Year of the Fight Against Corruption and Impunity

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND

GLOBAL BUSINESS

ADMINISTRATION OF THE
PRODUCTION II

Scientific Method - Systemic Method

TEACHER : MG. JOSE BEDON PALOMINO

INTEGRANTES
Dorothy Bocanegra Trelles.
Magaly Choque Carita.
Julio Cesar Huayascachi Yance.
Milena Velita Orosco
Richard Montalvo.

2019
DEDICATION
To God,
To our parents,
To our children,
To them with special affection and love.
 INDEX

Cover
Dedication
Introduction
Index

CHAPTER I: THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

1.1 CONCEPT
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1.4 ASSUMPTIONS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1.5 TECHNIQUES OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1.6 STAGES OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1.7 TYPES OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS

CHAPTER II: SYSTEMIC METHOD

2.1 BACKGROUND
2.2 SYSTEMIC APPROACH
2.2.1 Structural characteristics of the system
2.2.2 The functional characteristics of the system

2.3 SYSTEMATIC METHOD

2.3.1 The Methodology
2.3.2 The Systematics
2.3.3 Systemic methodology

2.4 PROPERTIES
2.5 COMPONENTS
2.6 SYSTEMATIZATION IN THE STUDY PROCESS
2.7 SYSTEMIC THINKING

CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION

This work aims to clarify how the Human Sciences, seeking to find
scientificity, they imitated the criteria, methods, and techniques of the Natural Sciences. This
imitation led them to accept the "scientific logos" proposed by classical authors, the
axiomatic logic of the Mechanics of Heinrich Hertz and the philosophy of the First Wittgenstein.

In the middle of the last century, for science, there were only seven planets in the System.
Solar (it was the magic number, everyone happy). The astronomer Le Verrier was doing calculations.

of what was happening inside the system and the numbers didn't add up. "There should be a
planet and there isn't one, what happens? Delving into the calculations of the forces of
interrelation between elements (he first noticed the force that was being exerted by someone), it ended

discovering Neptune, the eighth.

Later, in the thirtieth year of our century, Pluto was discovered (we now have nine).
Well, nowadays Pluto is no longer considered a planet, however as soon as it
discovered if it was considered. Is it that what is not seen does not exist? How many things that
They don't see each other today, will they end up seeing each other tomorrow? This man, not knowing that he was systemic,

He did like today's systemic thinkers. He not only considered the elements (what can be
but also the interrelations (what is there, what cannot be seen, what
perhaps it can be intuited because it influences.

This new way of seeing things that Systemic leads us to will make that
let's discover new ones, it will make us see the old ones in a different way and above all we

it will lead to understanding. Therefore, in this work, the knowledge of the

methodology through the path of its historical evolution through some of the
main authors whose works are most related to systems methodology.
All these points are taken into account in the simplest and clearest way, in two
chapters that detail both concepts in depth.

Likewise, in the final part of this work, you will find some conclusions and the
sources consulted for its preparation.
 CHAPTER I: THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

1.1 CONCEPT
We call a method the 'ordered way of proceeding to achieve a'
result or determined end, especially to uncover the truth and systematize
the knowledge" (Current Dictionary of the Spanish Language).

The scientific method (from Greek: -μετά = toward, along- -οδός = way-;
and from the Latin scientia = knowledge; path to knowledge) is a method of
research primarily used in the production of knowledge in the
sciences.

There are several definitions regarding the scientific method. According to Oxford
English Dictionary, the scientific method is: "a method or procedure that has
characterized natural science since the 17th century, which consists of observation
systematics, measurement and experimentation, and the formulation, analysis and modification of
the hypotheses

The scientific method would be the procedure by which we can

to achieve an objective understanding of reality, seeking to provide answers to the
questions about the order of nature. Therefore, it is a method linked to the
science and scientific knowledge.

