LAYOUT

The etymological origin of Layout comes from the words Lay and out, lay which
they mean to place or arrange and out: Outside of or solution to a problem, layout
in design means the arrangement of a plan. Other meanings of layout are
sketch, map, plan.
Another definition of Layout, given by (Botero, 2016), is:

The integration of the different functional areas (that make up the solution
of a logistics installation) in a single building. It covers not only the arrangement and
composition of the internal functional sections of said building (what is
find within the four walls), but also the other areas
externals.

The Layout is a tool that seeks to anticipate capacity problems.

space, and improve the distribution of location spaces or optimize the flow
of products. Among the problems that the Layout has solved are the
issues of space, processes, and resource planning, as can be seen
in table 5. This guides us toward the answer to the problems of
storage faced by the S & E distributor in its warehouse located
in Medellín.

PROBLEMS THAT HAVE BEEN SOLVED WITH THE LAYOUT.

Source: Self-made. Based on heragu, (2016). Facilities Design:

(Facility design), 'problems that the Layout has solved'. Abigdon:
CRC

The table shows that the Layout is important for this work because
includes the basic topics for solving the problem of spaces and flow
in S&E and moreover the complexity of the problems begins to be classified from
a concept from greater to lesser, such as space issues, then
processes and finally the resources.
 IMPORTANCE OF A LAYOUT
A layout is important in a good distribution of spaces because 30-
75% of the product cost is attributed to materials handling, the design of
the facilities affect the material handling costs, the facilities
they can include technology, as well as departments, workstations,
changing rooms, service areas, among others, but for the well-being of people,
as well as increasing productivity, reduces congestion allows a
dynamic flow of people and materials transforms a space into an efficient one
efficient, facilitates communication and supervision and improves the environment of
safe and pleasant work.

Heragu, (2016).

ECONOMIC SECTORS TO WHICH IT APPLIES.

Because the distribution of spaces provides a solution for placement.
more efficient inventory, is in order to be faster in the
order preparation and therefore in the level of customer service. The
space distribution problems have been solved since the stage of
design and have benefited in many sectors such as production plants,
hospitals, service sector, restaurants, banks, entertainment,
airport, ports and transport terminals, distribution centers, logistics
and distribution, technology, offices, among others. Heragu, (2016).

OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES OF A SPACE DISTRIBUTION

Muther, in 1959, proposed a systematic layout planning approach.
through algorithms developed with the following principles:
Integration of all areas
Minimize distances traveled
Circulation or flow of people and products
Maximization of spaces
Satisfaction and security of people
Flexibility in planning and future projection.

These principles are still fully applied from the design planning of
spaces, as we will see throughout this work.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:
In the respective form, the group Taylor & Francis, in their book on facility design
(Heragu, 2016) presents the following chronological summary of the events that
they marked history in the layout design:
4000 BC Egypt: the Egyptians developed location strategies
with the pyramids in relation to their astrological calculations.
100 BC - 100 AD Rome: The Romans developed methods of
construction of temples, stadiums and buildings, with planned design uses
public and residential.
1700-1900 period of the industrial revolution.
1910: The first industrial engineering book of the factory is published.
organization and administration, by Hugo Diemer.
1913: Henry Ford develops the first assembly line for automobiles.
mass production.
1954: Koopmans and Beckman propose solutions to the problem of the
micro and macro-level locations through quadratic assignment.
1955 - 1955 Optimal and heuristic algorithms are developed for the problem.
of quadratic assignment.
1959: Muther proposes the approach of systematic layout planning
through algorithms.
1963: Armour and Buffa introduce GRAFT (Computerized relative allocation of
technical facilities), which translates to facilities technique by assignment
computer relative.
Early 1980s: The concept of system is introduced
flexible manufacturing. Attention shifts towards achieving flexibility
the entire plant through medium volume production using the technique
of cell manufacturing or cell. The plant design techniques or solution the
Space problems have developed and made great advances since
the proposal of Muther's principles, and they moved from an empirical form to the
I use mathematical algorithms developed on a computer, therefore the
Technology has had a high impact on layout theory. The important thing about a
Layout is the relationship of space with other variables and in this order of ideas,
the first designs were developed with graphs (freehand lines), then
they advanced to architectural plans in two dimensions - 2D, 3D, 4D, and 5D.
The difference between these images lies in the following:
2D: Linear trace of length by width.
3D: Same as 2D plus the height.
4D: The same 3D plus the time variable.
5D: It is the 5D plus the depth similar to the real.

