Faculty of Civil Engineering

architecture and geotechnics

ACADEMIC PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF

CIVIL ENGINEERING

CAPACITY DESIGN METHOD IN

REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS

COURSE REINFORCED CONCRETE I

TEACHER ING. EDGAR CHURA AROCUTIPA

STUDENT : JHON OSCAR LLANQUE

AROCUTIPA 2012-37076
EDUARDO ARANA MAQUERA
2011-129022
YEAR FIFTH

04/26/2017

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 INDEX

INTRODUCTION.................................................. 3

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2. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION............................................................. 4
BACKGROUND.......................................................... 4
DEFINITION ............................................... 5
3. DESIGN PRINCIPLES .................................... 5
LOCATION OF THE PLASTIC PATELLA …………………... 6
4. CAPACITY IN COLUMNS ........................... 7
5. CAPACITY IN BEAMS ............................................. 9
6. CALCULATION OF SHEAR IN BEAMS AND COLUMNS. .......... 10
SHEAR CALCULATION IN BEAMS........................10
CALCULATION OF SHEAR FOR COLUMNS…………… 11
[Link]

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 INTRODUCTION

The capacity design method was originally developed in

New Zealand for reinforced concrete structures. Currently
it has been accepted internationally and its principles have spread
also to the design of steel structures. The experimental studies
have allowed for an improvement in the understanding of seismic behavior and
of the detail that must be carried out to promote an adequate
structural performance. A number of tools have been developed
for the structural engineer to promote consistent behavior,
stable and controlled of the earthquake-resistant structures, in the
fundamentals we can group them into design concepts by
capacity, structural dynamics and damage indices.

Likewise, in this report we will discuss in detail about the capacity of

Load in columns like in beams, serving as a guide for the
students interested and related to our field of study

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 CAPACITY DESIGN IN CONCRETE ELEMENTS
ARMING

1. OBJECTIVE

To make known the design methodology in our environment

called "capacity design"

2. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION

BACKGROUND

The seismic resistance standards, especially our current standard E-030,

with the purpose of designing buildings in accordance with the principles of
seismic-resistant design: prevent the collapse of buildings in the face of a
severe earthquake, establish minimum conditions for demand or
distortion of the floor that govern the design. However, these values
they seem to be reasonable reference values that have more to do with
the observed behavior of buildings during severe earthquakes
past, with the actual demands, given that the recent earthquakes
show much greater resistance demands than the minimums
specified by the regulations. For example, the damage statistics of
the reinforced concrete buildings in the Kobe earthquake 1995
they demonstrated the improvement in the performance of the buildings with the
development of design methodologies.

This roughness in demand estimation has forced many

researchers thinking about a design strategy, that within
certain limits, become independent of the demand, and focus attention on the
capacity of structures to dissipate seismic energy
through strong incursions in the inelastic range or deformations
plastic. This means creating structures that are widely
tolerant to imposed deformations; that is, that they have a
inelastic deformation capacity very superior to the maximum demand
expected, which is highly uncertain.

Furthermore, it must be taken into account that in professional practice

accepted, the aim is to estimate the behavior of a structure that
it will intrude into the inelastic range, through analysis methods
elastics; which is impossible or inaccurate. This does not mean that it does not
structures can be designed to behave satisfactorily under
a severe earthquake, but the elastic analysis, although necessary, has
a relative importance, more emphasis should be placed on the
design and detailing procedures of structures.

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 DEFINITION

Design method for structures subjected to seismic action. In the

design of structures by capacity, the structural elements that
they will resist the gravitational forces and those originating from seismic action
are carefully selected and appropriately designed and
detailed to be able to dissipate energy through deformations
inelastic in pre-established areas. All other elements do not
designed to discharge energy must have enough resistance to
ensure its elastic behavior while the dissipation sources
of energy develop their full capacity.

3. DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Capacity design is based on the formulation of a hierarchy

in the resistance of the components that make up the system
structural to allow the formation of an adequate mechanism for
plastic deformation (failure mechanism), avoiding the occurrence of
fragile faults. For this, certain areas of the structure are determined.
earthquake-resistant structures that are designed and detailed to dissipate energy in the form
ductile and stable and commonly referred to as 'plastic joints'.

First of all, it is necessary to clarify a few key ideas.

known by engineers, and which are tacitly assumed within the
development of the topic.