The scientific method characterizes scientific knowledge, 'Where there is no

There is no science without the scientific method" (Bunge, L. 1981, p. 29). Science is the result

to apply the scientific method to solvable problems, so the research

Scientific is the action of applying the scientific method and the scientific method is a
systematic process through which scientific knowledge is obtained
based on observation and experimentation.

For there to be science, there must be two components, "a set of

knowledge" and "an appropriate method for its study: observation", and the
observation must be systematic and controlled. Scientific knowledge is the
product that is obtained through the application of the scientific method in science.
In the following table, we can see the differences between scientific knowledge.
and non-scientific common knowledge.
 Scientific knowledge COMMON KNOWLEDGE
Predominantly Objective. Subjective.
•Respond to the How and Why.
Answer how.
Practical and theoretical. Practical.
Precise. Inexact
Technical language. Common language.
Universal. It is not universally valid.
Based on the verification. It is based on belief or experience.
According to the scientific method. It is acquired at random.
Predictive.

To be scientific, a research method must be based on empirical evidence.

and in measurement, subject to the specific principles of reasoning tests.
The so-called Wallace Wheel is the circular representation of the model and
scientific knowledge

WHEEL OF
WALLACE

THEORY

INDUCTION DEDUCTION

Empirical generalizations,
HYPOTHESIS
hypothesis contrast

Interpretation and Operationalization

data analysis of concepts

OBSERVATION
DATA COLLECTION
 The scientific method is based on two pillars, reproducibility, that is,
the ability to repeat a certain experiment, anywhere and by
any person and refutability, every scientific proposition has to be
susceptible of being falsified or refuted (falsificationism). This implies that if it is designed
experiments, and they give results different from the predicted, would deny the hypothesis

trial.

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

To achieve certain knowledge of phenomena and to be able to predict others.
Discover the existence of objective processes and their internal connections.
external to generalize and deepen the knowledge thus acquired for
demonstrate them with rational rigor and verify them with experiments and techniques
its application.

1.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

It is a theoretical method.

It is systematic: a sense of order and discipline that seeks to ensure a level

acceptable reproducibility and validity.
It is both inductive and deductive.
It has an empirical basis: it uses direct observation to obtain data.
necessary objectives that document the knowledge obtained.
Employ critical examination: the scientist submits their results to the test.
empirical findings are subject to revision and the results are never definitive.
It is circular: continuous interaction between experience and theory. The theory feeds
the experience and this to the theory and the objective is to enter into a process of

feedback that allows for the accumulation of knowledge.

Try to control the factors that are not directly related to the
variables in question but that can influence it.

General characteristics of the scientific method would be systematization and the

control (Zimmy and Townsend).
Systematization: intentionally isolating the concrete phenomenon and what it is
object of observation.
Control: the conditions under which the observation is carried out have been
previously considered and delineated.
1.4 ASSUMPTIONS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
The budgets of the scientific method are mainly three:
Order: phenomena in nature occur within an order.
Determinism: we accept that each observation is determined by a
previous event and so on.
Comprobability: Each question in a process can be explained and
verified.

Based on these assumptions, the requirements of scientific knowledge would be:

Empiricism: real and objective.
Repeatability: the ability to be confirmed when repeated.
Acceptability: the researcher presumes the acceptance of what has been published
previously.
Advertising: discoveries must be made known.

1.5 TECHNIQUES OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

They are the procedures used by the scientific method for study.
We can cite the following types of techniques:

Inductive: reasoning that leads from the observation of cases

particular to general conclusions, as long as the validity of the former.
Part of particular statements to generalize. Generalizes inferences to
based on a set of evidence. It does not guarantee that the conclusion is
true even starting from true premises, but rather that they arrive at
conclusions with a certain degree of probability. The inference is bottom-up.

Example of deductive reasoning structure:

I have seen a bird that flies.
I have seen another bird that also flies...
The birds fly.

Deductive: formal reasoning in which the conclusion is obtained by the form

of the trial from which it starts. The derivation is mandatory. It is considered a conclusion.
true and impossible to be false if we have accepted the judgment from which it starts. It
assume that if the premises are true, the conclusion will be true. The
inference is top down.
 Example of deductive reasoning structure:
Birds are animals.
The birds fly.
The birds fly.

