BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA

MINISTRY OF POPULAR POWER FOR HIGHER EDUCATION

NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY

LOCAL CENTER MÉRIDA

INTRODUCTORY COURSE

UNIT III

SEARCH AND INFORMATION PROCEDURES IN PRINTED TEXTS

THE ELECTRONICS

Mérida, November 2012

ALUMNOS: Araque Ramos, Lilibeth C.I 23.583.627

Carrillo Bravo, Lilian Elisabeth ID 15.913.486

Carrizo Delgado, Keila Carolina ID 20.430.231

Montilla Escalona, Karla C.I 24.537.841

Terán Abreu, Raíza Karina C. I.

Vera Vielma, Mary Giovanna C.I. 9.474.798

LOCAL CENTER MERIDA

ENROLLED IN THE PERIOD: 2012-2

06/11/2012

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What you do in life will be insignificant,

but it's important that you do it

Ghandy

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 INDEX

Pages.
Search and information retrieval in printed texts or
electronics.

Development of the unit

Comprehension reading and discursive orders.

What reasons lead you to read?
How do you describe yourself as a reader?

What situations as a distance student require the process?

from the reading?
What do you hope to achieve by the end of this unit study?
What are your experiences with reading?
How do you value the process of reading for studying at UNA?
What ways could you characterize a good reader in situations?
academics?
Is it that I have really read very few times, understanding
truly a text?
How do I take responsibility for my university studies?
with a declared requirement and put into the reading process?

Written texts
Do I like to read?
What do I usually read frequently?
In what way is reading a part of my daily life?
What reasons lead me to read?
What are my experiences with reading in academic situations?
Can you distinguish between different types of texts?

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Text A
The planting of garlic (Fragment)
Which of the following statements relates to your
reader behavior, when did you do the previous reading?
Compare your answers with the following actions.
I sense the presence of a narrator who tells me everything in detail.
what happens there.
I imagine a certain place; at a certain time, where events occur
everything that is narrated there.

I can move and place myself with my imagination in the place of

the facts.
I am able to have diverse sensations: visual, olfactory,
tactile, of taste or discomfort and even express them with gestures in my
Dude. One thing is that he likes garlic or medication and another
reject it for the breath it produces... or the smell it emanates...

I related emotions to memories from my childhood or anecdotes.

of older relatives with experience in the place where it happens
narration.
I clearly identify what the text is about and depending on the
As I have understood it, I can make comments with.
other people.

Text B
STRESS: a trend or an inevitable disease.
Do you think this text is similar to the previous one (The planting of garlic)?

Why?

Expository-argumentative texts
Text C

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Writing is a technology (Fragment)
Reflect on the characteristics that correspond to the type of reading.

What can you do to strengthen your role as an active student-reader?

STRESS: a trend or disease
inevitable.
Which discursive order can you characterize it with?
How does the text begin?
How does the text begin or what initial situation is presented?
What issues does the author develop that make us continue reading the text?
text and find out what happens there or what its author proposes?
What topics does the author develop that keep us continuing the reading?
from the text and find out what happens there or what its author
propose?

The process of reading and its key moments: pre-reading, reading

comprehensive and post-reading.
What do you often do while you read?
What textual structures come into play in your reading process?
What experiences have been the most significant in your life as
active-reader-student?
How has reading served you in your academic life?
What traits identify you as a reader?

Key moments of the reading process: prereading, reading

comprehensive and post-reading.

1st stage, pre-reading phase: first hypotheses.

Take a book of your preference and identify in it what stands out to you.

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proposes the following. Write your answers as
exercise.
What is the title and author of the chosen book?
What is written on the flap (outer edge) of the book?
-Are the details on the book cover the same as the
tab? What do they differ in?
Does the book have a preface? What information about the book do you have?
What is offered in the preface?

Does the book have an index or indexes? Which ones?

What interesting matters did you find in the first?

chapter?
Quickly flip through the pages of the book: is there any
graph, concept map, scheme that caught your attention?
Comment.

2nd half, reading comprehension phase: verification of the

hypothesis.
What do I do to understand the text?
Do I have any particular way to understand?
How is understanding manifested at this moment in the process of the
reading?

