Module 1 of Biology

Lesson 1

Diversity of living beings

Introduction
Over time, the number of identified living beings is ever increasing.
greater.

The existence of such diversity among them makes their necessity.

classification.

This task falls to the taxonomists.

In this module, you will study how classification systems are

they developed over time, criteria on which each one was based
them, taxonomic categories used for the classification of each of them
and the large groups considered in the classification systems
current.

At the end of this lesson you will be able to:

. Group living beings in nature.

. Describe various criteria used in the classification of living beings.

Objectives

Terminology
Classify - Group a set of objects or beings based on a
set of similarities

Systematics - A branch of biology that deals with the classification of living beings.

alive.

Classification of living beings

In nature, the number of known species is extremely high.

To distinguish the various organisms that develop in

biosphere, in all types of environments since antiquity, scientists

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 Diversity of living beings

felt the need to establish a certain order in Nature, this

is to classify them.

They developed identification and classification systems for this

organisms according to certain standards.

The classification of living beings is studied in a science of its own called

it is called Systematics.

This classification science consists of two tasks:

First - It consists of the formation of groups of living beings according to

the similarities between them are referred to as Taxonomy

Second - It consists of designation according to certain rules

established and internationally agreed upon for each of the groups
established taxonomies. This task is called Nomenclature. The
let's continue reading about the classification systems and evolution of living beings
alive.

Classification systems and their evolution

Before you delve deeper into your reading about the classification, it is important to know
the first classifications were fundamentally based on
data obtained from the observation of organisms and often, in the
interest of the same for Man. They were practical classifications.

See the following examples of practical classifications:

Useful / harmful

Venomous / non-venomous

Edible / non-edible.

Different forms of classification throughout development of the

Systematics
It's good for the student friend to know that the first Scientist to elaborate
a classification system of living beings was Aristotle and he used as
characteristic structural criterion of living beings. Living beings were by
they are classified into two kingdoms: Animals and Plants.

This type of classification is called rational classification.

The second Scientist, Theophrastus developed the classification system

the plants at the base of their size:

Trees

Bushes

Herbs

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 Module 1 of Biology

This scientist also classified animals based on the environment in which

I will live

Aerial

Aquatic

Terrestrial

They were artificial classifications because they were based on a

reduced number of features. These features were insufficient
arbitrary, as they grouped beings with characteristics
very different.

The third Scientist, Carl Von Linné better known as Linnaeus

XVIII) presented a classification system based on similarities
morphological and physiological of organisms.

Lineu based his systems of classification of plants and animals.

this system was called the natural classification system because plants
and animals were classified within each kingdom, in groupings
taxonomic of various hierarchical categories.

Although Linnaeus presented a more comprehensive classification system

more evolved than the previous ones, this one did not allow for the evolution of living beings
claiming that the number of species is fixed and unchanging. For this reason,
considered a fixist.

The fourth Scientist in the classification system was Haeckel.

With the development of microscopy and biochemistry (19th century)

problems in the classification of organisms due to observation
of the structural complexity of some living beings.

Thus, Haeckel proposed a classification system of three kingdoms:

Kingdom of plants

Animal kingdom

Kingdom Protista

The fifth Scientist is Copeland.

It was later verified that the organisms included in the protist kingdom,
although all unicellular organisms exhibited very cellular organization
different. Some with a nuclear membrane and others without it. On this basis, it proposed
a classification system of four kingdoms:

Monera Kingdom

Kingdom Protista

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 Diversity of living beings

Kingdom of Plants

Animal Kingdom

The sixth Scientist is Whittaker.

Later Whittaker developed a classification system in five

kingdoms that are based on two fundamental criteria:

Cell organization - prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells

Type of nutrition – autotrophic and heterotrophic

Thus he considered the following kingdoms in Nature:

Monera Kingdom

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom of Fungi

Kingdom of Plants

Animal Kingdom

FIG.1 scheme of the different classifications according to taxonomists.

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 Module 1 of Biology

Summary
In this lesson you learned that:

In Nature, the number of species is extremely high;

Summary The classification of living beings is studied in a science of its own.
which is called Systematics;

Systematics consists of two areas: Taxonomy which consists

in the formation of groups of living beings according to their
similarities and nomenclature that consists of the designation

according to certain established and agreed rules

internationally;

There are several classification systems for living beings;

The first classification systems of living beings were of

practical nature;

Initially, only two Kingdoms were considered: Animals and

Plants and currently five Kingdoms are considered: Kingdom
Monera, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom of Fungi, Kingdom of Plants and
Animal Kingdom;

The currently accepted system of classification of living beings in

five kingdoms was proposed by Whittaker,

Whittaker was based on two fundamental criteria:

Cell organization - prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells and Type
of autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition;

Now let's jointly carry out the following activities to

that you can learn how to use your knowledge that you just
acquire.

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 Diversity of living beings

Activities
The classification of living beings is studied in its own science.

a) What is this science called?

b) What are the tasks of the mentioned science?

Activities
2. What criteria did Theophrastus use in the development of his system of
classification?

3. What does the theory of fixism consist of?

4. What kingdoms are considered by Whittaker in the classification of living beings?

alive?

5. What are the criteria used by Whittaker in the classification of living beings?
alive?

Before checking the answers below, review your answers first.

to the questionnaire

See the answers below, we hope you were able to

respond like this, if not, go back and reread your module and you will see how
It is easy to understand this subject.

1.a) It is designated as Systematic

1.b) Group the organisms according to their similarities -

Taxonomy

Name the groups according to certain established rules -

Nomenclature

2. For the plants, it was based on height and classified them into trees and shrubs.
and the herbs

For the animals, he based on the environment in which they lived and classified them into
aerial, aquatic and terrestrial

3. The fixed theory consists of considering that living beings are immutable.

4. The kingdoms considered by Whittaker in the classification of living beings are,

Monera Kingdom, Protista Kingdom, Fungi Kingdom, Plant Kingdom and
Animal Kingdom;

5. Whittaker was based on two fundamental criteria: Organization

cell - prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells and Type of nutrition -
autotrophic and heterotrophic.

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 Module 1 of Biology

If you answered all the questions correctly, congratulations.

If you didn't get them all right, then review all the information related to
lesson

Evaluation
Now solve in your notebook the activities we propose for you to
can evaluate your progress.

1. Because it became necessary to develop the science of

Evaluation classification?

2. What types of organisms were included in the Protista kingdom?

3. What criteria did Whittaker base his classification of living beings on?
living in five kingdoms?

Now compare your solutions with the ones we presented to you at the end of the
module. Successes!

11
 Hierarchy of taxonomic categories

Lesson 2

Hierarchy of categories
taxonomic
Lineu, when developing his classification systems based on the
similarities between living beings eventually formed hierarchical groups
that show the degree of kinship between them, as the similarities
that present are a consequence of this same kinship.

At the end of this lesson you will be able to:

. Distinguish the hierarchical groups established by Linnaeus.

. You will list naming rules.

. Define as the fundamental biological unit of classification.

Objectives
. Naming taxonomic groups.

. Explain the hierarchy of taxonomic categories.

Terminologies
Taxonomy - A branch of biology that deals with the classification of living beings
living beings and the nomenclature of the groups

Nomenclature - the assignment of a name to a certain group

Taxonomic. Next, we will look at the taxonomic categories.

Taxonomic categories - hierarchy

The hierarchical groups established by Linnaeus in his system of
Classification is still used today.

The most restricted category is the species - natural group - and the broadest is the
kingdom.

Similar species cluster together and form genera.

Similar genres form families.

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 Module 1 of Biology

Similar families form the orders.

Similar orders group into classes.

Similar classes form threads.

Similar philosophies constitute the realms.

Fig. 2 Hierarchical taxonomic categories

It is necessary for you to know that besides these main groups, the
Taxonomists admit that if necessary, other additional groups.
For example: the phylum can divide into subphyla, the class into subclasses and
and so on down to the subspecies.

Sometimes cases of supergroups are also admitted, such as for example

super families and super orders.

Man, for example, is classified in the following way:

Animal Kingdom

Phylum Chordata

Subphylum – Vertebrates

Class–Mammals

Order–Primates

Family–Hominids

Gender–Homo

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 Hierarchy of taxonomic categories

Species - Homo sapiens

The student friend should know that the species is the fundamental unit of
classification by the fact that this taxonomic group exists in nature
regardless of man's interpretation.

All remaining taxonomic categories are formed by Man.

Concept of species
It is important for you to remember that in reality, there is no criterion.
unique to define species. However, the most appropriate concept of species
it is one that considers the species as an active population of
organisms that share many anatomical characteristics,
physiological and behavioral, normally able to cross with each other
the original fertile descendants. Next, read about the rules of
nomenclature.

Naming rules
Lineu, in addition to having presented classification systems for plants and
animals innovated the naming rules where it presents a criterion of
nomenclature which, being simpler, was immediately adopted and
even today is used among them we will refer to with greater emphasis the
species nomenclature.

Each species is designated by two terms - binomial designation.

The first term identifies the genus to which the species belongs and is always
written with an uppercase letter.

The second term is applied, in this genre, only to that species –

specific restrictive - and it is always written in lowercase. The two
terms that make up the species name must be Latinized, that is,
must have a Latin termination Ex: Canis vulgaris (scientific designation
of the dog); Homo sapiens (designation of human species).

To distinguish the two species, a

third term also in Latin or Latinized – restrictive sub specific
The designation of the subspecies is therefore trinomial. Example:

Garrulous glandular facilitated.

(generic term) (specific restrictive) (restrictive sub-specific)

All taxonomic categories above species are designated as

a single term – a uninominal designation thus, for example the
classification of the frog will be:

In Latin or Portuguese;

Phylum–Chordata or Chordates

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 Module 1 of Biology

Under the subphylum - Vertebrata or Vertebrates

Class–Amphibia or Amphibians

Order–Anura or Anurans

Family–Ranidae or Ranids

Summary
Summarize what you learned in this lesson.