Whether the premises are true or not, the assumed conclusion will be true.
or false.

Hypothetical-Deductive: the only method through which information can be obtained

scientific, applied to formal sciences (mathematics, logic) Observation–
hypothesis - experimentation - theories.

Analytical: cognitive process that breaks down an object into parts to

study them in isolation.

Synthetic: integrates the components of a study object in order to study them in

in its entirety.

Comparative history.

Quantitative: uses data collection to test the hypothesis, based on

numerical measurement and statistical analysis, to establish patterns of
behavior and test theories.

Qualitative: uses data collection, without numerical measurement, to

discover or refine research questions in the interpretation process.

One can reach knowledge of phenomena through experience,

reasoning and research, being complementary pathways. The scientific method
is usually described as a process in which researchers, based on their
observations make inductions and formulate hypotheses and, from these
they make deductions and draw logical consequences; they infer the
consequences that would occur if a hypothetical relationship is true. If such
consequences are compatible with the organized body of knowledge
accepted, the next stage consists of verifying them through the collection of
empirical data, hypotheses are accepted or rejected based on them.
1.6 STAGES OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
The scientific method has a series of stages that must be followed, the
the designation of the stages varies according to the authors, but the important thing is to convey

the concept that this method is a systematic process of research that

It consists of interdependent parts. The stages that make up the scientific method.
son
Definition of the problem,
Hypothesis formulation (deductive reasoning),
Data collection and analysis,
Confirmation or rejection of hypotheses,
Results,
conclusions

The steps to follow or stages must always be fulfilled:

a) Definition and approach to the problem: question for which there is no
We found an answer. It is necessary for it to be solvable and must be formulated.
in appropriate terms.

b) Formulation of the hypothesis: the hypothesis requires a more elaborate formulation.

with the emergence of the variables and the relationship we expect to find between
them. It is the 'provisional truth' or how the problem is explained in light of what
It is known. Hypotheses can be formulated as objectives or results that are
they want to achieve. To accept or reject the hypothesis (or to achieve the objective)
a specific study design is chosen.

c) Data collection and analysis: empirical verification after data collection.

It is the most specific stage of each concrete technique of the scientific method.

d) Confrontation of the data with the hypothesis

e) Conclusions and generalization of the results: If the data support the

the hypothesis will be confirmed. Otherwise, it will be concluded that in the
Circumstances considered, the hypothesis has not been confirmed and/or it will be reviewed again.

the second stage proposing a new and coherent solution to the problem.

f) New predictions: this stage is added by some authors and it makes

reference to new problems that would arise from the obtained results.
 Described from another point of view, we can say that the scientific method
it begins with an observation phase, where the scientist makes contact with the
phenomenon, something is known about it, but it drives him to continue searching for some answer

about him. It follows a phase of hypothesis formulation based on the

prior knowledge and in the data that will be collected, could be demonstrated.
finally the verification phase, which depends on the generality and systematicity of
the hypothesis.

1.7 TYPES OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS:

a) The empirical-analytical method (is based on empirical logic, distinguishing the
elements of a phenomenon and reviewing each of them separately.
b) The experimental method (which includes the hypothetical deductive method, the
method of scientific observation and the method of measurement.
c) The hermeneutic method (studies the internal coherence of texts).
d) The dialectical method (considers historical and social phenomena as continuous
movement).
e) The phenomenological method (cumulative knowledge).
f) The historical method (related to the knowledge of the different stages of the
objects in their chronological succession.
 CHAPTER II: SYSTEMIC METHOD

2.1 BACKGROUND
The ideas of the systemic approach are not new, they have been around since ancient times.

In Greco-Roman times, an attempt was made to establish the laws that govern the formation of a

system ofknowledge.

