MATHEMATICS

STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF QUEVEDO

ADMISSION AND LEVELING UNIT

MEMBERS:

NICOLE MACIAS.
JENNIFER PONCE.
ERIKA LOOR.
JOSSELYN BAJAÑA.
GABRIELA VERA.

TEACHER:

ENGINEER. NATALIA ZAMBRANO.

CAREER:

Food Engineering.

THEME:

FACTORING PROJECT.

DATE:

05/01/2024
 1. INTRODUCTION.

Factorization is a mathematical technique that consists of expressing a number or a

mathematical expression as a product of simpler factors. This technique is
fundamental in algebra and arithmetic, as it allows us to simplify complex problems
and facilitate the resolution of equations and mathematical problems in general. The
Factorization of a number consists of finding the prime factors that, when multiplied,
and as a result that number. The prime factors are those numbers that only
they can be divided by themselves and by one.

The factorization of an algebraic expression consists of writing it as a product of

irreducible factors. An irreducible factor is one that cannot be decomposed into
simplest factors Factorization is an essential part of mathematics, as it
it allows us to simplify and solve equations. Furthermore, it helps us identify patterns
and properties of numbers and algebraic expressions. For example, factorization
it allows us to find the divisors of a number and determine if a number is prime or not
composed. It also allows us to solve quadratic equations and factor polynomials.

One of the most common techniques to factor a number or an algebraic expression

it is factoring by grouping. This technique consists of grouping common terms and
factor by common factors. Another common factoring technique is factorization
by difference of squares. This technique is used when we have an expression of the
the form a^2 - b^2, where a and b are two terms. This expression can be factored as
(a - b)(a + b).

There is also factorization by perfect square trinomial, which is used when

we have an expression of the form a^2 + 2ab + b^2. This expression can be factored
like (a + b)^2. Factorization is also used in the calculation of Greatest Common
Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) and Least Common Multiple (LCM). The GCD of two or more numbers is
obtained by factoring the numbers into their prime factors and taking the common factors
with the minimum exponent.

On the other hand, the LCM of two or more numbers is obtained by factoring the numbers into their
prime factors and taking the factors with the maximum exponent. The factorization is
a fundamental tool in mathematics that allows us to simplify and solve
problems. It helps us understand the properties and relationships between numbers and the
algebraic expressions. Moreover, it facilitates the resolution of equations and us
provides tools to work with large and complex numbers, the
Factorization is an essential technique in mathematics that allows us to simplify, solve
problems and better understand the world around us.
 2. OBJECTIVES.

1.1. General objective.

➢ The general objective of this project is to deepen the study and application of the
factorization as a fundamental tool in mathematics, including its relationship
with other algebraic concepts and their usefulness in solving complex problems.

1.2. Specific objectives.

➢ Study and understand the basic concepts of factoring, including the

different methods and techniques used.
➢ Explore the relationship between factoring and other algebraic concepts, such as the
equations and inequalities.
➢ Analyze the advantages and limitations of factorization, as well as the situations in which...
what is more convenient to use other algebraic methods.
 3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.

[Link] concepts of factorization.

In mathematics, factorization is a technique that consists of decomposing into factors of

an algebraic expression (which can be a number, a sum or difference, a matrix, a polynomial,
etc.) in the form of a product. There are different methods of factorization, depending on the objects.
studied mathematicians; the goal is to simplify an expression or rewrite it in terms of
"fundamental blocks", which are called factors, such as a number in
prime numbers, or a polynomial in irreducible polynomials.

The opposite of polynomial factoring is expansion, the multiplication of the factors.

together polynomially to an 'expanded' polynomial, written as a simple sum of terms. The
The fundamental theorem of arithmetic covers the factorization of integers, and for the
factorization of polynomials, the fundamental theorem of algebra. The factorization of numbers
very large integers in the product of prime factors require sophisticated algorithms, the level
the complexity of such algorithms underlies the reliability of some systems of
asymmetric cryptography like RSA.
In mathematics, factoring is a technique that involves the decomposition of a
mathematical expression (which can be a number or a sum). First of all, it must be said that
Any polynomial can be factored using the main numerical sets.
Reals, if complex numbers are considered. There are factorization methods for some.
special cases, which are:

➢ Sum or difference of cubes.

➢ Sum or difference of equal odd powers.
➢ Perfect square trinomial.
➢ Trinomial of the form x²+bx+c
➢ Trinomial of the form ax² + bx + c.
➢ Common factor.

[Link] factor.

It is said that a polynomial has a common factor when the same quantity, whether a number or a letter,
it is found in all the terms of the polynomial.

If a common factor appears in all the terms of a polynomial, that polynomial is equal to
product of that factor by the polynomial that results from dividing each term by that factor.