In this lesson you learned that:

Summary In a classification system, there is a hierarchy in which the

species are grouped into genera, genera into families, the
families into orders, orders into classes, classes into phyla and the
threads in kingdoms;

Species is an active population of organisms that have in

common many anatomical, physiological and of
behavior, usually able to cross each other and
originating fertile descendants;

Lineu innovated the rules of species nomenclature;

Each species is designated by two Latinized terms–

binomial designation;

The first term indicates the generic name and must always be
written with an uppercase letter and the second indicates the restrictive
specific and must always be written in lowercase letters.

Now we will jointly carry out the following activities to

that can learn how to use the knowledge just acquired.

15
 Hierarchy of taxonomic categories

Activities
1. Why is the species considered the fundamental unit of
classification?

2. Write the meaning of the two terms that designate the

binomial nomenclature.
Activities
3. What is the widest taxonomic group?

4. What are the basic categories for classifying living beings?

Before checking the answers below, review your answers first.

to the questionnaire.

See the following answers, we believe you got them all right, if not,
don't worry, just reread your module and you will realize that it is
very easy to understand this subject.

The species is considered the fundamental unit of classification.

because it is the only taxonomic group that exists in nature
regardless of man's interpretation.

The first term identifies the genus to which the species belongs.

The second term is applied, in this genre, only to that species.

3. The broadest taxonomic group is the kingdom.

4. The basic taxonomic categories for the classification of living beings

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species

If you answered all the questions correctly, congratulations.

If you didn't get all of them right, then go review all the information.
related to the lesson.

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 Biology Module 1

Evaluation
Now solve in your notebook the activities we propose for you to
can assess your progress.

1. Indicate in hierarchical order the basic taxonomic categories

Evaluation two living beings.

2. From the indicated levels, refer to:

a) Which includes a larger number of individuals;

b) Which encompasses a more restricted category.

3. Which of all the represented groups is considered the group

natural?

Now compare your solutions with the ones we presented to you.

end of the module. Success!

17
 Prokaryotic organisms - Kingdom Monera

Lesson 3

Prokaryotic organisms - Kingdom

Monera

Introduction
It is currently known that there are thousands of species of beings
prokaryotic and eukaryotic. In this lesson you will learn about beings
prokaryotes in the Monera Kingdom.

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

. Characterize prokaryotic beings.

. You will classify bacteria based on their organization.

. You will describe differences between types of bacteria.

Objectives

Terminology
Archaebacteria - Primitive Bacteria

Eubacteria – True bacteria

Autotrophic - Living being capable of producing organic matter from

inorganic matter

Heterotrophic - Living being unable to produce organic matter from

inorganic

Characteristics of prokaryotic beings

Prokaryotic organisms are all unicellular and lack a nucleus.
organized, with a nuclear membrane. Do not have chromosomes
complexes like eukaryotic organisms, endoplasmic reticulum,
mitochondria, chloroplasts, or another type of plastids, nor flagella of the type
fibrillar common in eukaryotic cells.

Almost all have a rigid cell wall made up of units

polysaccharides with incorporated amino acids.

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 Module 1 of Biology

Some prokaryotes have the ability to form spores, structures

breeders that allow them to survive in unfavorable conditions.
When conditions become favorable, the spores germinate and
originate new cells.

They usually reproduce asexually.

Living beings of the Monera Kingdom are grouped into two phyla:
1- Phylum Schizophyta–schizophytes or bacteria / archaebacteria
2- Cyanophyta - cyanobacteria or blue algae / eubacteria

Thread bacteria
They are the smallest cellular organisms and the most abundant in the world.
This abundance is essentially due to the high rate of division.
cellular and also its great resistance.

Structure of bacteria

The bacterial cell includes the cytoplasm surrounded by the membrane.

cytoplasmic, the nuclear material and the cell wall.

Fig.3 - schematic representation of a bacterial cell.

As you can see, the simple cytoplasm is surrounded by a

cytoplasmic membrane and more externally by a cell wall.
Outside the wall, in some bacteria, there is a capsule.

Prokaryotes have ribosomes that are slightly smaller than those of the
Eukaryotic cells sometimes have food reserves and pigments.
Some types of bacteria have flagella that allow for their movement in
Half. The bacterial nuclear material forms a chromosome composed of
for a circular DNA molecule.

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 Prokaryotic organisms - Kingdom Monera

Forms of bacteria
Bacteria can be spherical - cocci, rod-shaped -
bacilli, spiral–spirilla–or even comma-shaped–vibrios.

Fig.4 - Some forms of bacteria

In the human body, it is very easy to find bacteria. They can
develop itself in the skin, in the teeth, in the nails, in the hair, etc.

Nutrition and metabolism

Bacteria exhibit all types of nutrition - heterotrophic and/or
autotrophic - being then the majority heterotrophic.

Autotrophic bacteria can use the sun as an energy source. They are
photosynthesizers, or use the energy resulting from the oxidation of
Organic compounds – they are chemoautotrophic.

Reproduction
The most common reproduction process in bacteria is bipartition.

However, there is a reproduction process in bacteria called

conjugation which results from the transfer of genetic information from
some bacteria for others

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 Module 1 of Biology

Fig.5 - bacteria multiplying by bipartition.

Fig.5: bacteria reproducing by conjugation.

Now we will jointly carry out the following activities to

that can learn how to use the knowledge it has just acquired.

Summary
Summarize the material you just read through the summary that follows.

In this lesson you learned that:

Summary Prokaryotic beings are included in the kingdom Monera.

They are all unicellular with simple organization,

They live in adverse conditions adapting to any environment.

They form spores under adverse conditions, that is, a favorable condition.
for reproduction in unfavorable conditions

They do not reproduce sexually,

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are types of bacteria whose

the difference lies in its organization.

Now we will jointly carry out the following activities to

that he can learn how to use the knowledge he has just acquired.

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 Prokaryotic organisms – Kingdom Monera

Activities
1. Describe three characteristics of prokaryotic beings.

2. Relate spore formation and reproduction in bacteria.

3. Differentiate Eubacteria from Archaebacteria.

Activities Let's move on to the resolution of the proposed activity.

The correct answer to the 1st question is three of the following characteristics:

They are unicellular, do not have complete chromosomes, almost

All have a rigid cell wall, they do not reproduce.
sexually form spores, do not have a reticulum
endoplasmic, chloroplasts, or another type of plastids.

2. Bacteria reproduce by spores when conditions are

unfavorable and constitutes a form of asexual reproduction.

3. Archaea have a type of wall different from

cell wall and plasma membrane RNA and the
chromosomes that have a shape and structure
characteristics.

If you answered all the questions correctly, congratulations.

If you didn't get them all right, then go review all the information regarding
lesson.

22
 Biology Module 1

Evaluation
Now solve in your notebook the activities we propose for you to
can evaluate your progress.

1. From the statements mentioned below, mark with an X those that

Evaluation they correspond to the characteristics of prokaryotes.

A. They are unicellular.

B. They have complex chromosomes,

C. Almost all have a rigid cell wall,

They reproduce sexually,

E. Form spores, do not have endoplasmic reticulum,

F. They have chloroplasts or another type of plastids.

2. Classify the bacteria according to their shape.

3. Indicate the most common type of reproduction in bacteria.

Now compare your solutions with the ones we presented to you at the end of the
module. Successes!

23
 Importance of bacteria

Lesson 4

Importance of bacteria

Introduction
As you may know, bacteria play a role
charitable activities for man such as: in medicine,
food industry, and in the various ecosystems. However, there is also
some that are responsible for diseases that affect all beings
living beings including Man.

By the end of this lesson you will be able to:

. Explain the importance of bacteria.

. You will distinguish pathogenic bacteria from useful ones.

. Describe the importance of bacteria in ecosystems.

Objectives

Terminologies
Symbiosis - Nutritional interdependence relationship between two beings
alive.

Pathogenic - Living being capable of developing a certain disease

in another living being.

Next, we will calmly read about the importance of bacteria.

Importance of bacteria
As previously mentioned, for the most part, bacteria are
heterotrophic.

Some of these are saprophytic, that is, they obtain their nutrition from matter.
dead organic matter.

a) Ecological importance

Some bacteria play an important ecological role

as well as those that, together with fungi, participate in decomposition

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 Module 1 of Biology

the recycling of organic soil products, where different groups

they perform specific roles, such as the digestion of cellulose from the
starch and other polysaccharides.

Other bacteria are still very important because they intervene in

nitrogen cycle. Its participation in this cycle is fundamental because
makes atmospheric Nitrogen available to plants that would be
unable to fix it directly from the air.

b) Food Importance

Some bacteria are used in the food industry for production

vinegar and dairy products, resulting from the processing of milk,
like cheese, yogurt, butter, etc., in the context of engineering
genetics.

c) Pharmacological Importance

Some bacteria are used in the pharmaceutical industry for the

synthesis of antibiotics.

d) Medicinal Importance

Some bacteria live in symbiosis with other organisms.

In the human intestine, for example, live a variety of bacteria.

in symbiosis. Part of the supply of vitamin K necessary for
Blood coagulation is due to some of these bacteria.

There are bacteria that create a hostile environment for development.

of various infections in the human body, such as in the oral tract,
vaginal, anal, intestinal, etc.

Diseases caused by bacteria

In addition to the importance of the bacteria presented above, there are bacteria
that are capable of causing diseases to other living beings, including the
Man, for example:

Tuberculosis (TB) – infectious disease caused by a bacteria

Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This disease is characterized by
persistent cough, fatigue, weight loss and fevers usually above
38ºC. It is contagious and spreads through the air, by coughing.