Over time, many authors have used the approach

systemic to study the elements that make up certain processes. For
example: in the mechanics ofseventeenth centuryy18th centurythe investigation was carried out
of various objects from some systems. In the seventeenth century, the educator stood out
Czech J. M. Comenius1670, who developed an educational system and
he established the structuring of the teaching process in theschoolwhat reflected in his

In the second half of the19th centurythe German philosopherKarl Marx (1818-

1883philosophically argued the objectives of research within a
system and applied it brilliantly to the analysis of capitalist production in his work
The Capital.

InCubathe pedagogical ideology ofJosé Martí represents the summary of

thought of the main Cuban educators of the 19th century, who
they employed ideas taken from the most progressive educational heritage of that time,
those who applied with an indisputable sense of originality and with a projection of
future. In relation to this topic, Martí expressed the need for integration
universal for the study of reality and advocated for courses "... not in the way
imperfect and isolated (...) but with plan and system, so that some knowledge
they complement each other and as if coming out of these, those.

In the20th centurya great development occurred of thescienceand thetechniqueand how

As a consequence of this situation, in the second half of that century, the ideas of the
systemic approaches were perfected and applied to the most diverse fields of the
production and services, scientific research and processes
technological. Moreover, it has influenced the way of conceiving some processes
social, psychological, and pedagogical. In the teaching-educational process, the approach
systemic fosters its improvement, as well as its planning and management.
2.2 SYSTEMIC APPROACH
The systemic approach is a theory that allows us to understand the universe.
whole as a great total that is part of a system. This concept originates
based on the General Theory of Systems, proposed by the biologist and philosopher
Austrian Ludwig von Bertalanffy. We understand systems as a set of rules.
the interrelated elements that obey a common purpose. This idea is
applicable to all areas of the universe, from thesciencemedical or biological until
psychology or economics.

As an example, we could say that a circuit made up of a network

The pipes and tubes in a home aim to deliver water or to...
the different phonemes that make up a language have the final objective of creating
sounds and communicate ideas. The systemic approach will not be responsible for analyzing
the individual parts, on the contrary, this point of view will focus on studying it
as a whole.

The purpose of the systemic approach idea is to increase the generality of

the laws finding similarities in systems from different disciplines. Thus,
we can find similarities in something as different as the circulatory system and the
hydraulic system or the nervous system with a communication network. It is
it is important to clarify that the systemic approach is not a concept opposed to that of

analytical approach, which focuses on the parts of something or someone and is interested
for the detail. On the contrary, these two are complementary approaches when it comes
to observe reality. In general terms, we can classify the approach
systemic according to its characteristics into two large categories: the structural and
functional.

2.2.1 Structural characteristics of the system

They are those that do not change over time. Some of
these are the limit, the elements, and the networks [Link] limit is
refers to the fact that systems must have a precise limitation. This limit
it can be static, for example the surface of a lawn mower.
But many other times they can also be dynamic, such as for example
a cell. The elements of the system that are inside it are
they are called endogenous and, on the contrary, those that are found outside of it and

They define their environment as exogenous. In turn, the elements that do not
 modifications over time are called system parameters and
those who change we will call variables. In a warehouse, for example,
a parameter can be the capacity of the tanks, as it does not change with
the time, and a variable the amount of wine that enters and leaves them.

Finally, communication networks are those that represent

the relationships and connections between the elements. These networks always imply
an exchange between the parties. Thus, for example, a road constitutes
a communication network between one village and another or, in the case of the warehouse,

The pipes allow the circulation of wine from one tank to another.

2.2.2 The functional characteristics of the system

This characterization refers to all the aspects that make it possible
the operation of systems. Some of them are the circulation of
flows, the delays of flows, and the feedback loops. The flows of a
system refers to a measure of materials, energy, or information that
it crosses a place in the system in a given time. In the case of a
electric circuit, the electric current that flows through a series of
Cables at a specific moment constitute the flow.

