we must also change the value of N to maintain

proportionality As a result, the new value of N to be used becomes
to be:

After specifying the value of the capacitor, the maximum voltage was defined that
it must be supported by it. For this, it was necessary to obtain the relationship between the voltage

at the input of the regulating IC, which has the same value as the voltage across the capacitor
, and the peak voltage across the capacitor To obtain this relationship, it was resorted to

again to the Shade curves, making use of the values of⁄ and of N,

as shown in Figure 8:
 Figure 8: Relationship between Vc / V(PK), Rs/Rmin and ωRC

Source: Cipelli 1986

With this amount of ⁄ obtained, it was possible to calculate the peak voltage

no capacitor. Since , then Placing a margin of

20% safety for the specification of C1, we can say that the maximum tension
about the capacitor will be: .
Since the diodes are connected directly to the transformer, some
his data is necessary for sizing the diodes. With that,
first, the transformer was sized. For voltage calculation of

secondary Vs, the following relationship was used: ⁄ . The value of

√

1.6V added for Vs calculation refers to the voltage drop across the diodes. It
it is not 0.7V for each due to operating in pulsed voltage, which produces a
increase of the forward voltage to 0.8V in each diode. Calculating Vs, we have:

⁄ .
√

For the calculation of the secondary current, the following must be used again.
the Shade curves, in Figure 9, which were useful for finding the relationship between the
effective direct current the repetitive peak forward current value in the diode

the average current per diode , that the circuit is worth ⁄ ⁄

Figure 9–Relationship between effective and peak currents with the average current in
diodes, Rs/nRL and nωRLC

Source: Cipelli 1986

After identifying the relationships: ⁄ e ⁄ was

it is possible to calculate the value of :

.
 Through this value, we can calculate another parameter of the transformer that
it is the secondary current Is:

√ √ .

With this, we finalize the specification of the transformer that must be

127V to 8.67V with a secondary current of 1.48A. The specification of
the diode has also been completed, since its average current is 0.5A and, for reasons
of security, one must consider the reverse voltage in the diode to be twice as high as
Vpk. Logo, the maximum reverse voltage in the diode will be 21.34V.
Finally, we must size a heat sink for the LM7805.
Since no electronic component has zero resistance, its operation leads to
in some generation of heat. This is due both to the conduction power, associated
to the operation of the converter, as it relates to the switching power,
associated with the switching frequency of the switches present in the converter.

To remove the heat produced and maintain the junction temperature less than
the maximum specified by the manufacturer it is necessary to use a heat sink
heat.
Sizing the heat sink involves modeling a circuit
thermal, analogous to the electrical circuit. In it, the heat flow P, in Watts, produces a
drop in temperature , in degrees Celsius, in a thermal resistance , in
degrees per Watt.
So, we have the circuit of Figure 10:

Figure 10 - Thermal circuit model for the LM7805

Source: Own authorship

 In what it is the thermal resistance junction-capsule, between the tablet of

silicon and the metal base (case); the capsule-radiator resistance; , a

case-heatsink resistance to ambient the power dissipated in the LM7805
and the room temperature.
Consulting the datasheet, we have that , e
for the TO-220 encapsulation and the maximum ambient temperature
to be considered is 40ºC. Therefore:

The value found is the maximum acceptable value for thermal resistance of the
heat sink for what . Similarly, it can also be calculated the
operating temperature of the heatsink:

Therefore, the heatsink must be able to operate at the temperature of

and thermal resistance .
With the calculations completed, the electrical diagram was updated with the values.
calculated for each component:

Figure 11–Electrical diagram with the values of the components

Source: Own Authorship

 A list of components with specifications has also been developed.
each of the elements of the circuit, presented in Table 1:

Table 1: Specification of electrical components for power supply assembly

Description Quantity
1A fuse F1 1
Key 2 positions S1 1
Transformer 127V/9V/2A TR1 1
1N4007 diodes D1 4
Capacitor 4700uFx25V C1 1
Capacitor 220nF C2 1
Capacitor 100nF C3 1
Voltage Regulator LM7805 U1 1
HS1818 Heat Sink Not Applicable 1
Source: Own Authorship

2.2. Simulation with Proteus 8.5 software and measurements

After the calculations were carried out and the electrical schematic was developed,
The simulation and measurements of the circuit parameters were carried out in the software.