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 Importance of bacteria

Cholera - an infectious disease caused by a bacterium called Vibrio

cholerae, capable of multiplying rapidly within the intestine
human, causing fermentations that result in diarrhea.

Tetanus - infectious disease caused by a bacteria called

Clostridium tetani enters the body through skin injuries, producing
a toxin that acts on the nervous system.

Diphtheria - a contagious disease due to the release of a toxin.

produced by the diphtheria bacillus (Corynebacterium diphtheriae) and
it is characterized by the appearance of whitish patches in the throat

Summary
In this lesson, you learned that:

We can conclude that there are bacteria:

Summary Nitrogen-fixing agents that enrich the soil, transforming it into a

usable form by plants;

Decomposers of corpses and the remains of other organisms,

liberating the nutrients;

Useful in various types of industries and recently in Engineering

Genetics;

pathogenic;

Living in any environment, they can associate in symbiosis

with various beings;

They decompose the cellulose from food in the intestines of certain

herbivores;

That synthesize vitamins K and B12 in the human intestine, in

appropriate conditions;

That create a hostile environment for the development of a certain type.

of infections.

Now we will jointly carry out the following activities to

that you may learn how to use the knowledge you have just acquired.

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 Module 1 of Biology

Activities
1. Differentiate pathogenic bacteria from beneficial ones.

What role do bacteria play in ecosystems?

3. Cite três doenças causadas por bactérias.

Activities Let's move on to the resolution of the proposed activity.

Pathogenic bacteria are those that cause diseases in beings.

living (animals and plants).

2. In ecosystems, bacteria have the decomposer function of

dead organic matter together with fungi.

3. Cólera, difteria, tuberculose, tétano (escolha apenas três)

If you answered all the questions correctly, congratulations.

If you didn't get them all right, then go review all the information.
related to the lesson

Evaluation
Now solve in your notebook the activities we propose so that
can evaluate your progress.

1. Describe the importance of bacteria in the following areas:

Evaluation
medicine

b) food industry,

pharmacological.

2. What is the scientific name of the bacteria that cause cholera and
tuberculosis.

Now compare your solutions with the ones we presented to you at the end of
module. Successes!

27
 Blue-green algae (Cyanophyta)

Lesson 5

Blue-green algae (Cyanophytes)

Introduction
Blue-green algae have this name due to their coloration.
characteristic given by a blue pigment called phycocyanin.

Upon completing this lesson you will be able to:

. Characterize the phylum Cyanophyta.

. I will describe the mode of production.

. They describe the ecological value of Cyanophytes.

Objectives

Terminologies
Ficobilins - red pigment

Phycocyanin - blue pigment

Ficoeritrin - brown pigment

You have read the terminologies we provided, now read calmly and
attentively the general characteristics of algae.

General Characteristics of Blue-Green Algae (Cyanophytes)

The organization of blue algae is very similar to that of bacteria.
but, unlike Bacteria, all Blue Algae are
photosynthesizers and contains chlorophyll, found in all cells
photosynthetic eukaryotes.

In addition to chlorophyll, cyanophytes contain several accessory pigments.

such as carotenoids (xanthophyll and others) and also pigments
known for red phycobilins, blue phycocyanin and
brown colored ficin.

Some are free, but most develop on other algae.

or in the interior of your tissues.

28 27
 Biology Module 1

They occur in fresh and salt water and in any humid place reached.
by the light. In most species, the daughter cells remain
associated after cell division, forming colonies.

The referred colonies can be:

Filamentous, when the successive divisions occur according to

the same plan, usually forming a gelatinous sheath
that involves the cell thread.

Non-filamentous, when resulting from the confluence of the envelopes

gelatinous that surround the cells.

Reproduction
Next, see how the reproduction of these algae occurs.

Reproduction is done by binary fission of the cells and fragmentation of the

filaments. Sometimes structures similar to spores are formed
that originate new filaments. There is no gametic union.

Importance
Blue-green algae are very important:

As producers, in the aquatic environment, where they are part of

plankton.

As oxygenators of the environment.

As fixers of atmospheric nitrogen.

29
 Blue-green algae (Cyanophyta)

Summary
In this lesson you learned that:

The organization of blue algae is very similar to that of bacteria. But to

unlike bacteria, blue algae are all photosynthetic and
Summary contains chlorophyll found in all eukaryotic cells
photosynthetic.

In addition to chlorophyll, cyanobacteria contain several types of accessories.

Reproduction coincides with cell division.

Reproduction is done by binary fission of cells and fragmentation of the

filaments. Sometimes structures similar to spores are formed
that originate new filaments

Blue-green algae are very important as:

Producers, in the aquatic environment, where they are part of the plankton.

Oxygenators of the environment.

Atmospheric nitrogen fixers.

Now we will jointly carry out the following activities to

that you can learn how to use the knowledge you have just acquired.

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 Module 1 of Biology

Activities
1. Argument and the designation - Blue-Green Algae

2. Describe the way of life of this type of algae.

3. What type of reproduction do they display?

Activities
We believe that you answered the questions correctly.
we proposed, compare with our answers below, but if not
have gotten everything right, which is not a cause for concern, it's just about going back to
reload your module.

Answers

1. Because they have a characteristic coloration given by a

blue pigment to Phycocyanin

2. They are free. Most develop on other algae. They occur.

in fresh and salt water.

3. Asexually by cell division/binary fission and fragmentation of

filaments.

If you answered all the questions correctly, congratulations.

If you didn't get them all right, then go review all the information regarding
lesson

31
 Blue-green algae (Cyanophytes)

Evaluation
Now solve in your notebook the activities we propose for you so that
You can assess your progress.

1. Describe the characteristics of Blue Algae (cyanobacteria).

Evaluation
2. What importance do Blue Algae play in plants?

3. What forms of reproduction do blue-green algae perform?

4. The Blue-green Algae are Photosynthetic Autotrophs

a) Explain the meaning of the underlined terms

Now compare your solutions with the ones we presented to you at the end of the
module. Success!

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 Module 1 of Biology

Lesson 6

VIRUS

Introduction
Discovery of viruses
Pasteur suspected that the cause of rabies was an organism.
submicroscopic that could not be cultivated outside the body of the animal,
but the first disease that was shown to be caused by an agent
submicroscopic was the tobacco mosaic. This disease attacks the plants of
tobacco, leaving them with yellowish spots, characteristic, followed by the
death of tissues in the stained areas; can be transmitted to others
plants from the juice of affected plants.

In 1892, IWANOWSKI, using a filter capable of retaining bacteria,

filtered the juice extracted from diseased plants and infected healthy plants with the

filtered obtained; these plants exhibited the disease. It demonstrated thus

that the causal agent of tobacco mosaic was much smaller than
than any known bacteria. Due to its small size, it does not
It was possible to see it under the optical microscope.

BEIJERINCK, in 1899, repeated Iwanowski's experiments and

demonstrated that this infectious agent could not multiply outside
from the plant, in the normal culture media.

In the following years, it was discovered that many diseases were due to
these tiny, non-filterable agents, which came to be called
VIRUS, which means poison in Greek.

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 VIRUS

Upon completing this lesson you will be able to:

. Explain the origin of viruses.

. You will describe the characteristics of VIRUSES.

Objectives

Origin of Viruses
The origin of viruses is not yet known, and there are several hypotheses.
One of them asserts that they are fragments of nucleic acid and protein.
that detached from a primitive cell, gaining independence by
any uncontrollable factor.

Another hypothesis suggests that they are forms that degenerated from
more advanced microorganisms due to easy availability of
nutrients within the host cell, becoming not only parasites but
also losing the ability to live outside a living cell.

A third hypothesis assumes that the viruses descend directly from the
ancestral proto-viruses, primitive particles made up of acid
nucleic and protein; that is, viruses have always been viruses. Let's start reading
about morphology.

Morphology
With the electron microscope, it was possible to observe viruses. Their
morphology is diverse.

Many, like those of foot-and-mouth disease and poliomyelitis, are spherical or oval:
some are long, resembling cylinders, like the one in the mosaic of
tobacco; others seem to be blocks or have another geometric shape
regular, like what produces herpes and some have a similar shape
a tadpole with a spherical or oval head and a thin tail. They are in this
group of bacteriophages, the parasitic viruses of bacteria.

The size of viruses is variable. The smallest one, which causes fever
foot-and-mouth disease, it measures 10nm. Some reach up to 300nm.

34
 Module 1 of Biology

FIG 6 - Basic structure of a virus

What is the chemical composition of viruses? Let's see below.

Chemical composition
The chemical composition of various viruses is very simple. The most...
small ones are formed only by nucleic acid and proteins while
the largest and most complex have various proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
of carbon, traces of metals and one or two substances similar to
vitamins. Bacteriophages contain a special protein in the fibers of
tail, with which they attach to the host cell.

Generally, viruses have only one nucleic acid, those that parasitize animals.
In bacteria, the nucleic acid is DNA (Adenovirus); those that parasitize
in plants, the nucleic acid is RNA (Retrovirus). It is now known that
In some viruses, both nucleic acids exist together.

35
 VIRUS

Summary
In this lesson you learned that:

Viruses are submicroscopic particles, the origin of which is still

unknown and seem to make the transition between the living world and the
Summary inanimate world;

They are obligatory intracellular parasites with a chemical composition

very simple;

They are usually composed of a single nucleic acid: DNA

(Adenovirus) or RNA (Retrovirus).

Now we will jointly carry out the following activities to

may learn how to use the knowledge they have just acquired.

Activities
What was the first hypothesis that argued the origin of viruses?

2. What important conclusion did the scientist Beijerinck come to?

relation to the lifestyle of viruses?

3. Describe the basic chemical composition of viruses

Activities
Let's move on to the resolution of the proposed activities.

It was assumed that they were fragments of nucleic acid and protein.
that detached from a primitive cell, acquiring
independence.

It was concluded that viruses do not multiply outside.

the plants.