To perform the common factor, it should be noted that this is done for both numbers.
as for the letters, and with the letters, the one with the smallest exponent of all is taken. (Eugenio,
2013

Example:

As can be seen, five is the common number and the 'x' is the only common letter in this polynomial.
Since two is the smallest exponent of 'x,' this is the exponent that will be taken into account.
common factor 5x2.
The answer we have is:
 [Link] Factor by grouping of terms.

In the common factor by grouping of terms, groups of equal number must be gathered.
terms, therefore to apply this case the number of terms must be even (of 4 terms in
forward). If groups of the same number of terms can be gathered, the common factor is extracted from
each group. If the same polynomial expression remains in each of the groups in parentheses,
a second factoring is performed where the common factor will be, in this case, the parenthesis,
formally speaking, the polynomial expression found within the parentheses, remaining
thus, in the end a product of two factors. (Loor, 2005)

Example:

[Link] square trinomial

To express a perfect square trinomial as the square of a binomial:

The square root of the first and third terms of the trinomial is extracted. These roots will be the first
and the second component of the binomial that is being sought. It is verified that the second term of the
the trinomial corresponds to double the product of the first term of the binomial by the second,
respecting the laws of signs, squaring.

To factor a perfect square trinomial, the first thing to do is to examine whether the
The given trinomial is a perfect square. For this, the square roots of the first and third terms are extracted.
terms and it is verified that the second term of the trinomial is equal to the double product of said
roots, regardless of the sign. Once the verification is done, the factorization is written
like a binomial squared whose terms are the square roots obtained and the
The sign of the binomial is that of the second term of the trinomial. (Albert, 2017)

Example.
 [Link] of squares.

A perfect square refers to a number that is the result of multiplying another number by itself.
itself. The term 'difference of perfect square' refers to the algebraic expression that
it represents the difference between two consecutive perfect squares, that is, between two numbers
what is the result of multiplying two consecutive numbers by themselves.

The formula to calculate the difference of perfect squares is:

(n + 1)^2 - n^2 = 2n + 1

Where n is the consecutive number preceding the smallest perfect square of the difference.

For example, if we want to calculate the difference of the perfect square between 16 and 25, we can use
the formula:

(5 + 1)^2 - 5^2 = 6^2 - 5^2 = 36 - 25 = 11

So, the difference of the perfect square between 16 and 25 is 11.

[Link] of the form x² + bx + c.

A trinomial of the form x² + bx + c is an algebraic expression that consists of three terms: one
with the square of the variable x, another with the variable x, and another with a constant term.

The general form of this trinomial is:

x² + bx + c

Where b and c are constants.

Some examples of trinomials of this form could be:

- x² + 5x + 6
- x² - 3x + 2
- x² + 2x + 1

It is important to note that these trinomials can be factored and decomposed into
linear factors or perfect square binomials, depending on the coefficients b and c.

[Link] square trinomial by addition and subtraction.

It is identified by having three terms, two of which are

perfect squares, but the remainder must be
complete it with a sum so that it equals double
product of the two roots (that is, to complete the
Perfect Square Trinomial (P.S.T.), the value that
the sum is the same as the subtraction for the exercise
original do not change.
 [Link] of the form x2 + bx + c or simple perfect trinomial.

It is identified by having three terms, there is a literal with

square exponent and one of them is the term
independent. It is solved using two parentheses,
in which the square root of the variable is placed,
looking for two numbers that when multiplied give
result the independent term and added (being able to
negative numbers) result in the term
from the middle the result is given with the letter of the first
term in parentheses

3.9. Factorization of algebraic roots.

The factorization of algebraic roots refers to expressing an algebraic root as a product.

of simpler factors. This involves finding the roots or solutions of an equation
Polynomial. The factorization of algebraic roots is performed using different methods.
depending on the type of algebraic root and the polynomial they are involved in. Some of
the most common methods are:

-Factorization by decomposition: This method is used to factor polynomials that

they have perfect square terms. The aim is to decompose the polynomial into a multiplication
of two binomials that are perfect squares.

Factoring by perfect square trinomial: This method is used to factor

polynomials that are the sum or difference of two terms squared. The goal is to express the
polynomial like the square of a binomial.

Factoring by differences of squares: This method is used to factor polynomials.

what is the difference of two terms squared. It seeks to express the polynomial as the
product of a binomial by its conjugate.

Common factor factorization: This method is used when a polynomial has a factor
which is repeated in all the terms. We seek to factor the polynomial by dividing all the terms
for that common factor.

These are just some of the methods used to factor algebraic roots. In general,
factoring an algebraic root can be a complicated process and requires knowledge of
algebra and manipulation of polynomials.

3.10. Algebraic simplifications.

Algebraic simplifications are a series of rules that allow us to reduce an expression.

algebraic to its simplest form.

Some of the most common algebraic simplifications include:

1. Simplification of like terms: Terms with the same can be added or subtracted.
variable and exponent. For example, in the expression 2x + 3x - 5x, the terms can be combined.
2x, 3x and -5x, resulting in 0x, which is equal to zero.

