BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA

M MINISTRY OF POPULAR POWER FOR EDUCATION

L.B.N 'DON SANTIAGO DE JESUS ESCALANTE'
Tiger Creek – Zea - Mérida State

The study of the

salmonella for the
prevention of
diseases
Tutor: Participants:
Jhon Lemus Katherine Zambrano.
Moses Manrique.
Carlos Roa.
Daily Zambrano.
Daneli Ramírez.
Yadymar Ramírez.
Indexes

5
Context of the problemtca....................................................................5
Problem Statement.....................................................................6
Juicefiction of the investnavigation...............................................................8
Action plan..................................................................................11
12
Theoretical framework.........................................................................................12
Previous studies...................................................................................18
Chapter III:..........................................................................................19
Methodological framework .............................................................................19
Methodological approach...........................................................................19
Investment methodtnavigation.......................................................................19
Population and sample........................................................20
Chapter IV..............................................................................................22
Analysis of the results.......................................................................22
Conclusion and recommendations............................................................30
 Summary
Salmonella is a bacterial disease caused by ingestion.
from some foods, water, and contact with animals. In such a way
that it is important to have a broad knowledge about how it
it behaves the bacteria and the preventive measures to avoid its
contagion.
Within this context, the present research aimed to
mainly, establish preventive actions against contagion of
salmonella for the overall health of students in the high school
National Bolivarian Don Santiago de Jesús Escalante, which was
addressed from a quantitative approach; a design was used
field and type of descriptive research supported by a

action research....
Finally, it was concluded that it is necessary to implement a plan for
action that includes a protocol for awareness and implementation of the
preventive measures established by the World Organization
WHO health to maintain the integral health of the community
student.
Introduction

Seminar project, instilling in a group of young people as a technique.

of developing the capabilities for each of them; therefore in
In this work, we will talk about the prevention of salmonella in the
parish of Caño Eltgre based on specific research therefore
it will bring a myriad of outstanding aspects when informing the
inhabitants of the parish about the prevention of this bacteria.
Many people do not have knowledge related to salmonella and the
danger it poses when contracted by the human organism. For
Hello, the research is composed of IV chapters.
The problem is presented, where a situation is manifested.
concrete that warrants a solution. The objectives are mentioned that
will serve as a guide for its realization, through the
justification explains the reasons that motivate the realization of the
proposal.
Chapter II: Corresponds to the theoretical framework, legal bases, and background
from the research
Chapter III: Methodological framework, in which it describes the type of
research to be developed, population, sample, and techniques
data collection instruments.
Chapter IV: In this space, an analysis of the results is carried out.
the statistical tabulation operations are carried out and
representation of the data obtained from the application of the survey.
The individual analysis of each question and description was carried out.
each of the objectives of the research. Finally linked to
 this concept, fundamental to the proposal and finally the conclusions
and recommendations.

Chapter I:
Context of the problem

With the purpose of starting a student research task

in the exploratory survey applied to a group of inhabitants of the
community of 'Caño eltgre' - Municipality of Zea, Bolivarian State of
Mérida, it is concluded through the required assimilation and
detailed observation that 90% of the general population does not
has knowledge about the pathological condition called
Salmonella. For this reason, the following information is broken down.
Salmonella infection, in general, does not pose a risk to the
life. However, in some people, especially in babies and
small children, elderly adults, transplant recipients, women
pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems,
the development of complications can be dangerous. Among the possible
Signs and symptoms of salmonella infection include
the following; (Diarrhea, stomach cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting,
chills, headache, and blood in the stool.) we also must
keep in mind that if the infection caused by these bacteria enters
in the bloodstream (bacteremia) can infect tissues throughout the
body, including: the tissues that surround the brain and the spinal cord
spinal (meningitis) the lining of the heart or the valves
(endocarditis) the bones or bone marrow (osteomyelitis).
Problem statement