3. Generally have only one nucleic acid DNA or RNA

If you answered all the questions correctly, congratulations.

If you didn't get all of them right, then go review all the information regarding to
lesson

36
 Module 1 of Biology

Evaluation
Now solve in your notebook the activities we propose for you to
you can assess your progress.

Viruses are necessarily parasitic beings. Argue the fact.

Assessment
2. Regarding the origin of viruses, what argument does the third one present?
hypothesis?

3. Refer to the different morphological forms of viruses.

Now compare your solutions with the ones we presented to you at the end of
module. Successes!

37
 Replication of viruses and viral diseases

Lesson 7

Reproduction of viruses and diseases

virals

Introduction
Viruses are incapable of independent reproduction. To do so,
they need to resort to a host cell.

Because many diseases are caused by microorganisms,

even the most advanced peoples have been at the mercy of plagues and
epidemics that killed thousands of people.

By completing this lesson you will be able to:

. Describes the reproduction of viruses.

. You will enumerate viral diseases.

Objectives

Terminology
Pests - massive destructive invasion caused by animals causing
give to the affected population

Epidemic - it is the manifestation, in a community or region, of a

set of cases of some disease that clearly exceeds the
expected incidence.

Virus reproduction
Viruses are unable to reproduce independently. To do so,
they need to rely on a host cell, controlling the
metabolism of this and using it to their own benefit.

The reproduction of viruses is well studied in bacteriophages and

we can divide it into 5 phases:

38
 Module 1 of Biology

1) Infection-absorption and entry of the viral nucleic acid into the cell
hostess.

Synthesis of enzymes necessary for acid replication

viral nucleic acid

3) Synthesis of virus components

4) Assembly of the new viral particles

5) Release of new viruses.

The complete process, from the moment of infection to the rupture of

bacterial cell takes only 30 minutes and constitutes the life cycle of
bacteriophage.

The enzyme that causes the lysis ( rupture ) of the bacterial cell membrane is
produced during the viral synthesis process. This life cycle is
also called Lytic cycle.

But not all bacterial cell infections occur this way,

producing more viral particles and ending with the lysis; of the bacteria
another process called Lysogenic Cycle can occur.

In this cycle, the viral DNA, instead of usurping the functions of the gene of
cell, becomes itself a gene of the bacterium's chromosome. In this
in this case, the bacteria carry out their metabolism and reproduce normally,
being the viral DNA transmitted together with that of the bacteria, each
daughter cell through successive generations.

Fig.7 Lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle of a bacteriophage

39
 Reproduction of viruses and viral diseases

Viral diseases
A disease is understood to be any process or condition that disturbs the
balance of all bodily functions.

Diseases are divided into two groups:

Infectious and non-infectious

Non-communicable diseases are caused by traumas, poisons,

heat or cold, nutritional deficiencies or physiological anomalies. They are
examples of these diseases such as diabetes, rickets, vitamin deficiencies and the
avitaminoses

Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms. In order for a

for an infection to occur it is necessary that the 'opportunistic' microorganism
find favorable conditions for their rapid multiplication, producing the
symptoms of diseases and pathological changes of tissues.

The possibility of an individual contracting an infectious disease depends

not only of the characteristics of the microorganism, but also of the capacity
the individual to resist their attack, a capacity that depends on
factors such as general health status, nutritional status, age, sex, and
genetic factors.

The table below represents some viral diseases

Name of the disease Main symptoms

Smallpox Usually dust/contact High temperatures,

chills of cold, pain of
head, muscle pain,
typical lesions on the body

Measles Generally dust/contact Similar to that of a

common cold,
high temperatures
typical injuries/signs in
pele

Chickenpox Usually dust/contact Slight symptoms of a

cooling, injuries
typical on the skin/blisters.

AIDS Blood transfusions Diarrheas, temperatures

infected, sexual relations with elevadas, emagrecimento,
infected individuals, objects cough, skin lesions
cutting and piercing tools such as
for example: blades, needles,
scissors, from mother to son
during pregnancy, during the
birth or during the
breastfeeding.

Poliomyelitis Dust, food and feces Slight ulcerations on

40
 Module 1 of Biology

Name of the disease Main symptoms

throat
similar respiratory
of a cooling
followed by all degrees
of paralysis

Rage General bite of a Headaches,

animal with rabies (cat, dog, difficulties in
rat swallowing, convulsions,
paralysis

Summary
The summary that follows will help you recap the material you just finished.
to read

In this lesson, you learned that:

Summary
Bacteriophages can undergo two different cellular cycles:

Lytic cycle, which leads to the lysis of the host bacteria and the cycle
lisogenic, in which the viral nucleic acid joins that of the bacterium
and is transmitted to the daughter bacterial cells along with this
in the process of cell division.

Diseases can be caused by microorganisms.

(infectious) or by factors such as trauma, poisons
nutritional deficiencies (non-infectious) etc.

Infectious diseases can be transmitted by contact.

direct, indirect contact and through insects.

The infection is caused by the presence, in the host, of

substances resulting from the metabolism of the microorganism that
they can be waste, toxins, and enzymes.

For a microorganism to cause disease, it must

to surpass the host's defenses, which are: mechanical defenses
(skin and epithelium), cellular defenses (macrophages and certain types of
lymphocytes) and physiological defenses (enzymes, hormones,
antibodies).

41
 Reproduction of viruses and viral diseases

Now we will jointly carry out the following activities to

to be able to learn how to use the knowledge you have just acquired.

Activities
What do you understand by disease?

2. Differentiate infectious diseases from non-infectious diseases.

3. When is a disease said to be contagious.

Activities

Let's proceed to the resolution of the proposed activity.

Disease is any process or condition that disrupts the

balance of all bodily functions.

2. Non-infectious diseases are those caused by

traumas, poisons, heat or cold, nutritional deficiencies or
physiological anomalies.

Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms that

they produce the symptoms of the disease and pathological changes of
fabrics.

3. It is one that is easily transmitted from one individual to the

outro.

If you answered all the questions correctly, congratulations.

If you didn't get them all right, then go review all the information related to
lesson

42
 Module 1 of Biology

Assessment
Now solve in your notebook the activities we propose for you to
You can assess your progress.

What conditions must the organism provide in order to become infected?

Evaluation
2. Differentiate the lytic cycle from the lysogenic cycle of bacteriophages.

3. One of the most known viral diseases today is the

AIDS. Say:

a) Modes of transmission

b) Preventive measures

c) Main symptoms

Now compare your solutions with those we presented to you at the end of
module. Successes!

43
 Eukaryotic Beings - Protista Kingdom

Lesson 8

Eukaryotic Organisms - Kingdom Protista

Introduction
The Protista kingdom is the kingdom that presents the greatest heterogeneity among the
its elements. They are all unicellular and eukaryotic.

Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to:

. Characterize the Protista kingdom.

. Describe your systematic ordering.

Objectives

Terminology
Pseudopods - Cytoplasmic extension (False feet)

Now let's see the characteristics of the Protista kingdom.

Characteristics of the kingdom

Protists are all unicellular and eukaryotic.

They constitute an extremely heterogeneous group with very...

various.

In general, they reproduce asexually by bipartition or

multiple division.

Some, however, exhibit sexual cycles with myosis or meiosis and

fusion of gametes. In this case, the zygote is generally a cell
resistant, at rest during periods of cold or drought.

The diversity of this group of living beings is very large.

They include Protozoa and Algae.

44
 Biology Module 1

Protozoan phylum
Protozoa are unicellular beings devoid of chlorophyll and
heterotrophic.

Their unicellularity does not imply simplicity. There are protozoa with
a high degree of complexity.

While in a multicellular being there is a division of labor among the various cells
which constitute, in a unicellular organism, a single cell must ensure
all vital functions.

They can present very varied aspects: some can change their
shape, since they emit pseudopods; others maintain a shape
more or less constant.

The capture of food can be done through the surface of the body,
by the formation of digestive vacuoles resulting from the fusion of
pseudopodia, or through an appropriate opening for this purpose.

Generally, they reproduce asexually by binary fission,

multiple division or sporulation. Some, however, exhibit cycles
sexual with meiosis and fusion of gametes. In this case, the zygote is usually
a resistant cell, at rest during unfavorable times.

A large number of them live in aquatic environments, feeding on others.

microorganisms of smaller dimensions (mainly bacteria) or of
decomposing products. Some are parasites, living in the liquids
corporal or inside the cells.

Its division into classes is based on locomotion processes.

Locomotion by the action of flagella - Class Flagellata

Locomotion by pseudopods - Class Rhizopoda

Locomotion by cilia - Class Ciliophora

Without locomotion organelles - Class Sporozoa.

The paramecium and the amoeba

The Paramecium and the Amoeba are Protozoa that exhibit a set of
common characteristics, but they also have some structural traits and
different physiological.

45
 Eukaryotic Organisms - Protista Kingdom

Fig.8 Paramecium and amoeba

The Amiba presents a mode of locomotion by emitting

cytoplasmic extensions, the pseudopods. These, in addition to
They allow movement and are also used for the seizure of food.
When the Amoeba touches a food particle, it emits pseudopods that
involve. The particle becomes incorporated into the cytoplasm and surrounded by
cell membrane, inside, therefore, of a digestive vacuole, the
Food passes into the cytoplasm by diffusion.

The Paramecium is a unicellular organism of constant shape, as it has

the body covered by an elastic-membrane cuticle. It is in this membrane
that insert the respective locomotion organs, the cilia that
they cover the entire organism.

The cuticle has, in a certain area, a kind of groove that

enters the cell_ the oral groove, through which food is ingested. The oral groove
it prolongs through the citopharynx, at the bottom of which a vacuole forms
digestive. It is in these vacuoles that digestion occurs: the digested products
they pass, by diffusion, to the cytoplasm and what remains of them is unlimited.