1) It is considered that a building will behave inelastically in the face of a

severe earthquake (design earthquake); otherwise, horizontal forces
there should be several times as stipulated by the codes, to obtain a
elastic design, which would be totally uneconomical.

Those parts of the structure that will enter the inelastic range
they should be located on the beams and not on the columns; that is to say, the
the strong column–weak beam criterion must prevail.

The concept of 'capacity' will prevail at every step of a seismic design.

resistant, that is to say in this case, that the forces at the joint (or in the
kneecaps) depend on the armor present in those areas, it is
to say, the armor to be placed really and not of the forces
found when analyzing the structure.

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LOCATION OF THE PLASTIC KNEE

In a structure whose load-bearing system is resistant to seismic loads

consisting of columns and beams (frame system), and designed for
that behaves inelastically in the case of the severe earthquake, is
it is essential that the inelastic joint takes place in the beams and not in
the columns otherwise the global stability of the structure is
would be in serious danger. The exception to this takes place, of course, in the
base of the columns in the embedding of them in the
foundation, where the joints must be presented to complete the
inelastic behavior mechanism of the structure. They are presented
so two problems: first to ensure that there is a
reliable inelastic behavior, that is to say by inelastic rotation in
flexion and second, that this inelastic behavior manifests itself in
the beams, outside the knots.

The first point is very important, and it could be summarized like this: In all
and each of the structural elements, and in all situations
for possible load, the shear capacity must be greater than the
bending capacity: that is to say, the goal is for the failure to be due to bending and not
by cutting. The failure by bending manifests itself through inelastic rotation of
the section. To achieve this, the shear must be designed with
account for the maximum flexural capacity; the flexural design must, due to its
part to ensure sufficient curvature ductility.

The concept of 'capacity' has nothing to do with external loads.

applied to the structures or to the member, but rather implies the use of
from the armor present in the section, whose effort for this calculation
it can be greater than specified; it may also not be necessary
use load capacity reduction factors Ø, since,
Although it sounds strange, it can be said that 'the worst situation for the
shear is present when the column is built in the form
perfect 'in terms of flexion.

Regarding the second point, for the inelastic joints to

present in the beams and not in the columns, the minimum capacities to

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 the flexural capacities of the columns must be greater than the capacities
maximum bending of the beam (strong column - weak beam).
In both cases, the capacities are nominal, and the effort of
steel will be fy, the specified one, that is, the
hardening of steel by deformation, since the only thing that matters
it is to establish which of the two elements (the beam or the column) comes into
Fluency first. While it is very easy to state the purpose, it is not so easy...
its implementation. There is still no exact consensus even on the
minimum capacity of the column nor on the maximum of the beam.

4. CAPACITY IN COLUMNS

Indeed, given the geometry, materials, and assembly of

columns, their bending capacity is not unique. The two main ones
discussion sources are: a) the axial load that should be used for
to obtain the capacity of the column, and b) the need to consider the
effects of biaxial moment on it

Indeed, in a load-moment interaction diagram of a

column, see fig. 2, it is observed that its maximum bending capacity, Mn,
fluctuates between Mb (balanced moment) and Mo, accompanied by load
axial equal to zero respectively. The problem is, then, which value
It should be used from Mn. As mentioned above, the response is not available.
completely defined; the report of the ACI 352-85 committee is not explicit
regarding this. Two recommendations can be suggested: the first one suggests
the use of Mn associated with Pn = 0. It is assumed that this is a position
conservative, since the axial load present in the
column, which would help to withstand a moment greater at least in the area

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below Pb, the second allows the use of a minimal axial load
what can be presented in the column, obtained in the calculation based on
the load combinations, that is, Pn = Pd - Ps, (see fig. 3), where:

Pn = nominal axial load that will be used to obtain the moment of resistance
from the column.
Pd = axial load due to dead load.
Ps = axial load due to the earthquake.

Regarding the influence of bi-axial moments, it can be said that

the nominal unidirectional bending capacity of a column can
drastically reduced with the inclusion of moment in direction
perpendicular. It depends on the magnitude of the latter. The extreme case
it would be presented when the steels of two perpendicular beams to each other,
and reach the same column, flow simultaneously, causing
in the column a maximum biaxial bending state. This would imply that
100% of the seismic forces act simultaneously on both.
directions. However, there is no consensus on accepting the
real possibility of this situation. While some authors defend it, the
the majority thinks it is unlikely, accepting that it would be enough
with reviewing in each direction separately, and increasing the relationship between
bending capacities of columns to beams; the ACI report 352-85
share this position, a third position suggests the use of
100% of seismic forces in one direction and 30% of them in the other.
address.