Since 1885, the salmonella bacteria has been named after Daniel.
Elmer Salmon, American veterinary pathologist; although it was his
colleague and contemporary Theobald Smith who discovered the bacteria
isolating it from pigs infected with cholera. In 2020 the states
EU (European Union) members reported 5,146 outbreaks
transmitted by food that infected 48,365 people, being the
salmonella is responsible for 1 in every 3 foodborne outbreaks
specifically 1,581 outbreaks of which 67% were reported in
Slovakia (504 outbreaks), Poland (289 outbreaks) and Spain (229 outbreaks)
However, on August 17, 2021, in Venezuela, authorities from
Health (health in Venezuela) has reported a significant increase in
cases of salmonella with Anzoátegui being the state with the
highest contagion rate where 571 cases have been recorded,
including two deaths.
For this reason, with recent research from the different
health centers of the parish of Caño el Tigre, municipality of Zea,
Bolivarian State of Mérida, it has been defined that the main
salmonella infection problems in the parish are caused by
due to the heavy rainfall where rainwater causes the
stirring of settled biological particles in the dikes that
they emerge in our community. Because these particles are rich
in bacteria and parasites, if not treated properly can be
the number one causes of bacterial contagion like the
 salmonella, we must also consider that within our
In the parish, various fast food places have emerged where later
by visiting each of them, it was observed that in their
majority do not possess the necessary and required qualifications by the
health organizations corresponding to the health certificate and
necessary and displayed to the public at each position to provide a
better trust and security for the regular consumer.

On the other hand, poor hygiene within households plays a role

important for the transmission of Salmonella as if a member of
the family carries the bacteria, if hygiene measures are not taken
corresponding could infect the entire family nucleus at the moment
of manipulating food. Similarly, the people who prepare
with animals day by day have a greater chance of contracting the
bacteria because they are directly exposed to fecal matter
where this bacteria usually inhabits.

For this reason, the objective of our project is to generate a

change in the consciousness of all the inhabitants of the Caño parish
the Tiger in order to mitigate and prevent the spread of salmonella, the
which besides being a risk factor for physical integrity of
Our residents tend to be a bit of a cumbersome topic since
within our community, we do not have a public laboratory
the clinic, where to carry out the prior exams nor a 24-hour pharmacy
to obtain the respective medications. This leads to the
inhabitants to move to other localities for this to be treated
illness, which generates economic expenditure on transportation and
logistics.
 Will the Caño Eltgre parish in the ZEA municipality, State be capable?
Bolivarian of Mérida to prevent and control the contagion by
salmonella?
Justification of the research

Once the problem has been clearly defined and

reduced to terms possible to address in a single study within the
the treatment of the research problem should be presented
section, related to a brief development and presentation about the
importance and the justification of the research. It is undeniable that it
can argue dimensions of analysis from the discipline that
locates the intellectual interest of the problem, the solutions that are
it can reach, the deployment of the project and argument for the
enrichment of the study.
This research is justified due to the acquisition of a
a series of detailed knowledge that will be used as a way of
prevent the spread of Salmonella in the parish 'Caño el Tigre'
Municipality of Zea, Bolivarian State of Mérida starting from the necessity
to increase the health stability of the area, with the priority of
improve the health conditions of our residents.
Therefore, such a study contributes to the solution of health problems.
in relation to Educational, Organizational, Cultural, Preventive,
Social and Moral.
Objective of the research

General objective:
The study of Salmonella for prevention of
diseases, in the parish of "Caño el Tigre", Municipality
Zea, Bolivarian State of Mérida.

Specific objectives:

Diagnose the level of knowledge of the inhabitants

from the Community of "Caño el Tigre" Municipality of Zea,
Bolivarian State of Mérida on prevention,
risks and consequences of contracting Salmonella.

Design an Action Plan to educate the

inhabitants of the parish "Caño eltgre" Municipality
Zea, Bolivarian State of Mérida. the risks of
Salmonella infections

Execute the Action Plan in the parish 'Caño eltgre'

Municipality of Zea, Bolivarian State of Mérida for the purpose of
to minimize the outbreak of salmonella infections.