The osmotic regulation of water is carried out by contractile vacuoles.

46
 Module 1 of Biology

In a more or less central position of the cytoplasm, there are two nuclei: the
micro nucleus, responsible for the mechanisms of genetic inheritance; and a
nucleus, larger in size, the macronucleus, responsible for the functions
vegetative functions of the organism.

Paramecium is, among protozoa, an organism that already presents a

high degree of specialization.

The following summary will be a great help for you to dispel the
questions you may have had during your reading.

Summary
The following summary will be a great help for you to dispel the
questions you may have had during your reading.

In this lesson you learned that:

Summary
Protozoa are beings:

eukaryotes

unicellular

without chloroplasts

with mitochondria

of free life or parasites

Some move by pseudopods, like the Amoeba; by cilia like the

Paramecium, or by flagella like Trypanosoma, and others are
devoid of locomotor structures, like the Plasmodium.

Now we will jointly carry out the following activities to

that can learn how to use the knowledge it has just acquired.

47
 Eukaryotic Organisms - Kingdom Protista

Activities
1. Briefly characterize the Protists.

2. Name the major groups that make up this kingdom.

3. On what basis were the different classes formed?

Protozoa.
Activities
Let's then move on to the resolution of the proposed activity

1. Protists are eukaryotes, mostly unicellular.

some multicellular organisms, although of simple structure. They can be
heterotrophs and autotrophs.

2. Protozoa and Algae.

3. Its division is based on locomotion processes.

If you answered all the questions correctly, congratulations.

If you didn't get them all right, then go review all the information related to
lesson

Evaluation
Now solve in your notebook the activities we propose for you to
can evaluate your progress.

1. Why is the Protista kingdom considered heterogeneous?

Evaluation
2. Name the different types of locomotion in the phylum Protozoa.

3. What type of reproduction is exhibited by protozoa?

4. Briefly describe the type of life of protozoa.

Now compare your solutions with the ones we presented to you at the end of
module. Successes!

48
 Module 1 of Biology

Lesson 9

Algae of the Protista kingdom and their

importance

Introduction
For a long time, algae, because all of them contain chlorophyll,
Plants were considered. R. H. Whittaker, in 1969 included Algae.
in the protist kingdom, considering some characteristics such as
essentially aquatic habitat and structural simplicity.

By the end of this lesson you will be able to:

. You will describe general characteristics of algae.

. Describe the ecological importance of algae.

Objectives

Terminology
Bioluminescent - organisms that convert chemical energy into light

Dinoflagellates - beings that have two flagella

General characteristics of algae

Algae can be unicellular and multicellular. Some are very
great ones reaching up to 60 meters in length. But, no matter how much
Complexes that seem are much simpler than the plants.

There are photosynthetic pigments for the fixation of light energy.

Pigments can have different colors, which give them their

core characteristics: red, brown, green or golden.

a) Phylum Pyrrophyta (pronounced Pyrophytes)

The species belonging to the Phylum Pyrrophyta have a pigment

which gives them the fire red color from which the name originates
from this phylum. They are unicellular, marine, autotrophic beings, they present
cell wall with cellulose, stores food in the form of starch,
they contain chlorophyll and other pigments such as carotenoids.

49
 Algae of the Protista kingdom and their importance

They have two flagella, which is why they are called dinoflagellates.
species belonging to this phylum are bioluminescent that is they convert the
chemical energy into light energy in the form of spark of lights
visible at night over the crests of the waves.

They have two types of reproduction, namely asexual by

bipartition that is the most frequent and sexual with the formation of a zygote
of thick and inert wall.

b) Phylum chrysophyta (pronounced chrysophyte)

This blade is rich in species in the marine plankton. They have walls
thick, silicon-impregnated composed of two halves
(diatoms). They do not have flagella and in the cytoplasm there are
gold chromatophores and oil cuticles, which in addition to reserve
Energy facilitates buoyancy. Reproduction is asexual by
binary division. This binary division is peculiar, that is, when the cell divides
one of the daughter cells receives the larger part of the shell and the other the
smaller part.

c) Phylum Euglenophyta (read as Euglenophyte)

Euglenophytes are unicellular, do not have cilia, and possess

flagella. They have chloroplasts and perform photosynthesis. When they are
Deprived of light, they live heterotrophically. They can live in fresh water.
and in the sea.

Next, we will read about the ecological importance of algae.

Ecological importance of algae

They play an important role in the economy of nature both in
freshwater like in the oceans because they carry out most of the activity
photosynthetic.

They constitute the main component of phytoplankton since they are the
vital source of food for many heterotrophic protists and small
aquatic animals.

Some algae consumed by mollusks and other marine organisms

without causing any harm, however, they can lead to the death of
Man or dolphins.

The summary we have prepared for you will help you a lot to take out
the doubts you may have had during your reading

50
 Module 1 of Biology

Summary
In this lesson you learned that:

The pyrophites are unicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic beings.

store the food in the form of starch and present
Summary cell wall with cellulose;

The protists present three phyla of marine algae which are:

Euglenophytes

They are all unicellular, aquatic in freshwater and saltwater, and

they are components of the fictoplankton, constituting a
water pollution by organic matter.

Since algae are photosynthetic, they are the vital source of

food for many heterotrophic protists and small animals
aquatic

consumption of some algae can cause human death

and/or other mammals.

Now we will jointly carry out the following activities to

that can learn how to use the knowledge just acquired

Activities
1. Mention two characteristics of the phylum pyrrophyta.

What is the ecological importance of algae?

See our responses below

Activities
Answers:

They are unicellular beings and autotrophic. You can choose others.
for example: they are marine beings, they have a wall
cells with cellulose store food in the form of starch,
they have chlorophyll and other pigments such as the
carotenoids.

The ecological importance of algae is to produce organic matter.

which serves as food for marine organisms.

51
 Algae of the Protista kingdom and their importance

If you answered all the questions correctly, congratulations.

If you did not get them all right, then go review all the information related to
lesson

Evaluation
Now solve in your notebook the activities we propose so that
You can assess your progress.

1. Describe the characteristics of pyrophytes and euglenophytes.

Evaluation
2. Describe the process of reproduction by binary fission of
crispophytes.

3. Explain the phenomenon of bioluminescence in dinoflagellates.

Now compare your solutions with the ones we presented to you at the end of the
module. Success!

52
 Module 1 of Biology

Lesson 10

Parasitic protozoa

Introduction
Protozoa can live freely in water or on land or as
parasites in various organs of animals thus disturbing their well-being
functioning causing various diseases.

Some of these diseases - parasitic infections - are felt in different areas.

of the globe, such as malaria, which is characteristic of the area
tropical.

Upon completing this lesson you will be able to:

. Identifying diseases caused by protozoa.

. Explain the symptoms of diseases caused by protozoa

parasites.
Objectives
. Describe the modes of transmission of diseases caused by
parasitic protozoa.

. They described the life cycle of the plasmodium.

Terminology
Ulcerations - Lesions of the stomach walls

Parasite protozoa:
Some parasitic protozoa are:

Amoeba, toxoplasma, Trypanosoma, plasmodium.

The amoeba is very common in freshwater. Some species of this genus

they are: entamoeba coli that lives in the human body (large intestine)
in a harmless way where it feeds on bacteria;

53
 Parasitic protozoa

Sleeping sickness is caused by Trypanosoma gambiense which

found in the inter-tropical regions of Africa. It is transmitted to humans.
through the tsetse fly.

Mode of transmission:

When the fly absorbs the blood of a contaminated person, the parasite
passes to the fly's intestine where it reproduces. It then migrates to
the salivary glands and then into the blood of another person who may be
snack.

This disease manifests itself through excessive drowsiness in

people who justify the designation assigned to them.

Malaria or paludism is caused by Plasmodium vivax.

transmission is done by the female of the Anopheles mosquito that requires
of blood for its feeding has a habit of biting man. When
scratching it can introduce parasites to it which after a period of
active multiplication in the liver passes to the blood causing the
destruction of red blood cells. If meanwhile the mosquito sucks the
blood to this man the parasite after sexual reproduction in the organism
do mosquitoes originate forms that migrate to the salivary glands and
they can again be transmitted to another healthy individual and thus
subsequently.

Fig.9 - Cycle of Plasmodium vivax, the causative agent of malaria

54
 Module 1 of Biology

Symptoms:
Malaria is characterized by very high fevers, chills, and pain.
in the joints, vomiting, general malaise, among others.

Preventive measures:
Eliminate puddles, install mosquito nets on doors and windows,
remove trash bins, among others.

Summary
In this lesson you learned that:

Protozoa can have free-living and parasitic life.

Summary Entamoeba, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma are some examples
of parasitic protozoa

Malaria is a disease caused by the mosquito.

female of the genus Anopheles.

The life cycle of the plasmodium occurs in two phases, one in the body
the man is another in the body of the mosquito.

Now we will jointly carry out the following activities to

that can learn how to use the knowledge that has just been acquired.

55
 Parasitic protozoa

Activities
1. Differentiate the lifestyle of free-living protozoa and
parasitic mode.

2. Name three diseases caused by protozoa

What is the name of the protozoan that causes malaria.

Activities
See below our answers, compare with yours, if you don't have
Everything is fine, don't worry, go back and reread the module.

Answers

Free-living protozoa can live in water or land.

while parasitic protozoa live obligatorily
in the organs of different animals, usually causing many
diseases.

2. Sleeping sickness, malaria and toxoplasmosis.

It is called Plasmodium vivax

If you answered correctly to all the questions, congratulations.

If you didn't get them all right, then review all the information related to
lesson

Evaluation
Now solve in your notebook the activities we propose so that
can evaluate your progress.

1. Describe the life cycle of the Plasmodium.

Evaluation
2. Mention three preventive measures to avoid malaria

3. About malaria say:

a) Who is the cause?

b) What is the vector?

