BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA

MINISTRY OF PEOPLE'S POWER FOR DEFENSE

NATIONAL EXPERIMENTAL POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF

THE BOLIVARIAN NATIONAL ARMED FORCES

UNEFANB

SUCRE NUCLEUS, CUMANÁ HEADQUARTERS

Professor: Members:

Ing. Luis Arenas List, Feliannys

Marcano, Greece

Sánchez, Estefanía

Telecommunications Engineer

8th Semester, Section 01

Cumaná, March 2019

 INTRODUCTION

In the field of telecommunications, telephony is taking on an increasingly important role.

more prominent, responding to the model of globalization and personal communication without borders

linked to economic and social development guidelines. Switching allows for a

connection between different nodes to achieve an appropriate path to connect two users from

a telecommunications network through orders issued from the network control. Likewise, it

it makes necessary the emergence of a method that allows users and switches to connect.

agreement to establish and release communications, since the human interface of the

operators are suppressed, making it impossible to use language, thus giving way to switching

automatic. All of this facilitated the increase in capacity in the network, in terms of the number of

subscribers, quickly and orderly. With its growth, the links between exchanges

became increasingly necessary, which led to the emergence of techniques that

allow sharing a single conductor among multiple communications, thereby reducing this

shape the cost in transmission media.

 Switching

Switching consists of establishing a communication system between two

points, a sender and a receiver through transmission equipment or nodes, that is, that with the

Switching process we can deliver a signal from a source port to a

destination port.

2. Theoretical Bases of Switching

Subscriber: A person or entity subscribed to a telecommunications service.

Telephone network: It is composed of telephone exchanges that manage the lines and

subscriber circuits, and the central offices are connected by links.

Telephone exchange: In the field of telecommunications, in a broad sense, a

The telephone exchange is the place (it can be a building, a premises, a booth, or a container)

used by a telecommunications operating company where the equipment is housed

switching and the other equipment necessary for call operation

telephone.

Links: They are the circuits that allow connecting the subscriber line of a central with

its corresponding one in another exchange within the telephone network.

3. Switching by Selectors

The historical development of telephone switching began with the first systems.

used where they were operated by people, going through complex systems of level

electromagnetic, up to the latest created by man for switching, in the

what has been seen is the great contribution of digital electronic systems in aspects such as

efficiency of call development and switching.

 Switching involves the study and establishment of a communication system

between the starting point (Transmitter) and the endpoint (Receiver) through equipment or nodes

of transmission. That is to say, with the switching process we can deliver a signal

from an origin port to the destination port. Switching by selectors presents a

selection of an input time interval, where the channels are written in a cyclical manner

in the data memory, in this way for selecting a time interval for output

where the data is stored according to the marked number.

The selector is a switching device used in the distribution stages and

expansion of the connection network of rotary systems. It is an input and output mechanism.

that connects one of the outputs to the input. The selector is, therefore, a small stage of

expansion in itself, in this way, acts in the stages of distribution where, through

With proper wiring, the number of inputs and outputs of the stage can be balanced.

An example of selector switching is the Strowger Switch, which consists of

a 100-line switch, known as step by step, and it is the first system

of automatic switching used on a massive scale. The basic idea of this switch is based

in the following elements:

Unique selector: A metal arm moves across a contact bank

arranged in a circle, where each contact connects to an output channel.

 Selectors with two degrees of movement (Vertical and Circular): the different

input circuits are grouped in an arc, which in turn is part of a stack, by

what we will have different levels of height.

The following figure shows a simplified diagram for a hypothetical case of a

single internal line.

The operation of the central unit is directly governed by the user through the

dialing the destination number, which causes control over the selectors of the successive ones

stages.

4. Switching by Matrices

The square matrix crossbar switch is the simplest solution to the problem of

interconnect N inputs with N outputs. This solution offers total accessibility, as from
any input can select any output, and it does not present internal blocking, since

Each input-output pair has a crossing point, with the process of the stages being S.

On the other hand, the number of crossing points in a crossbar switch with N inputs and

In outputs it is NxN, that is, the number of crossing points (M) increases in proportion to the square.

of the number of entries, reaching solutions that are too costly for high values of N or

not implementable.

Just like any physical path through the connection network can be shared by

various distinct communications simultaneously, the process of making the switching

it can specify, in general, two operations:

A physical transfer from one multiplexer to another or a spatial switching operation,

performed by the space switches (or S stages). In these stages, the transfer of

bits are instantaneous, maintaining the channel time interval that had been set.

assigned when transferring bits from one multiplexer to another.