Delays and flow variations imply a delay in time of

flow. These delays define the behavior of the system. For example, the
case of a child with severe malnutrition affecting his cognitive system.
Detecting this delay in the flow can solve the problem. The loops of
feedback refers to the system's ability to adjust its
behavior and adapt to certain variables. In turn, these can
whether positive or negative. Positive feedback is that in which the
an increase in one flow implies an increase in another.

For example, with higher demand in a cheese factory, the

it will require a larger amount of milk as raw material. On the other hand,
Negative feedback aims at stability and the balance of the
systems. How exposure of the eye to a large amount of light causes the
pupil dilation to ensure its protection. To summarize and conclude
By understanding the systemic approach, we can affirm that as a principle
basic, it is based on the concept of synergy which asserts that the whole
 it is more than the sum of its parts. That is why we can say that this
approach focuses more on the action or final result of a system.
The systemic approach is present throughout the universe and seeks to
to explain from something as tiny as a cell to the solar system
its very immensity. It is important to understand this concept in order to
understand the functioning of other systems.

2.3 SYSTEMATIC METHOD

It is a process by which seemingly unrelated facts are connected.
isolated and a theory is formulated that unifies the various elements. It consists of the
rational meeting of several dispersed elements into a new whole, this is
presents more in the formulation of the hypothesis. The researcher synthesizes the
improvements in imagination to establish a tentative explanation that
will be put to the test.

Also as systematic thought, we find that it is a method that

consists of identifying some rules, some series of patterns and events to
prepare ourselves for the future and influence it to some extent. It is aimed at shaping the
object by determining its components, as well as the relationships
between them. These relationships determine on one hand the structure of the object and on the other

its dynamics.

The systemic method would be an order manifested by rules, which allows us

would allow for a systemic understanding of a given situation. Whoever
try to use the systemic method you should:
a) To understand the fundamental characteristics of the system (or subsystem) under study:

components, environment, and structure, using the concepts and archetypes for this purpose
basics provided by systemic thinking. In cases where it is necessary
the possibility of deepening the knowledge of the structure will be considered
mathematical methods that contribute to the disciplines linked to General Theory
of Systems.

b) To be able to differentiate between the properties of the system, which are resultant and

which are emerging and define what the attractor state is (set of values
numerical values towards which a system tends to evolve, given a large
variety of initial conditions in the system) of the system (if it had one).
c) Integrate the particular fact under analysis into the system as a whole.

d) Interpret the fact within the structure and evolution of the system.

To understand the systemic methodology, it is important to mention the

following topics:

2.3.1 The Methodology

Methodology refers to the analysis of various procedures.
concretes that are used in the research and discussion about
its characteristics, qualities, and weaknesses. However, it is commonly used
the word methodology in different senses, sometimes opposed to the previous one:
The term 'research methodology' is used to refer to the
steps and procedures that have been followed in a specific investigation,
to designate the specific work models that are applied in a
specific discipline or specialty and also to refer to the
set of procedures and recommendations that are conveyed to
student as part of teaching in higher education. Also
They are usually referred to as methods the peculiar work styles of each
discipline (for example: 'the anthropological method') and the particular forms
research that is used to solve specific problems of
inquiry, as when referring to the 'qualitative method', the 'method
experimental" or the "statistical method."

The methodology aims for the permanent improvement of the

procedures and criteria used in conducting the inquiry
required to answer questions and/or solve problems.

2.3.2 The Systematics

Consider that reality is made up of systems and subsystems,
It is nothing more and nothing less than a way of seeing that reality to which it invites us.

the Science of Systems or Systemics. Reality does not understand those

things, have a natural way of organizing themselves to which we,
to understand it, we say that it is constituted in systems. A system is not
more than a part of reality that can be delimited and that has
own characteristics of internal functioning. Systemic is the science
that studies, in a collegial manner, all elements of a system and its
 interrelationships, builds models and simulates with them, allowing for decision making

optimal decisions to improve the future scenarios of the real system.

To achieve this, it first relies on a multidisciplinary team of analysts.
systemic and secondly takes as tools those of different
sciences and among them Operational Research.