Now compare your solutions with the ones we presented to you at the end of
module. Success!

56
 Module 1 of Biology

Lesson 11

The Kingdom of Fungi or kingdom

Fungi

Introduction
For many years, fungi were considered plants, making up
this, part of the kingdom of plants. With the development of science it was
It has been shown that this group of living beings exhibited characteristics
very different from the Kingdom of Plants. Thus, they were grouped
in another kingdom with the same name – Kingdom of Fungi.

By completing this lesson you will be able to:

. You will describe the characteristics of fungi.

. Classify fungi according to their food acquisition.

. Explain the importance of fungi for Man and for Nature.

Objectives

Terminology
Incomplete septal division.

Characteristics of fungi
Fungi live in dark places, without penetration of sunlight. They make
part of this kingdom are mushrooms, yeasts, mold from bread, among others.

They can develop on food, plants, domestic animals,

clothes and even about the body of Man.

They present two types of reproduction namely asexual and

sexuated.

Each type of fungus has its optimal growth temperature.

57
 The Kingdom of Fungi or kingdom Fungi

In some species of this kingdom, the cell walls are made of cellulose.
but in most cases the walls are basically made of chitin,
polysaccharide that does not appear in the Plant Kingdom or Kingdom of Plants.

They can be unicellular, for example, yeast, or multicellular.

for example the mushroom.

Fig.9 - Schematic representation of the constitution of a mushroom

Fungi are basically composed of filaments called hyphae.

that in its entirety forms mycelium (yeasts are excluded and
some unicellular forms).

The hyphae can be septate or non-septate.

The septate hyphae: are found in multicellular organisms, they have

defined cellular limits

The non-septate hyphae: are found in multinucleated organisms,

they do not exhibit defined cellular boundaries.

Fungi also have two types of functional hyphae which are:

Vegetative hyphae that penetrate the substrate or grow on it

and they serve for the formation of the mycelium and ensure nutrition;

2. Fertile or fruiting hyphae, which are generally aerial, support

the reproductive structures that are spores.

As soon as we saw the characteristics, let's see what these beings are.
they feed

58
 Module 1 of Biology

Feeding of fungi
All fungi are heterotrophic and can be:

a) Saprophytes: this type of fungus performs extracellular digestion

two foods. They produce certain types of enzymes that
are released onto the organic matter surrounding them (cadavers,
remains of plants) transforming them into simpler molecules.
The products resulting from this transformation are absorbed by the
hyphae are transported to other parts of the mycelium.

b)Parasites: they parasitize living beings, potentially causing diseases.

graves.

c) Symbiotics: live associated with other living beings.

They can associate with algae, forming a structure

designated lichen. In this association, the fungi protect the algae.
against water loss and algae, in turn, provide to the
fungi are the foods produced during the process of
photosynthesis.

Fungi can associate with the roots of plants. In this

the association of fungi digests the nutrients from the soil that provides a
plants and, in turn, the plants provide fungi
through the roots, the food produced during the
photosynthesis.

d) Decomposers: this activity is very important for the

maintenance of life of different organisms. The fungi
decompose dead organisms turning them into
simpler molecules. Next, we will read about the importance
of fungi.

Importance of fungi
Ecological Importance
Fungi decompose corpses, dead leaves, feces, and others.
organic materials, thus recycling vital chemical elements
like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the form of compounds
minerals that can be used by other organisms. This
decomposition opens new pathways for material recycling
organic and the continuity of life on earth.

Importance in Industry
Many fungi have industrial importance such as those used in
production of beer, bread, wine, and cheese.

59
 The Kingdom of Fungi or Fungi kingdom

Fungi are also used in the pharmaceutical industry for.

production of antibiotics used in the treatment of infections
bacterial.

Harmful fungi

However, not all fungi are useful to humans. In this way, the
parasitic fungi are responsible for many diseases that concern the
Man. These diseases are called mycoses. Some mycoses
are for example:

The tick had to attack the skin and sometimes the scalp causing
hair loss;

Athlete's foot, which primarily affects the soles of the feet, the nails, and the beard;

And other diseases like candidiasis and dermatitis.

Fungi cause diseases in plants such as those that

they provoke the rust of the potato plant and can cause its destruction
potato crops, the mildew fungus that attacks corn causing the
its rotting.

Others cause the rotting of food, some mushrooms are

venomous.

Let's read the following summary.

60
 Module 1 of Biology

Summary
In this lesson you learned that:

Fungi live in dark places without sunlight penetration;

Summary Fungi are heterotrophic organisms; they can be parasites or saprophytes.
symbiotics and decomposers;

In associations with other living beings, fungi give up part

organic nutrients from the soil and receive food in exchange
produced in photosynthesis;

Fungi are important decomposers of organic matter.

dead

Fungi are also important in the food industry and

pharmaceutical

However, not all fungi are useful to humans; some are

parasites are responsible for many diseases that worry
Man.

Now we will jointly carry out the following activities to

that can learn how to use the knowledge you have just acquired.

61
 The Kingdom of Fungi or kingdom Fungi

Activities
1. Why were fungi separated from the Plant Kingdom?

2. What structures are called hyphae?

3. How can hyphae be in terms of structure?

Activities
4. What is a mycelium?

5. Give examples of two fungi?

6. What is the association of fungi and algae called?

Let's solve the proposed activities

1. Fungi do not belong to the plant kingdom because in most cases

the species belonging to this kingdom the walls are formed
basically porcalin, a polysaccharide that does not appear in
Plant Kingdom or kingdom of plants.

2. They are the filaments that make up the body of fungi.

3. The hyphae can be septate, having defined cellular boundaries or

non-septate without defined cellular limits.

4. Mycelium is the set of hyphae.

Examples of two fungi can be: bread mold, fruit mold.

yeasts, mushrooms, among others.

6. The association of fungi and algae is called lichens.

If you answered all the questions correctly, congratulations.

If you haven't got them all right, then go review all the information regarding
lesson

62
 Biology Module 1

Evaluation
Now solve in your notebook the activities we propose so that
can assess your progress.

1. Where can fungi live?

Evaluation
2. Describe the ecological importance of fungi.

3. Describe the relationship that some fungi have with certain species.
of algae.

4. Cite three applications of fungi in the food industry.

Now compare your solutions with the ones we presented to you at the end of the
module. Successes!

63
 Reproduction of fungi

Lesson 12

Reproduction of fungi

Introduction
The reproduction of fungi is sometimes very complex and varied. A
the same fungus can under certain conditions have a reproduction
asexual and other sexual reproduction. In this lesson, you will expand your
knowledge about the types of reproduction that fungi exhibit.

Upon completing this lesson you will be able to:

. They described the reproduction process of fungi.

Objectives

Reproduction of fungi
Depending on the natural environment (water or soil) or the degree of
The reproductive processes of each fungus are different.
Fungi exhibit two types of reproduction: asexual and sexual.

Asexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction can occur through:

Fragmentation

This process occurs when a hyphal filament breaks apart.

from the mycelium and originates new filaments that will form a new mycelium.

b) Gemulation

This type of reproduction occurs when at the ends of some hyphae

Asexual spores called ectospores are formed.

c) Spore production (sporulation)

This process occurs when part of a hypha becomes completely

separated from the mycelium by a septum. This type of special hypha
called sporangiospore, forms a sporangium (structure
reproductive) that produces asexual spores. These spores due to being
developed inside the sporangium are referred to as

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 Biology Module 1

endospores. When they are released from the sporangia, the spores are
transported by the wind and upon finding favorable conditions
germinating and originating new fungi.

Fig.10 - Reproduction of fungi by sporulation

Sexual reproduction
This type of reproduction often begins with the joining of hyphae of
different sexual lineages. At the junction zone, the gametangium is formed.
(anteridium and oosphere), which are specialized structures that contain a
portion of cytoplasm and many nuclei. The nuclei of the two hyphae
they merge to form the zygote or zygospore from which a
hifa producer of spores. Sometimes the fusion of gametangia is not
immediately following the fusion of the nuclei. In this case, the zygote and the
resulting hyphae present two types of nuclei, genetically
different, and work simultaneously.

Observe below the life cycle of the mushroom (basidiomycete)

65
 Fungi reproduction

Fig.11 - Life cycle of the mushroom

In our cap mushrooms, the spores are produced on the underside of the
"cap", which contains structures called sporangia, formed by
fertile hyphae. The spores after being released from the sporangia
can be spread by the action of the wind, for example. Upon encountering
favorable conditions, in a certain place, the spores germinate and originate
hyphae that will form a new fungus.

The following summary is very important to dispel some

questions that may have negatively influenced your
comprehension during reading.

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 Biology Module 1

Summary
In this lesson you learned that:

Reproduction depends on the environment in which the fungus is found and

of the degree of its development;
Summary
Fungi have two types of reproduction: asexual and
sexualized

Asexual reproduction can occur through fragmentation, budding, and

for sporulation;

In sexual reproduction, the fusion of the nuclei of the antheridium and the
the oosphere forms the zygote or zygospore.

Now we will jointly carry out the activities that follow for
that can learn how to use the knowledge just acquired

67
 Reproduction of fungi

Activities
1. Complete the following sentence:

a) Fungi can reproduce through

reproduction.........(1)...... and reproduction....(2).....

b) Gemulation is one of the forms of reproduction.......(3)......

Activities
c) The sporangiospores form the ......(4).........

2. In what type of reproduction is the gametangium formed?

3. What does the gametangium contain?

See below our answers, compare with yours, if you don't have
Everything is right, don't worry, go back to reading your module.

Answers:

1. a) (1) Sexuada e (2) Assexuada.

b) Gemulation is one of the forms of asexual reproduction.

c) The sporangiospores form the (4) sporangium.

The gametangium is formed in sexual reproduction.

The gametangium contains cytoplasm and many nuclei.