2. Properties of exponents: Expressions with exponents can be simplified. By

For example, 2^3 * 2^4 can be simplified as 2^(3+4), which is equal to 2^7.
3. Distributivity: The distributive property can be applied to simplify expressions.
For example, in the expression 2(x + 4), you can distribute the 2 and obtain 2x + 8.

4. Simplification of algebraic fractions: Algebraic fractions can be simplified.

reducing to the lowest common denominator and canceling similar terms. For example, in the
fraction (2x^2 + 4x) / (2x), can be simplified by dividing both terms by 2x and obtaining
(x + 2) / 1.

These are just some of the most common algebraic simplifications, but there are many.
Other rules and properties that can be used to simplify expressions. It is important
Remember that the goal of simplifying an algebraic expression is to reduce it to its simplest form.
simple to facilitate its manipulation and problem-solving. (Baldor, 1941)
 4. CONCLUSIONS.

Factorization is a fundamental topic in mathematics that has various applications.

in solving problems in different areas. Throughout this project, we have
explored the basic concepts of factorization, as well as the different techniques
used to carry out this process. Next, we will present the conclusions
obtained from our research.

First of all, we have learned that factorization consists of breaking down a

number in its prime factors. This decomposition allows us to express a number
as a multiplication of prime factors and is useful for various calculations, such as
simplify fractions, find the greatest common divisor or the least common multiple,
among others.

In addition, we have studied different factorization methods, among which is

they find the factorization by successive division, the method of factorization of
perfect squares, the factorization method by difference of squares and the method
of factorization by grouping terms. Each of these methods has its own
characteristics and is applied according to the type of expression we are factoring.

During our research, we have also discovered that factorization not only
is limited to integer numbers, but can also be applied to algebraic expressions. The
Factoring algebraic expressions is useful for simplifying calculations, solving
equations and find patterns in the behavior of the variables.

It is important to highlight that factorization is not always an easy task. In some

In cases, it is necessary to apply various methods and perform multiple steps to factor a
expression. However, factoring is a fundamental skill that facilitates the
resolution of mathematical problems and help to better understand the structure of the
numbers and algebraic expressions.

Additionally, we have been able to verify that factorization has applications in various
areas, such as cryptography, where it is used for the generation of secure keys; the theory
of numbers, where it is used to study the properties of prime numbers; and in
the resolution of equations and systems of equations, where it allows us to simplify
expressions and finding solutions.

In itself, factoring is a fundamental mathematical concept that allows us to

decompose a number or an expression into its prime factors. Through the
factorization, we can simplify calculations, solve problems, and better understand the
structure of numbers and algebraic expressions. In addition, factoring has
applications in various areas and is a key tool in the study of mathematics.
In conclusion, factoring is a fundamental aspect of mathematics that provides
a series of benefits and applications, and it is of great importance for our development
academic and professional.
 5. RECOMMENDATIONS.

Factorization is a fundamental mathematical skill that plays an important role

in a variety of more advanced mathematical concepts. It is the process of decomposing
a mathematical expression into simpler factors. Factoring is not only useful for
simplify expressions, but also to solve equations, find values of
unknown variables and solve real-world problems.

Below are some recommendations to master the

factorization in mathematics:

1. Familiarize yourself with basic terms and concepts: Before starting to factor,
It is important to understand the fundamental terms and concepts that are used in the
factorization, as a factor, multiplying, coefficient, exponent, among others. To have a
A solid understanding of these concepts will facilitate the factoring process.

2. Learn the rules of factoring: There are several specific rules and techniques.
to factor different types of mathematical expressions. Some of the most important rules
common rules include the distribution rule, the common factor rule, and the sum rule
and difference of cubes. Studying and practicing these rules will help you identify the approach.
correct for factoring an expression.

3. Practice factoring regularly: Regular practice is essential for

develop solid factoring skills. Try to solve different types of
factorization problems to strengthen your understanding and familiarize yourself with the
different scenarios in which you can apply factoring. The more you practice,
you will become better at factoring.

4. Divide the expressions into their simplest factors: An effective approach to the
Factorization is breaking down an expression into its simplest factors. Try
identify any common factor in an expression and extract it. Then continue
dividing the expression until it is no longer possible to find any more common factors. This
This approach will help you simplify the expression and find the simplest factors.

6. Solve application problems of factoring: Factoring is not only

important in the theoretical field, but also in solving real-world problems
real. Try to solve practical problems that require factorization, like problems
of area and volume, problems involving proportions and problems that require the
calculation of unknown values. Practice in practical problems will help strengthen
your understanding of factorization and its application.
 6. BIBLIOGRAPHIES.

Perfect Squares
Baldor, A. (1941). Complete Algebra.
Eugenio. (2013). Factorization. Cali.
Loor, L. (2005). grouping of terms common factor. Mexico.