Evaluate the results obtained according to the

implementation of the Action Plan in the parish 'Caño el
Municipality of Zea, Bolivarian State of Mérida.
where we will determine if the salmonella infection has
decreased in the population.
 Action plan

To announce in the L.B.N "Don Santago De Jesús Escalante"

located in the parish 'Caño eltgre', the problem of salmonella and
its consequences through talks about the disease in order to provide
to learn about said bacteria salmonella, in this way purify or
boil the water we consume daily to prevent proliferation
massive, keep in mind the washing of food with chlorinated water,
vinegar or lemon and finally the treatise with farm animals or
domestics since it is very common for us to also catch it there.
that bacteria.
Actions to Take Activities Resources Date
Receive instructions Interview with Doctors in White Sheets, Pencils and April 25, 2022 to May 7, 2022
about Salmonella. the Zea Health Center. questions regarding it Time: 2 Hours.
Production of flyers Deliver this flyer to printed sheets with 08/05/2022 to 22/05/2022
to give mention in the respective owners information of the Time: 4 Hours.
fast food areas food center Salmonella.
for the control of the quick.
Salmonella.
Production of material To inform about sheets, markers and May 23, 2022 to June 5, 2022
to support for giving talk Time: 3 Hours.
information at the Lyceum in general.
from the Parish 'Caño the
tgre
Organization by part Chat regarding in the Support material 06/06/2022 to 20/06/2022
from the authors, to give High School 'Don Santago De' Time: 1 Hour.
information to the Jesus Escalante,
high school students Doctors to inform
general. also on that subject
 Chapter II:
Theoretical framework

What is Salmonella?
Salmonella is a type of bacteria. There are various types of
Salmonella. It is responsible for the majority of infections in the
Humans are the ones that transmit diseases from hens, cows, and reptiles.
(like turtles, lizards, and iguanas).

What is a Salmonella infection?

Salmonella infection, or salmonellosis, is a disease
transmitted by food and caused by Salmonella bacteria.
most infections are contracted through food
contaminated (generally beef, poultry meat of
corral, the eggs or the milk).
What are the signs and symptoms of salmonella?
A Salmonella infection regularly causes the following
symptoms
Abdominal retorts.
Diarrhea (sometimes bloody).
 Fever.
Headache.
Nausea and vomiting
Salmonella infections usually remit without medical treatment.

How do Salmonella infections occur?

Salmonella bacteria are usually found in feces.
of some animals, especially reptiles. The people who have
these animals as pets can contract salmonellosis if
manipulates the reptiles, and the bacteria from their feces end up in their
hands.
People can contract a Salmonella infection also by
ingesting food contaminated by feces from infected animals. This
it can occur when foods like beef, poultry
corral or the eggs are not cooked enough. The fruits and
vegetables can also be contaminated with feces that
impregnate the earth or the water where they have grown.

Are Salmonella infections contagious?

Yes. People with salmonellosis can spread the infection of
several days to several weeks after being infected with the
bacteria, even if their symptoms have disappeared or have
treatment with antibiotics.

Who is at risk of contracting salmonella?

 Not everyone who ingests the Salmonella bacteria will get sick.
Children, especially infants, are the most susceptible to getting sick
of salmonellosis.
Among the people at higher risk of developing complications to
As part of a salmonellosis, it includes those who:

They are very young, especially the infants.

They have problems with their immune system (like people who
has been infected with HIV
They are being treated for cancer or with drugs that affect
to the immune system
They suffer from a sickle cell disease.
They lack a spleen and have a spleen that does not function well.
They take medications to suppress the acid secretions of
stomach
In these high-risk groups, most doctors will treat
the infection with antibiotics to prevent it from spreading to others
parts of the body. Antibiotics do not seem to help people
those who have contracted infections that are not serious, and it is possible
that, in fact, extend the amount of time during which they will be
carriers of the bacteria.