If you answered all the questions correctly, congratulations.

If you didn't get all of them right, then go review all the information regarding
lesson

68
 Module 1 of Biology

Evaluation
Now solve in your notebook the activities we propose for you to
can assess your progress.

1. Mark V or F according to whether the statements are true or false.

Evaluation that follow:

a) In asexual reproduction, sexual spores are formed. ( )

b) Fragmentation is one of the forms of asexual reproduction.

c) At the junction zone of two hyphae from different sexual lineages

the gametangium forms.

d) The zygote originates a hypha that does not produce spores.()

e) The fusion of gametangia is not always followed by the fusion of

nuclei.( )

2. Describe the process of sexual reproduction of the mushroom.

Now compare your solutions with the ones we presented to you at the end of
module. Successes!

69
 Module 1 of Biology

Lesson 13

Mycophita Thread

Introduction
The classification of fungi is very controversial. However, for this
The lesson will enhance your knowledge about the species belonging to
five classes of the phylum Mycophita that are the most studied.

Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to:

. You will characterize classes of the Phylum Mycophitas.

. Define lichens.

. Explain the reproduction of lichens.

Objectives

Filo Mycophita
The Kingdom Fungi is composed solely of the phylum Mycophita.

Ofilo Mycophitacompreende 5 classes, namely: Oomycetes,

Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes or Fungi
imperfect

1. Class Oomycetes (pronounced Oomycetes)

The fungi belonging to this class are called water fungi because
many are aquatic, have cellulose in their cell walls; Some
they are saprophytes because they feed on organic matter in
decomposition, others are plant parasites that cause rust on
potatoes, in grapes, in apples, among others. This type of fungi can
to provoke the destruction of vast potato crops. Reproduction can
asexual and sexual. In sexual reproduction, they produce two types of
gametangia and male and female gametes produce spores
flagellants.

2. Class Phycomycetes (pronounced Ficomicetos)

They are primitive fungi, with a simpler organization, with hyphae, without
transverse walls (septa). They can be terrestrial or aquatic, there are no
flagellated cells, the cell wall is made of chitin. Most are
72 Lesson 13 Phylum Mycophyta

decomposers of organic matter (saprobes), and some are parasites of

plants and animals.

We carry out asexual reproduction by forming a type of spores-

zoospores - which have thick and resistant walls that can survive
in worse environmental conditions (e.g., black mold on bread).

Life cycle of bread mold and fruits:

When a spore germinates on bread, in fruit, or in organic matter
hyphal forms that represent rhizoids that secrete digestive enzymes and
absorb organic compounds managed. The specialized hyphae,
sporangiospores, they rise up and form sporangia that when mature
they become black and open, freeing numerous spores capable of
germinate and produce new mycelium. Sexual reproduction is carried out by
morphologically indistinct gametes.

Class Ascomycetes (pronounced Ascomicetes)

They understand the most numerous group of fungi. The fungi of this class
there are no flagellated cells, the hyphae have perforated septa, the wall
Cellular is made of chitin and presents dikaotic structures. They form two
types of spores some are preceded by asexual reproduction (conidia),
others follow sexual reproduction (ascospores), originated by
endogenous process. Yeasts are part of this group of fungi; the
fungi that produce the rust of chestnut trees.

4. Class Basidiomycetes

They are part of this class of fungi known as mushrooms. They are
considered the most evolved fungi. They can be found in
tree trunks, moist soils, on plants and other materials
organic. These fungi do not have flagellated cells, they have hyphae with
perforated septa, the cell wall is made of chitin, they have structures
dicaryotic. Many are plant parasites, causing diseases
known as coals, rusts, and soot.

Basidiomycetes are characterized by having basidia, which are

reproductive structures responsible for the production of spores
called basidiospores. The basidia can group together in a body
of fruiting, constituting the basidiocarp known as mushroom.

5. Class Deuteromycetes (pronounced Deuteromicetos)

This is a class created to gather the so-called imperfect fungi.

deuteromycetes are present in a variety of environments. Some
species are parasites causing diseases in plants and vegetation. The
stages of sexual reproduction are not yet known, only the
asexual reproduction by spores. Several fungi that previously

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 Module 1 of Biology

those classified in this category were reclassified as

ascomycetes or zygomycetes when their stages were discovered
sexual reproduction. This class includes the fungi that cause
athlete's foot, athlete's foot, thrush of the tongue, among others.

Lichens

Lichens are symbiotic associations between a fungus and an alga.

unicellular. The fungus is heterotrophic that predominates in the association and the alga.
autotrophic and photosynthetic.

The fungal hyphae are strongly associated with the photosynthetic cells.
capturing nutrients produced by algae.

The fungus creates and maintains favorable conditions for the life of the cells.
photosynthetic regarding the supply of water and mineral salts. The cells
photosynthetic organisms produce organic compounds that the fungus
cannot produce. The characteristics of this symbiosis enable the
lichens conquer habitats where they would not live if the situation were
independent life.

The reproduction of lichens is a combination of processes of

sexual reproduction of fungi and asexual reproduction of green algae.
Alternatively, lichens can reproduce from structures.
designated soredia (small clusters of algae surrounded by hyphae).

Example: Symbiosis between green algae and fungi.

73
74 Lesson 13 Phylum Mycophita

Summary
In this lesson you learned that:

The kingdom fungi only has one phylum, Mycophyta;

Summary The phylum Micophyta has five classes: oomycete, zygomycete,

ascomycete, basidiomycete, and imperfect fungi;

The classes zygomycete, ascomycete, basidiomycete produce the

the following types of spores zygospores, ascospores, and basidiospores
respectively;

Depending on the class, they may have a cell wall made of cellulose.
or chitin; flagellated or non-flagellated cells.

They can be parasites and saprophytes.

Now we will jointly carry out the following activities to

that can learn how to use the knowledge just acquired.

Activities
What is the name of the only phylum of the kingdom of fungi?

2. What classes are part of the phylum Mycophyta.

3. Say two similarities between the species of the class of

Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes
Activities
Let's solve the proposed activities:

The only division of the kingdom of fungi is called Mycophyta.

2. The following classes are part of this phylum: oomycete,

zygomycete, ascomycete, basidiomycete and Deuteromycetes.

3. Two similarities between the species of the class Basidiomycetes

Ascomycetes can be: they do not have flagellated cells, the hyphae
they have perforated septa, the cell wall is made of chitin.

Now solve in your notebook the activities we propose for you to

can assess your progress.

74
 Module 1 of Biology

Evaluation
Fill in the table that highlights the differences between the classes of the phylum
fungi

Class Oomycetes Phycomycetes Basidiomycetes

Evaluation

Type of spore

Type of
substance in
cell wall

Example

Now compare your solutions with the ones we presented to you at the end of
module. Successes!

75
76 Solutions of the evaluations Mycophite Thread

Assessment solutions
Lesson 1
1: It became necessary to develop the science of classification due to
existence of the diversity of living beings.

2: The protist kingdom includes unicellular organisms that

they presented a very different cellular organization. Some with membrane
nuclear others without her.

Whittaker developed a classification system in five kingdoms

which is based on two fundamental criteria:

Cell organization - prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells

Type of nutrition – autotrophic and heterotrophic

Lesson 2
1: The basic taxonomic categories for classifying living beings
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species

The level that includes the largest number of individuals is the kingdom.

The level that includes narrower categories is the species.

The group that is considered natural is species.

Lesson 3
1: A, B, E

Bacteria can be spherical - cocci, rod-shaped -

bacilli, spiral-shaped – spirochetes – or even comma-shaped – vibrios

3. The most common reproduction process in bacteria is binary fission.

Lesson 4
1a: Medicinal Importance–Some provide the necessary vitamin K
the coagulation of the blood is due to some of these bacteria.
There are bacteria that create a hostile environment for development of
various infections in the human body, such as in the oral, vaginal,
anal, intestinal, etc.

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 Biology Module 1

1b: Importance in the food industry - Some bacteria are used in

food industry for the production of vinegar and dairy products,
results from the processing of milk, such as cheese, yogurt, butter,
etc, in the context of genetic engineering.

1c: Pharmacological importance - Some bacteria are used in

pharmaceutical industry for the synthesis of antibiotics.

Vibrio cholerae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Lesson 5
The blue algae are all photosynthetic and contain chlorophyll.
found in all photosynthetic eukaryotic cells. In addition to the
chlorophyll, cyanobacteria contain various types of accessories. Reproduction
coincides with cell division.

2: The nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria associate with the roots of

legumes, such as soy and beans helping in the capture of nitrogen that
is used in the preparation of nitrogen compounds and for fertilization
two alone.

3: Reproduction occurs by binary fission of the cells and fragmentation of the

filaments. Sometimes structures similar to spores are formed
that originate new filaments.

4a: Photosynthetic autotrophs - are organisms that have the ability

to produce its organic compounds from a synthesis process
of inorganic compounds in the presence of light.

Lesson 6
Viruses are forms that have degenerated cells due to ease
nutrient availability within the host cell, assuming the
command, making her work almost exclusively to produce
new viruses. Outside the host, they lose the ability to live.

2: Assume that viruses descend directly from ancestral proto-viruses,

primitive particles composed of nucleic acid and protein; that is, the
viruses have always been viruses.

Many, like those of foot-and-mouth disease and poliomyelitis, are spherical or oval:
some are long, similar to cylinders, like that of the mosaic of
tobacco; others look like blocks or have another geometric shape
regular, like what produces herpes and some have a similar shape
a tadpole with a spherical or oval head and a thin tail. They are in this
group of bacteriophages, the viruses that parasitize bacteria.

77
78 Solutions of the evaluations Mycophita Thread

Lesson 7
The possibility of an individual contracting an infectious disease
depends not only on the characteristics of the microorganism, but also on the
the individual's own ability to withstand their attack, an ability that
it depends on factors such as general health status, nutritional status,
age, sex, and genetic factors.