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5. CAPACITY IN BEAMS

In the case of horizontal elements, the concern lies in the

contribution that the slab (monolithically constructed with the
beam) in the bending capacity of the beam. The increase in capacity
it takes place not due to the contribution of the concrete slab in compression,
but rather by the steel of the slab (that forms the skate), when the
the skate is tensioned.

As a result, not only the upper steel of the beam flows in the 'beam'
properly speaking, but also part of the upper steel and even
bottom of the slab. The width of the slab where its
steels flow. It depends among other things on the level of solicitation. In
effect, when the reinforcement is being exceeded for the first time
influences on the beam can be assumed that the stress on the slab, in a
width of Ln/10 on each side of the beam, also flows. However, it
It has been seen in experiments that after several cycles the yield in the
the slab continues to extend even to cover the entire width of it.

The capacity (most probable moment) at each of the ends

the beams that reach the columns are calculated with the expression:

where:
α = over-resistance factor that accounts for the collaboration of the
slab, the over-resistance of steel, etc. (considered = 1.4)
As = reinforcement steel to be placed actually in the beam
d = beam deflection = h - r
concrete strength
fy = yield strength of steel
b = beam width

In its corresponding section, the ACI committee specifies that the sum
of the moment capacities in the columns that reach the joint
it must be no less than 1.2 (6/5) times the sum of the capacities of
moments in the beams that reach the same joint (equation 21.1 of
ACI), that is to say:

Σ Mn columns ≥ 1.2 Σ Mn beams

and add that when the joint arrives, beams come in two directions
perpendiculars, the relationship of moment capacities will be reviewed
independently in each direction separately.

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6. CALCULATION OF SHEAR IN BEAMS AND COLUMNS

CALCULATION OF SHEAR IN BEAMS

To guarantee ductility, the beams will have sufficient strength to

shear, that is to say, it should be aimed at failing by bending and not by shear,
Therefore, the design shear force must be a good
approximation of the maximum shear that can be developed in the
element. Therefore, the required shear strength is related to
with the flexural strength of the element, based on the reinforcements to
to be placed in reality, more than with the shear forces
major findings obtained from the analysis of the structure under lateral loads.

Because the actual yield strength of steel is almost always

greater than the specified and also by the probability of it occurring
hardening by deformation, it is recommended to use a stress of
at least 1.25 fy in the longitudinal reinforcement.

The design shear force Vu, in the yielding zones (hinges

plastic) will be determined as the sum of the cut produced by loads
static forces plus the shear corresponding to the maximum resistance
probable at the ends Mpr based on the tensile effort of
reinforcement. The extreme moments of the element must be considered in
the two directions, clockwise and counterclockwise, due to
the reversibility of the earthquake.

In this case, α = 1.25 will be taken, as explained.

Figure 4: probable maximum moments at the ends of a beam.

Calculation of shear reinforcement:

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Within the plastic joints, the contribution to shear from the concrete
can be despised

On the other hand:

By replacing and clearing, it is found that the required steel area

to resist the cut it will be:

Where s is the spacing between stirrups.

Closed confinement stirrups will be placed in the following

regiones

a) At a length equal to twice the beam's rise (2h) from the

face of the support (column) towards the center of the light, at both ends.

b) At longitudes equal to 2h in places where the analysis indicates that

Fluency due to bending can occur.

The maximum spacings established by the ACI will be respected.

In any other area of the beams we have:

CALCULATION OF SHEAR IN COLUMNS

The design cutter is calculated based on the maximum capacity at

moment available in the column, that is to say, based on the moment
determined in an interaction diagram, as it was explained
previously.
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 If the amount of steel for stirrups calculated by cutting is greater than the
calculated amount by confinement, the configuration must be maintained
and the spacing along the entire column since the cut is
constant.

7. CONCLUSIONS

Capacity design in structural elements is vital

importance in the capacity that structures have to dissipate the
seismic energy through strong incursions in the inelastic range or
plastic deformations being a great contribution to the continuous
seismic occurrences and the behavior of different structures
in front of these.

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