How are Salmonella infections diagnosed?

Since there are many different diseases that can
cause similar symptoms (such as nausea, fever, cramps and
diarrhea), doctors may ask their patients for a
stool sample (feces) to be analyzed in the laboratory.
 A severe Salmonella infection will require more tests to
to know which specific germ is causing the disease and what
antibiotics can be used to treat it.

How are Salmonella infections treated?

If you suffer from salmonellosis and have a healthy immune system,
it is very possible that your doctor will let the illness resolve on its own
herself without giving you any medication.

If you have a fever, it may help to take paracetamol to bring it down.

fever and relieve the cramps. As happens with any infection
If you have diarrhea, it is important that you drink plenty of fluids.
to avoid dehydration.

How long does a Salmonella infection last?

The symptoms of salmonellosis can take 6 to 72 hours to appear.
start after someone ingests something that contains the bacteria.
In most people, the illness lasts from 4 to 7 days after the
onset of symptoms.

Can Salmonella infections be prevented?

Washing hands thoroughly is a good way to protect yourself.
from salmonellosis. Therefore, wash your hands thoroughly and with
frequency, especially after using the bathroom and before handling
foods.

Here are some more ways to protect yourself against salmonella:

Cook food thoroughly. Salmonella bacteria

they are often found in animal products and can be killed with it
heat while cooking. Do not serve eggs, beef,
poultry meat or raw or undercooked eggs. Use the
Microwaves are not a reliable way to kill bacteria.
Handle the eggs carefully. Because bacteria
Salmonella can contaminate even intact eggs and
A-grade disinfected, cook them well and avoid making eggs.
poached or sunny-side up (with a liquid yolk).
Avoid foods that may contain raw ingredients.
Caesar salad dressing, the Italian dessert tiramisu, the ice creams
homemade, chocolate mousse, eggnog, the
cookie dough and frosting may contain eggs
raw. Unpasteurized eggs and juices can also
to be contaminated by the bacteria Salmonella.
Keep counters and other surfaces where you cook clean.
Keep raw foods away from cooked ones and
ready to eat. Wash your hands thoroughly, as well as the
cutting boards, countertops, and knives after
manipulating food by cooking.
Take good care of your pets. Avoid contact with feces.
of the family pets, especially those that are reptiles.
Wash your hands after touching or handling an animal.
 Don't cook for other people when you're sick, especially
no vomiting or diarrhea.
Keep the food well refrigerated. Do not leave the cooked food out.
outside the fridge for more than 2 hours (only 1 hour on days
warm) and keep it cold as soon as possible.

Legal bases

The Constitution of the WHO establishes that the enjoyment of the highest level
health that can be achieved is one of the fundamental rights of
every human being.
The right to health includes access to healthcare.
timely, acceptable, affordable, and of satisfactory quality.
Still, about 150 million people around the world are
find themselves every year in a catastrophic financial situation and 100
millions of people are forced to live below the threshold of
poverty due to its healthcare expenses.
The right to health means that states must create the
conditions that allow all people to live as much as possible
healthy possible. The right to health must not be understood as the
right to be healthy.
Health problems tend to affect a higher proportion
to the vulnerable and marginalized groups of society.
Likewise, in the current constitution in Venezuela regarding the
the theme describes the following:
 In this framework, children and adolescents are full subjects.
of rights recognized in articles such as:
Article 83 - Health as a fundamental social right and part of
right to life.
Organic Health Law: regulates everything related to health in the
territory of the republic. Establishes the guidelines and foundations of health.
Determine the organization funding and control of the provision of
health services.