In the lytic cycle, the bacteriophage exists as free viral DNA in the
cytoplasm of the host bacterium; the viral DNA directs the production of
new viral particles by the host. In the lysogenic cycle, the DNA of
Bacteriophage is integrated into the circular chromosome of the bacterium.

Modes of transmission: Infected blood transfusions, relationships

sexual contact with infected individuals, sharp and penetrating objects such as
for example: blades, needles, scissors, from mother to son during the
pregnancy, during childbirth or during breastfeeding.

3b: Preventive measures: Blood tests, protected sexual relations,

use of condoms, use of sterilized needles and syringes.

3c: Symptoms: Diarrhea, elevated temperatures, weight loss, cough,

skin lesions

Lesson 8
1: They are heterogeneous, as in this kingdom, forms are included from
from microscopic unicellular organisms to giant brown algae, which are
multicellular.

Some move by pseudopodia, like the Amoeba; by cilia like

the Paramecium, or by flagella like Trypanosoma, and others are
devoid of locomotor structures, like the Plasmodium.

3: Generally, they reproduce asexually by binary fission,

multiple division or sporulation, some, however, exhibit cycles
sexual with meiosis and fusion of gametes.

4: The amoeba has a form of locomotion through the emission of prolongations

cytoplasmic, the pseudopodia that also serve for the capture of the
foods.
Paramecium is a unicellular organism with a constant shape, with the body
covered by an elastic-cuticle membrane, where the cilia are inserted.
It presents a high degree of specialization.

Lesson 9
1: Fire plants are unicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic beings.
they store food in the form of starch and have a cell wall
with cellulose while euglenophytes are unicellular, not
they have eyelashes and have flagella, have chloroplasts and perform the

78
 Module 1 of Biology

photosynthesis and when they are devoid of light, they live

heterotrophically.

This binary division is peculiar, that is, when the cell divides...
the daughter cells receive the larger part of the shell and the other the smaller one
part.

3: They are bioluminescent, that is, they convert chemical energy into energy.
luminous in the form of sparkles of light visible at night over the ridges
the waves.

Lesson 10
Answers

1: The transmission is done by the female of the Anopheles mosquito that

needing blood for its nourishment has the habit of biting the
Man. When you cut it, you can introduce parasites which afterwards
active multiplication period in the liver passes to the blood
causing the destruction of red blood cells. If in the meantime the
mosquito sugar or blood to this Man the parasite after reproduction
Sexual reproduction in the mosquito's body produces forms that migrate to the
salivary glands and can again be transmitted to another
individuals are and so on.

2: Eliminate the puddles, place mosquito nets on doors and windows,

remove trash cans.

Plasmodium vivax

Mosquito

Lesson 11
Answers

Fungi live in dark places, without penetration of sunlight.

Fungi decompose carcasses, dead leaves, feces, and others

organic materials, recycling vital chemical elements like
carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the form of mineral compounds that can
to be used by other organisms. This decomposition opens new
paths for the recycling of organic matter and the continuity of life
on earth.

They can associate with algae, forming a structure.

designated lichen.
Many fungi have industrial importance, such as those used in production.
of beer, bread, wine, and cheese. Fungi are also used in
pharmaceutical industry for the production of antibiotics used in
treatment of bacterial infections.

79
80 Solutions to the evaluations Mycophita thread

Lesson 12
Answers

1a. V

b. F

c. V

d. F

e. V

2. In our cap mushrooms, the spores are produced on the underside

of the "hat", which contains structures called sporangia, formed
by fertile hyphae. The spores after being released from the sporangia
they can be spread by the action of the wind, for example. Upon finding
favorable conditions, in a certain location, the spores germinate and originate
hyphae that will form a new fungus.

Lesson 13
Responses

Basidiomycetes
Class Oomycetes Phycomycetes

ascospore
Type of spore
conidia zoospores basidiospores

Type of
substance in
cell wall celluloses chitin chitin

Rust of
potato black ball of
bread
Example mushroom

80
 Module 1 of Biology

Biology Module 1

Preparation Test

Introduction
This test, dear student, is to help you prepare to take the
Final Module Test at CAA. Good job!

The classification of living beings is studied in its own science.

Mark with an x the correct statement regarding the science of
classification of living beings.
A. Taxonomy
B. Biology ( )
C. Systematics ( )
D. Anthropology( )

2. Make a statement that refers to the kingdoms considered by

Linnaeus on the classification of living beings
A. Animal Kingdom and Plant Kingdom ( )
B. Kingdoms Monera, Protista, and Fungi
C. Kingdoms Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
D. Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

3. Mark with an x the correct statement about the characteristics of

species.
A. Similar anatomical characteristics ( )
B. Similar physiological characteristics ( )
C. Similar anatomical and physiological characteristics, allowing
cross with each other and produce fertile descendants ( )
D. Different anatomical and physiological characteristics

4. Place a C in the correct sequence about the hierarchy of

basic taxonomic categories.
A. Class, Order, Family, Kingdom, Phylum, Genus and Species ( )
B. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species ( )
Order, Family, Genus, Species, Kingdom, Phylum, Class( )
Family, Gender, Species, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order( )

81
82 Module 1 of Biology Preparation Test

5. Place x in the statement that refers to the characteristics of

cyanobacteria.
A. Multicellular, nucleus without membrane, without membranous organelles,
rigid cell wall, some flagellates ( )
B. Unicellular, nucleus without a membrane, without membrane-bound organelles,
rigid cell wall, some flagellates ( )
C. Multicellular, nucleus without membrane, without organelles
membranous, rigid cell wall, all flagellates ( )
D. Unicellular, nucleus without membrane, without membrane-bound organelles,
with photosynthetic pigment, all flagellates ()

6. Place x in the correct section about bacterial nutrition.

A. Heterotrophic ( )
B. Heterotrophic and/or Autotrophic ( )
C. Autotrophic ( )
D. Only Chemotrophic ( )

7. Place R in the correct section regarding the type of

bacterial reproduction.
A. Sexuated by conjugation ( )
B. Asexual by bipartition ( )
C. Asexual by bipartition and sexual by conjugation
D. Asexually by budding

8. Blue-green algae are organisms that also belong to the Kingdom.

Monera, from the pigments presented below, mark with an X the one that
contributes to giving them the blue color
A. Phycobilin ( )
B. Ficoeritrina ( )
C. Chlorophyll ( )
D. Fucocyanin ( )
9. Mark with A the correct sentence about the reproduction of algae.
blues.
A. Binary division of cells and fragmentation of their filaments
( )
B. Fragmentation of its filaments ( )
C. Binary cell division ( )
D. Conjugation of nuclear material ( )

10. Place V in the correct statement indicated below regarding the

action of viruses on the host
A. Extracellular parasites ( )
B. Obligate intracellular parasites ( )
C. Intracellular facultative parasites ( )
D. Obligatory extracellular parasites ( )

82
 Module 1 of Biology

11. Mark with an x the correct statement about cellular organization of the
beings of the Protista Kingdom.
A. Multicellular and prokaryotic ( )
B. Multicellular and eukaryotic ( )
C. Unicellular and eukaryotic ( )
D. Unicellular and prokaryotic ( )

12. Place B in the correct option regarding the mechanisms of locomotion

two beings of the class Rhizopoda of the Protista Kingdom
A. Eyelashes ( )
B. Flagella ( )
C. They do not have locomotion organs ( )
D. Pseudopodia ( )

13. Place an X in the option that indicates the effect of the existence of algae on
aquatic environment.

A. They condition the survival of many aquatic living beings. ( )

B. They provoke the death of living beings existing in the aquatic environment
( )
C. They destroy the ecological balance in the aquatic environment ( )
They condition the increase in the quantity of different marine species.

14. Mark with an x the correct option about the transmission vector of
malaria.
A. Plasmodium Vivax ( )
B. Tsetse Fly
C. Female mosquito of the genus Anopheles ( )
D. Male mosquito of the genus Anopheles

15. Place C in the correct sequence of the item that indicates the protozoa
of parasitic life.
A. Amoeba, Trypanosoma and Plasmodium
B. Euglena, Paramecium, Plasmodium( )
C. Trypanosoma, Plasmodium and Paramecium
D. Plasmodium, Amoeba, and Euglena

16. Place x in the correct option regarding the reason for the misalignment
of Fungi in the Plant Kingdom.
A. Because your cells do not have a cell wall.
B. For the simplicity of its cells ( )
C. Because they do not adapt to dry and sunny environments ( )
D. Because they have a basically heterotrophic diet and walls.
formed by chitin

17. In the statements below, place a V next to the one that indicates the classes
belonging to the Phylum Mycophyta of the Kingdom Fungi

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84 Module 1 of Biology Preparation Test

A. Zygomycetes and Deuteromycetes

B. Oomycetes, Zygomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes, ( )
Deuteromycetes
C. Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes
D. Oomycetes, Zigomycetes, Basidiomycetes

18. Put x in the correct statement that indicates the type of fungi that
they transform dead organic matter balancing the environment
ecological.
A. Saprophytes ( )
B. Parasites ( )
C. Decomposers ( )
D. Symbiotics ( )

19. Place C in the correct statement regarding the benefit in the relationship of
alga with the fungus in lichens.
A. Both benefits for the alga and for the fungus ()
B. More benefit for the fungus than for the alga
( )
C. More benefit for the alga than for the fungus ( )
It is indifferent to both organisms.

20. Put A in the statement that indicates the type of reproduction that occurs.
our lichens
A. Asexual by fragmentation ( )
B. Combination of sexual reproduction processes of the fungus and
asexual of the algae ( )
C. Sexualized by the reproductive structures of the fungus ()
D. Asexual reproduction by budding ( )

84
 Biology Module 1

Preparation test solutions

85