The simulation supports strategic planning, as it is a

technological tool that has gained importance in design of
warehouses and storage rooms have become an art in design engineering
industrial (Heragu, 2016).
The facility planning problem develops thoughts and
objectives
Since in all cases there is no optimal solution, however the
effective designs must consider both internal and external parts, such as
employees, owners, clients, suppliers, neighbors, which entails
high costs but with really unquantifiable benefits, globalization and
The mass use of the internet has boosted the economy in an order
global and this has resulted in the client becoming
very demanding, therefore the warehouse design is viewed at a prospective level
like the warehouse that in real time meets the needs of the customer.

TYPES OF LAYOUT
The relationship between products and production or storage volume,
it allows for a classification of the types of Layouts. Layouts are classified
according to the number of references with the demand or production movement.
Greater rotation and higher volume require more technification in the
Processes and therefore the flow have a priority in the design of a warehouse.
 Classification of the types of layout, based on a variety of references and
production volume.

Source: Authors. Based on: (Heragu, 2016), chapter 1. The classification of

layout is given in terms of variety of references and the flow or volume.

Fixed position layout

Layout by product
Layout by process
Technology group layout.
Layout by cell or module

The types of Layout will be defined next, and later they will be described.
the types of flow.

Fixed Position Layout

This type of layout is used when there is a low number of references and low
flow or production volume and when due to size limitations,
shape and other characteristics.

Type of application: The products cannot be moved, the machine and the
operators move around the product, their flow depends on the process and
its schedule. This type of layout is defined for engineering-type companies,
where there is a large number of products of high size, weight, or volume,
they are generally displaced once to their workplace and by
both the type of transport is only used twice:
One to be installed and the other at the end of its usage stage. Example:
Construction of a building, assembly of an aircraft or a ship.
Advantage: Less investment is required in this design and lower cost of
transport, since bulky machines do not move.
 Fixed position layout or by project

Source: (Heragu, 2016), chapter 3.

LAYOUT BY PRODUCT
This distribution is used when there is low variety of products and high
production volumes or flows.

Layout by product.

Source: (Heragu, 2016), chapter 3.

Type of application: This distribution is divided into product application in

line and continuous type production. The machines are arranged according to the
progressive stages through which the product is made. Example: chemicals, paper,
rubber, refineries, cement, Industry, quarry.
Advantages: It is suitable for producing a standardized product, generally
in large volumes, design or straight lines.
PROCESS LAYOUT
This type of distribution is based on many references of products in small
volumes.
Type of application: It is very flexible; it allows for better and more efficient supervision; the
the capacity of the different product lines can be easily expanded.

Advantages: better utilization of man and machine

Disadvantage: Requires more space; more work in progress and more distance traveled
for the product.

Layout by process

Source: (Heragu, 2016), chapter 3.

LAYOUT OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL GROUP

In this arrangement, similar machines are grouped into cells and each cell
It works like the arrangement of the product. The arrangement of technology is grouped.
for cell manufacturing. The arrangement is made for a single-piece family,
that is to say, parts with common characteristics.

Advantage: reduces material handling costs and simplifies the

machine changes.
Disadvantages: Reduces the inventory in process and automates production, but
reduce flexibility.
 Layout of the technology group

Source: (Heragu, 2016), chapter 3. Types of layout: Technological group layout.

LAYOUT BY CELL
The work cells are associated with the assembly line, organizing
machines and personnel in the same routing, manufacturing a single product or
family of related products, is a hybrid system between distribution by
process and by product. Provides fast and efficient flow, flexibility,
allowing products from another but similar family to be added to the line,
without affecting the process.

Cell layout

Source: (Herasfu, 2016), chapter 3.

Advantages: Each worker masters a series of operational skills

required by their cell, providing operational autonomy; each worker
master a full range of operational skills required by your cell.
It allows for the improvement of human relationships and workers' skills.
Disadvantage: Complete training of workers is required to
ensure that the tasks of the workers are flexible and can be
fulfilled. Reduces the process material, the manufacturing times and
preparation, facilitate supervision and visual control.
The efficiency of a layout is measured by whether it adds value in a cost-to-value relationship.
benefit in a process, in the case of storage, if it is reduced
unnecessary manipulation of the product, keeps costs low and improves flow
of the product through the installation. The decision on the type of layout has an impact on
the costs of each design have a significant impact. The volume of
Stored or produced products affect the total costs of the
warehouse, as shown below.

Storage costs, by type of Layout

Layout: Storage Costs

As we see in the figure, as the flow volume increases, costs increase.
storage, the use of Layout by product makes the cost of
storage is greater.

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