Previous studies

Since 1885, the salmonella bacteria has been named after Daniel.
Elmer Salmon, American veterinary pathologist; although it was his
colleague and contemporary Theobald Smith who discovered the bacteria
isolating it from pigs infected with cholera.
salmonella is associated with
gastrointestinal infections and sepsis in the human host
thanks to its capacity for cell invasion and survival
intraphagocytic.
It is worth noting that at times the bacteria reaches the blood, if this
It happens that certain patients may suffer a major condition.
such as: AIDS, cancer, organ transplants, sickle cell disease and
children under 3 years old with immunological problems.
Cabrera 2013 states: diarrhea is one of the main symptoms
from salmonella which can last several days and can deprive the
organism of water and salts necessary for the survival of most
of the people suffering from diarrheal diseases, in fact,
they die from severe dehydration and fluid loss,
 (Quesada 2016) indicates that: the results of isolated salmonella
in the included studies showed, frequently, resistance to
antibiotics that are used as the first option in treatments of
salmonella in humans, such as chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin,
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ceftriaxone. According to the
results, the isolates of salmonella showed resistance to
cefotaxime less frequently than other antibiotics in use
frequent.

Chapter III:
Methodological framework

The methodological framework is the part of the work that guides the
research since it exposes the way in which it will be enhanced
study and the steps to follow. This chapter covers the approach
methodological, the method and the design of the research, the population and
the sample.

Methodological approach

The study will be quantitative because it presents the

need to analyze the results of the Action Plan that will be implemented
to the study group made up of the inhabitants of the
parish "Caño el Tigre" Municipality Zea Bolivarian State of Mérida
to verify the level of knowledge about prevention,
risks and consequences of suffering from Salmonella.

Research method
 The present research will be oriented towards the field modality.
since its approach proposes an alternative solution to a situation that
It was previously diagnosed in a space by the environment. Couple and
martns (2010) cited by Arismendi (2013).
Field research involves the direct collection
from the reality where the events occur, without manipulating or controlling the
variables. Because this loses the environment in which it
manifesto.

Population and sample

Population
The population is the set formed by a series of individuals,
elements or objects that exhibit all the characteristics that make them
remain in a group. Arias (2006) says in reference to the population
(…) finite or infinite set of elements with characteristics
common, for which the conclusions of the
research. This is limited by the problem and by the objectives
of study, in the case of this research, the population that lives
In the L.B.N "Don Santiago De Jesús Escalante" there are 325 of which
It concerns: Teachers, Administrative Staff, Workers, Mothers
processors and students.

Sample
 The sample is a part taken from the total population.
According to Arias ([Link]), it is understood that it is a significant subset and
finite that is extracted from the accessible population. In the case of the present
The research is made up of 100 people, of average population.
general, accompanied by their respective teachers.

Techniques or instruments for data collection.

Data techniques are the different ways or methods of obtaining
the information based on the objects proposed in the following
information where it is proposed to educate the inhabitants of the parish
Caño Eltgre municipality Zea Bolivarian State of Mérida the measures
to prevent the spread of salmonella, the technique will be used
survey and as an instrument the questionnaire, it is
composed of 8 questions with closed-ended response options and
under the response scale modality and will aim to
inquire about the way each of the inhabitants of the
parish learn more about the prevention of salmonella
.

Chapter IV
Analysis of the results

In this research related to prevention mitigation

Risk analysis for contracting salmonella was applied using methods.
Descriptive statistics for the collection of related evidence
with the variables and objects proposed in the research.
The present project begins with a research process regarding
from salmonella, from there the data was obtained that allowed
determine the real diagnosis of the situation, subsequently it was applied
a tool for 100 people from the Caño Eltgre parish
municipality of Zea Bolivarian State of Mérida. That make up the
selected sample, this tool consisted of 8 questions
closed with the alternative response YES or NO. The results are
They were presented in tables in percentage form, subsequently they
It was graphed in pie form to facilitate its analysis.

Do you have prior knowledge of what salmonella is?

 Knowledge of salmonella
Response Frequency Percentage
YES 10 10%
NO 90 90%
total 100 100%

questions

yes no

Question II Do you have knowledge about how the system

Does the immune system contract the salmonella bacteria?