The expert in General Systems Theory is called

Systemic, which involves moving from specialist to generalist through
knowledge of Systemics. It is said that the whole is greater than the sum of
its parts. This simply means that from the integration of
elements in a system give rise to new properties. The word 'system'
it mainly has two meanings, as a means or way used to
to do one thing, and as a whole that contributes to a certain object.

Examples of systems we refer to are the solar system,

metric decimal system, expert system, operating system, system
nervous, etc. We carry out the analysis of the systems and build
models of the same to approach their understanding. Quickly
we realize a general rule that tells us that every system
contains subsystems and that, in turn, the main system studied is
subsystem of another.

2.3.3 Systemic methodology

It is related to the consideration of knowledge, development, the
application, the study of the method or methods by which to approach the
problems in which the presence of systems is dominant. In reality,
the systemic methodology aims to provide tools to study
those problems that result from the interactions that occur in the
as a system, and not as dysfunctions of the considered parts
in isolation. The analysis of a system consists of its dissection, at least
conceptual, to establish the parts that form it. However, the mere
analysis of a system is not enough; it is not sufficient to know what its
parts. To understand its behavior, we need to know how it
they integrate; what are the mechanisms through which it occurs
coordination. We need to know how the synthesis of the parts occurs
in the system.
 For this reason, in the study of a system, analysis is as important as
the synthesis. The emphasis on synthesis distinguishes the systemic methodology from the
most classic scientific methodologies for analyzing reality, in which
there tends to be an overvaluation of analytical aspects as opposed to the
synthetic, while in the systemic methodology a position is adopted
more balanced. Analysis is so important that it allows us to know the
parts of a system, such as synthesis, through which we study how
the integration of those parts into the system takes place.

The systems specialist, also known as

systematic, when studying a certain aspect of reality, analyzes what the
different elements that make it up, while trying to specify how
the integration of those elements occurs in the unity of the problem that
he is analyzing. Therefore, for him, the whole (the very important) has so much importance

system) as the parts, and when considering the system as a unit it will do so
without losing sight of the parts that make it up, but when considering the parts,
do not lose sight of the fact that they are, parts of a whole.

The systemic methodology also provides a language that contributes

new ways of viewing complex problems. The tools that
brings the dynamics of systems - from the influence diagrams to
The computer models will allow us to see the systems that populate
our environment through a different lens that will reveal aspects to us
in which we may not have noticed and that, in this way, we
allows for a richer view of reality.

2.4 PROPERTIES
In the strict sense of the word, the system is a set of elements
related to each other, which constitute a certain integral formation, not
implicit in the components that form it. Any system conventionally
determined is composed of multiple subsystems and these in turn of others, so many
as their nature allows, which, under certain conditions may be
considered as systems; therefore, the terms systems and subsystems
they are relative and are used according to the situations. From the point of view
philosophical, the systemic approach is based on the category of the general and the particular,
that is, of the whole and its parts and is based on the concept of material unity
 [Link] general, every system has four fundamental properties that
are characterized by: the components, the structure, the functions, and the integration. These
Properties must be taken into account when applying the systemic approach.

2.5 COMPONENTS
The components are all the elements that constitute the system. By
example: in the teaching-educational process, the 'non-personal' components are the
objective, the content, the method, the medium, the form and the evaluation of theteaching.

a) Structure: The structure encompasses the relationships established between the

elements of the system. It is based on a selection algorithm, that is, in
a logical arrangement of the elements.

b) Functions: Functions are the actions that the system can perform,
both vertical subordination and horizontal coordination.

c) Integration: Integration refers to the mechanisms that ensure the

system stability and is supported by cybernetics and management. This is
confirm through the evaluative controls that allow for feedback.
To ensure that a systemic structure has been established, it must be verified:

If the removal of an element breaks the system.

If the set reinforces the function of the isolated elements.
If the performance is really superior.