Proteus 8.5. The simulated circuit with the respective measurement points can be
seen in the image below:

Figure 12: Schematic with measurement points

Source: Own Authorship

The measured values for the circuit with minimum load at the output can be
verified in the image and in Table 2:
 Table 2 - Values measured in the simulation
Given Value
VP 127 Vrms
IP 0.33 Arms
VS 7.45 Vrms
IS 1.55 Arms
VI(med) 7,21 V
VO 4.78 V
IO 0.96 A
Source: Author's Own

Measurements were also taken with an oscilloscope in the simulation,

looking for the input and output voltages of the voltage regulator with its
output current equal to 1A:

Figure 14: Input and output voltage of the LM7805 regulator

Source: Author's Own

3. Analysis of Results

[Link] between theoretical and simulated results

The input and output voltage values of the transformer for a load
the maximum current required at the source output matched the expectations.
The output voltage value of the transformer in the simulation was below the value.
nominal, but that was already expected, since the internal resistance of 0.8Ω
it produces a voltage drop, which for the maximum load of the power source, is

Thus, the voltage at the output of the transformer would change to

7.43Vrms, which is a value very close to the one found.
Starting the analysis of the rectifier bridge with filter, it was noticed
that the ripple factor in the simulation was above the value of 5% for maximum load of
source. This phenomenon was already expected to occur in practice and, due to the simulation
For Proteus to get very close to the actual assembly, this effect was detected in the
simulation. This increase in the ripple factor occurs due to the change in time of
charging and discharging of the capacitor, due to the current required by the load, in a way
that the greater the current, the shorter the charging/discharging time of the capacitor. With

yes, the ripple voltage tends to increase, since the voltage across the capacitor will have a
greater variation in time .
Regarding the behavior of the output voltage and current, it was noticed
in the simulation where at maximum load the regulator is not able to provide the
current of 1A and output voltage of 5V, but the value is very close, how can it be
seen in the simulation results, around 0.96A and 4.78V. This effect is due to
the approach to the extreme operating point of the voltage regulator, which is
composed mostly of semiconductor materials that tend to operate with
certain difficulty at extreme work points.
4. Conclusion and suggestions for optimization

The rectifier circuit is one of the most fundamental circuits in electronics.

analog. It is the first converter that is learned in the Engineering course
Electronics, converting AC voltage to DC voltage. In this work, we had the
opportunity to develop a full wave bridge rectifier circuit
using the regulator IC LM7805.
Unfortunately, due to the circumstances that shake the world with the crisis
sanitary and economic crisis caused by the emergence of the new Coronavirus, we could not
to carry out the project in practice, but the simulation, within the possible options, was the

more viable and of quality. It allowed us to visualize, including with more models
next to the possible real, how the behavior of the circuit would unfold. It is clear that
checks such as the effectiveness of the heat sink and the implications of
Real transformers could only happen in practice.
Anyway, the work was extremely rewarding, as it
we learned a method to design rectifier circuits, which are widely
used in current industries, including combining them with other circuits such as
keyed sources, inverters, and even reactors.
To optimize the circuit, improvements may be needed in the
heat dissipation of the LM7805, through forced ventilation or polishing of the
contact surfaces between the IC and the heatsink. A
oversizing in the voltage regulator so that it does not require
work within your limits. With this improvement, there would be great gains on the part
of durability of the source and greater reliability, since the necessary current would be
provided without issues by a regulator of higher output current.
If it were desirable to make the project more flexible, it could be used
also another adjustable voltage regulator, to obtain different values of
voltage at its output, or implement a feedback loop for us to have
more control over the stability of the regulator output.
 REFERENCES

Boylestad, Robert; Nashelesky, Louis. Electronic Devices and Theory

Circuits. 5th Ed. Rio de Janeiro: Prentice-Hall of Brazil, 1994.

Santos Filho, Rubens M. and others. - "Power Electronics - Technical Course"

of Electronics", DEEB - CEFET-MG, 2017, internal publication.

A.M.V. Cipelli and W.J. Sandrini, Theory and Development of Projects

Electronic Circuits, Ed. Érica, pp. 46 to 130, 13th Ed., 1986.

HS Heatsinks Catalog. Yumpu, Belo Horizonte 2020. Available at

The URL provided does not contain translatable text.

INSTRUMENTS Texas, 1.5-A, 30-V, LM7800 linear voltage [Link]

Instruments, Belo Horizonte, 2020. Available at
[Link]
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APPENDICES A – Electrical Characteristics of the LM7805 from Texas Instruments
ANNEXES A–Electrical Characteristics of the LM7805 from Texas Instruments
ANNEXES A–Electrical Characteristics of the LM7805 from Texas Instruments