Do you know how it is contracted?

Response Frequency Percentage

YES 60 60%
 NO 40 40%
Total 100 100%

how it is contracted

yes no

Question III: Did you know that the main carriers of the bacteria
(salmonellaes) is the breed of swine and cattle?

Main carriers
Answer Frequency Percentage
YES 20 20%
NO 80 80%
Total 100 100%
 main carriers

yes no

Question IV: Did you know that the emergencies our state is experiencing
Mérida directly affects the pollution of the waters that
we consume due to the movement of the masses caused by the strong
precipitations?

Water pollution
Response Frequency Percentage
YES 10 10%
NO 90 90%
Total 100 100%
 water pollution

yes no

Question V: Are you aware of the risks that involve suffering?

salmonella?

Risks of salmonella
Response Frequency Percentage
YES 10 10%
NO 90 90%
Total 100 100%
 risks of salmonella

yes no

Question VI: Did you know that salmonella can be contracted by having
direct contact with (fecal matter)

Contracted through contact with fecal matter

Response Frequency Percentage
YES 5 5%
NO 95 95%
Total 100 100%
 contracted by contact

yes no

Question VII: Did you know that salmonella can be fatal for
the human being?

Salmonella can be deadly

Response Frequency Percentage
YES 5 5%
NO 95 95%
Total 100 100%
 the deadly salmonella

yes no

Question VIII: Did you know that salmonella is a bacteria?

Salmonella can be bacteria
Response Frequency Percentage
YES 90 90%
NO 10 10%
Total 100 100%
 Sales

yes no

Conclusion and recommendations

Conclusions
Taking into account the activities organized and carried out for the
search and collection of information on 'The Prevention Of The
Salmonella
a series of conclusions were drawn.

Salmonella infection is not something we can see at first glance or

daily in our community but if it is something common, for this reason
it is concluded that this infection is transmitted by animals
domestic and non-domestic ones that we come into contact with daily,
On the other hand, the consumption of poorly processed food or raw foods
makes us prone to this contagion as well as the lack of
 hygiene whether at the time of preparing these foods or in
some other time.
Recommendations
Considering what was previously discussed, the
following technical, social, cultural, and scientific recommendations
aimed at a better health status of our inhabitants
parish

When we talk about salmonella, we must keep in mind that the

hygiene plays an important role within the parameters of
contagion of this disease, which is why the following is recommended.
instructions:
Cook food thoroughly. Salmonella bacteria can
they are usually found in animal products and can be killed with it
heat while cooking. Do not serve eggs, beef,
Poultry meat or raw or undercooked eggs. Use the
Microwave is not a reliable way to kill bacteria.
- Handle the eggs carefully. Because of the bacteria
Salmonella can contaminate even intact eggs and
grade A disinfected, cook them well and avoid making eggs
poached or sunny-side up (with the runny yolk).
Avoid foods that may contain raw ingredients.
Caesar salad dressing, the Italian dessert tiramisu, the ice creams
homemade, chocolate mousse, eggnog, the
Dough for cookies and the icing may contain eggs
raw. Unpasteurized eggs and juices can also
to be contaminated by the Salmonella bacteria.
Keep the countertops and other surfaces where you cook clean.
Keep uncooked foods away from cooked ones and
 ready to eat. Wash your hands thoroughly, as well as the
cutting boards, countertops, and knives after
manipulate food by cooking.
Take good care of your pets. Avoid contact with feces.
of the family pets, especially those that are reptiles.
Wash your hands after touching or handling an animal.
Do not cook for other people when you are sick, especially
you have vomiting or diarrhea.
Keep the food well refrigerated. Do not leave the cooked food out.
outside the fridge for more than 2 hours (only 1 hour on days
warm) and keep it cold as soon as possible.

The Integral Health of the community

Student National Bolivarian High School

Don Santago de Jesús Escalante is

responsibility of all...