2.6 SYSTEMATIZATION IN THE STUDY PROCESS

Systematization is a mental activity that takes place in the process of
study, consisting of grouping objects and phenomena according to
certain traits or principles and arrange the subjects according to certain
systems, in which when saving each of their parts certain relationships with the
Furthermore, they form a harmonious set. The systematization is carried out in close
relationship with the generalization process and can be developed in a way
independently or parallel to the classification process.

Having systematic knowledge of a problem means having a

synthesis of the set of all its parts and the links that exist between them, such as
 consequently, knowledge is remembered well, it is preserved in a manner
stable and are rebuilt when new problems need to be solved. For the
the mental activity of systematization develops effectively and yields good results
results, it is necessary to adhere to three fundamental rules:

Determine the aspects or principles according to which it should be carried out

systematization.
Systematize all isolated objects.
To be based on a single determined trait or principle.

2.7 SYSTEMIC THINKING

Systemic thinking is the attitude of human beings, which is based on the
perception of the real world in terms of totalities for its analysis, understanding
and action, unlike the approach of the scientific method, which only perceives
parts of this and in a disconnected manner.

Systems thinking formally appeared about 45 years ago.

based on the questions raised from the field of Biology by Ludwing Von
Bertalanffy, who questioned the application of the scientific method to problems of
Biology, because it was based on a mechanistic and causal view, which it
it was weak as a framework for explaining the major problems that occur
in living systems.

This questioning led him to propose a global reformulation in the

intellectual paradigm to better understand the world around us, emerging
formally the systems paradigm.

Systems thinking is integrative, both in the analysis of situations.

as in the conclusions that arise from there, proposing solutions in the
various elements and relationships that make up the
structure of what is defined as 'system', as well as everything else
what makes up the defined system environment. The philosophical basis that supports this
the position is Holism (from Greek holos = whole).

From the perspective of the systems approach, the reality conceived by the
The observer applying this discipline is established by a very close relationship.
between him and the observed object, so that its 'reality' is the product of a
co-construction process between him and the observed object, in a space-time
determined, making that reality something that is no longer external to
observer and common to all, as the traditional approach suggests, but that it
reality becomes something personal and particular, clearly distinguishing between
what the real world is and the reality that each observer perceives for themselves. The
philosophies that enrich contemporary systemic thinking are the
Husserl's phenomenology and Gadamer's hermeneutics, which in turn feeds on
Heidegger's existentialism, Dilthey's historicism, and the same
phenomenology of Husserl.

The consequence of this systemic, phenomenological perspective and

hermeneutics makes it possible to see the organization no longer as having an end
predetermined (by someone), as the traditional scheme suggests, but instead
that organization can have various purposes depending on how the
involved in their destiny see it, thus giving rise to interpretative variety. These
visions will be conditioned by the interests and values they possess
involved, with only a common interest focused on the need for
the survival of it.

Thus, the contemporary Systemic Approach applied to the study of the

organizations propose an inter, multi, and transdisciplinary vision that will help them
analyze your company comprehensively allowing you to identify and understand with
greater clarity and depth of organizational problems, their multiple causes
and consequences. Likewise, viewing the organization as an integrated entity,
composed of parts that interrelate with each other through a structure that
it unfolds in a certain environment, one will be able to
detect with the required amplitude both the issues and the processes of
change that is integral, that is to say at the human, resource, and process level,
it would be necessary to implement them in order to achieve growth and development
sustainable and in viable terms over time.
 CONCLUSIONS

The scientific method is the controlled, critical, and systematic empirical study of
hypotheses that attempt to explain alleged relationships between various phenomena. It is
furthermore a research method used mainly in production of
knowledge in the sciences 'path to knowledge'.

The scientific method is supported by two fundamental pillars: The first of

they are reproducibility, that is, the ability to repeat a certain
experiment, anywhere and by anyone. The second pillar is the
falsifiability, that is to say, that every scientific proposition must be susceptible to
be false or refuted. This implies that experiments could be designed that in the
In the event of yielding results different from those predicted, they would invalidate the hypothesis presented.

test.

3. The scientific method is based on reproducibility (the ability to repeat a

determined experiment anywhere and by anyone) and falsifiability
(every scientific proposition must be capable of being falsified).