A storage of the sample in memory for a time shorter than that of

duration of a plot or operation of time switching, carried out by the

temporary switches (or T stages). In this case, the aim is that

I modified the time interval of the channel that had been assigned to the sample. By

Thus, time switching is not instantaneous, as it presupposes storage in

 memory, and causes digital connection networks to introduce a delay in the signals

due to the switching.

There are different switching matrices; these are:

Analog switching matrices or Cross-Point. Possibility of expansion:

8 x 4 Analog Switch Array: MT8806

8 x 8 Analog Switch Array: MT8808, MT8809

8 x 12 Analog Switch Array: MT8812, MT8814 and MT8815

8 x 16 Analog Switch Array: MT8816

Digital commutation matrices:

TDM with integrated PLL

2K channel TDM switch with Stratum 3 / 4e: ZL50018, ZL50019, ZL50021, ZL50022

Switching matrices are used to implement the technique known as

spatial switching. This connects and disconnects physical contacts when a connection is

establishes that through such a switch there is a permanent electrical path throughout the

call time
 5. Spatial Switching

It consists of a physical transfer from one multiplex to another; the transfer of bits is

it is done instantly, so it does not involve modification of the time intervals

channel.

Considering that the M.I.C techniques convert frequency analog signals

vocal in digital signals, and that the M.D.T allows to take advantage of the space between two samples

consecutive ones of the same channel, to introduce samples from other channels, allowing for

communicate several channels over the same physical medium, in a practically simultaneous manner.

These are the main techniques used for spatial switching.

Spatial switching consists of assigning a few paths to many.

users. What is shared among the many users are a few physical spaces for

let your communication flow.

 6. Digital Switching

In the telecommunications context, it refers to the establishment of connections through a

switching center or telephone exchange through operations with digitized signals, is

to say, without converting them to their original analog form. The data signals are usually in

digital form (except when converted to analog through a modem), therefore, the

The term "digital switching" is rarely used in relation to data because signals

they remain digital even if they can be switched based on a switched circuit.

It is also said that digital switching is a temporal switching, for which

Telephonic signals must be digitized using PCM techniques (Pulse Code Modulation)

encoded). Therefore, it switches digital signals; they are the same as the analog ones but

processed and converted to a bit stream using PCM.

It consists of transferring the bits from a channel that is within a frame to another.

Canal situated in another plot. The switching carried out is double (spatial and temporal).

7. Characteristics and Advantages of Digital Switching

Reduced hardware.

Facilities in manufacturing and installation (modularity).

Greater processing capacity.

Technological uniformity of control and the connection network.

Less use of interfaces.

Better transmission validity.

Lower cost on subscriber lines.

Elimination of preventive maintenance.

 Major diagnosis of the central and the associated transmission systems.

8. Types of digital switching

Type S (Spatial):

Type T (Temporal):

Allows transferring any PCM channel from an input frame to any interval

of time in an output plot.

9. Basic structure of a Digital Switching system

Subscriber selector: It is the interface of the telephone subscriber, it manages the lines and circuit.

from the subscriber digitizing the received signals.

Switch: Performs switching between 64Kbps circuits, multiplexed in the

time.

Trunks: They are the circuits that perform the interface between the switches of two

telephone network exchanges, usually 32 channel PCM channels that are

they connect to the transmission systems.

Additional equipment: They are equipment such as advertising machines, those for simple union,

that participate in the processes of a call.

Clock: Performs the synchronization of the switch and the rest of the equipment in the plant.

for which it takes external references from a more precise clock or from other centers.
Signaling equipment: Allow the exchange of information with other centers

regardless of technology or manufacturer, it can be the R2D analog signaling or

CCITT#7 (signaling number 7).

Traffic control: It is the software responsible for the different analyses (analysis of

number B, route analysis) the connection, supervision, and release of a call

Telefónica controls the different switching teams of the central.

Operation and maintenance: The operation part allows the plant staff

can make modifications to the different analyses or make modifications to the

central equipment. The maintenance part allows for conducting tests.

from the central equipment, these can be manual or automatic (supervisions);

It also reports the alarms assigned for equipment failures to the supervisors, such as

that the staff can carry out the relevant corrective action.
 CONCLUSION

Switching is very important in telecommunications, as without it there would be none.

communication in a quick and effective manner. On the other hand, switching is considered as the

action of establishing a route, a path, from one end to another between two points, an emitter and a

receiver, through nodes or transmission equipment. It also allows for the delivery of the signal

from the origin to the required destination. Furthermore, it is also important because without it not

we could have a call on hold or Internet. It is worth noting that it allows for congestion relief

among network users, producing as an effect the decrease in traffic and an increase

significant in bandwidth.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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