4. Systems thinking is the attitude of the human being, which is based on perception.
of the real world in terms of totalities for its analysis, understanding, and action,
unlike the approach of the scientific method, which only perceives parts of it
and in such a way that there is a lack of connection between someone or something with other things.

5. The systemic method is therefore a process by which facts are related.

apparently isolated and a theory is formulated that unifies the various elements.
It consists of the rational gathering of various dispersed elements into a new one.
totality, this is presented more in the formulation of the hypothesis. The researcher
summarize the improvements in imagination to establish an explanation
attempt that will be put to the test. The difference between them that is perceptible
easily the scientific method is usually presented in a way that is analyzed
parts, and their interrelations are not analyzed, and how these affect the system
belonging.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Introduction to the Scientific Method and its Stages

2. System dynamics. Madrid: Isdefe Martinez, F. (2000) practical application of
teaching innovation techniques for the development of managerial skills
general and technological.
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Economic, Mexico 2002.
The Logic of Scientific Research
Mexico 1996.
5. PEREZ TAMAYO, Ruy: Does the Scientific Method Exist? History and Reality.
6. RUIZ, Rosaura, AYALA, Francisco: The Method in the Sciences, Epistemology and
Darwinism, Economic Culture Fund, Mexico 2000.

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Systematic method. [Link].
[Link] Sarabia, A.A(1
995).
 SCIENTIFIC METHOD
VS.
SYSTEMIC METHOD

ORIGINS DEFINITION PROCESSES

Method Method Method Method

Scientist Systemic Scientist Systemic Method Method
Scientist Systemic

Francis Bacon It arose with the work.

It is a process aimed at In a broad sense, it 1. Observation. 1. Entrance.
January 22, 1561 - April 9, 1626
from the German Ludwig Von
to explain phenomena, presents as a 2. Induction. 2. Process.
his works and Bertalanffy, published
establish relationships systematic form and 3. Hypothesis. 3. Exit.
thoughts exercised between 1950 and 1968
between the facts and scientific of 4. Experimentation.
a decisive influence
state laws that approximation and 5. Antithesis.
in the development of Characteristics explain the phenomena representation of the 6. Conclusions.
scientific method physicists of the world and reality, and, at the same
Structural: They are those
that do not change over time allow to obtain with time, like a
Characteristics DIFFERENCES
of time. Some of these this knowledge, orientation towards a
SCIENTIFIC METHOD SYSTEMIC METHOD
It is a theoretical method. they are the limit, the elements and useful applications for stimulating practice for
It is systematic: sense of the networks ofcommunication. man ways of working It is one of the most useful, capable It is the activity carried out by the
order and discipline that seeks interdisciplinary. to provide us with an answer mind to understand the
guarantee an acceptable level Functional: aspects that to our questions. functioning of a system
Objective: Answers are not obtained from and solve the problem that
of validity. enable the functioning
of the systems. Some of Objective: immediate in a true way, present their properties.
It is inductive and deductive. Through methods and
they are the circulation of pure and complete, without before It is integrative, both in the
It has an empirical basis: knowledge provide
flows, the delays of flows and Develop a set of having gone through the error. analysis of situations
employs direct observation. laws or theories to be able to
the feedback loops laws applicable to all of these It arrives to us as a as in the conclusions,
Use the critical examination: it advance in new
behaviors. process, not as an act proposing solutions consi
subject to review and the knowledge
Promote a formalization where it goes immediately from deriving various elements and
results are never
mathematics of these laws. ignorance of the truth. relationships that make up the
definitive.
This is perhaps the method most structure.
It is circular interaction
useful or suitable, since it is the Involves systems that do not
continues between experience and
unique that has the they continue that only path of
theory
characteristics and capacity scientific research
Seek to control the factors they can follow the path of the
to self-correct y
that are not directly to surpass oneself, but not the only one. induction as of the
related to the variables deduction.
in question but can
influence her.