3rd time - post-reading: hypothesis verification.

Levels of reading comprehension.

What do you do when you read literally?
And when you are at the Reorganization level, what do you do to achieve it?
comprehensive reading?
What happens at the level of Inferential Comprehension?

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What happens when you reach the level of Critical Reading?
How do you achieve the level of literary and artistic appreciation?

Consider certain enjoyment indicators at each of the levels of

described reading.

Locate the Selection of Readings that appears as an Annex to this

unit. There, you will find the text Science and technology underpin the
human epic, written by Sami Rozenbaum. Read it with
detention and carry out what we propose to you below:
Select the part of the text that you consider the beginning, because there the
the author presents the topic he is going to address and how he will approach it.

You can highlight it with a color.

With another color, distinguish those paragraphs in which the author
develops its ideas and presents clear arguments for
convince us of what he proposes, until exhausting what he wants
let's consider; that is, highlight the paragraphs that correspond to the

development.
Next, select another color to mark the one or more
paragraph(s) where you consider that the author concludes their ideas, resumes

the issues that he has been raising on the topic and concludes his
exposition, ending with a specific proposal and with it its
text; that is, what corresponds to the closure.
- Finally, write a brief comment where you express
your opinion as a reader regarding the semantic structure
(how the author presents the issues, how it reaches you)
thank you for the clarity and order in which they were written
the statements, how they relate to each other with logical sense) and to
the grammatical or linguistic structure (how it is written, the vocabulary

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 that employs, if the writing is simple and clear)

To carry out these activities, you must review the attachments that
appear at the end of the units of the Introductory Course. Those
annexes are a variety of texts with which you can perform it
what is proposed to you next:
Read the titles of each one.
Select the text that catches your attention or awakens you the most.
greater interest.
Read it carefully.
Think about which of the proposed structures it responds to and for
Hello, orient yourself by these guidelines that we offer you:

If the structure of your text is factual: list them

events that occurred or summarize in order the matters that the

author presents.
If you think the structure is problem-solution: indicate
What is the problem addressed by the author; summarize it.
arguments he presented to convince you and comment on how
justifies what he/she is exposing.
If it is a thesis-demonstration structure:
tell us what was the strong statement made by the author
pointed out at the beginning and what arguments it deploys to

convince us of what he asserts in such a way

blunt.

Strategies for Reading Comprehension

The following text is presented for you to address.
strategically. To do this:
Follow the phases of reading in order to reach the levels of

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relevant understanding in the study of texts. Then, answer what
appears at the end of it.
The Doll Store, by Julio Garmendia (fragment)
What words could you use to paraphrase what the narrator says?
Regarding your grandfather and your godfather? That is to say, as a student-reader-

active
the same in a coherent paragraph, with its own meaning?
With what words could you paraphrase what the narrator says?
regarding his grandfather and his godfather? That is, as a student-reader-
active, what paraphrase would you make of the story?; how would you summarize it?
same in a coherent paragraph, with its own meaning?
What information do you consider relevant to understanding the text?

Could you select the sentence that you consider represents the
relevant information for the understanding of the narrated story and
explain the reasons why you selected that sentence?
What information do you consider relevant to understand the text?
Could you select the sentence you think represents the
relevant information for understanding the story told and
explain the reasons why you selected that sentence?
How can you organize into a meaningful whole the
carefully pre-encoded information?
How can you relate selectively organized information with
experience and prior knowledge based on what happened to the
rubber dolls and the attorneys that the godfather confuses in the end
narrator?
What predictions can you make when reading the second sentence of the text?
read? What key terms are essential for your anticipation of the story that
Are you going to read?

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What inference(s) do we derive from the narrated story? We suggest,
At this moment, think of our country as if it were the store.
from the grandfather, from the godfather, and what the narrator inherits and compares it with the

story narrated in The Doll Shop.

What conclusion can you draw from the content of the story read?
we suggest, at this moment, that you think of our country as if it were
the grandfather's store, the godfather, and what the narrator inherits.

What generalization would encompass the story told in this tale? You
we suggest writing a paragraph.
The study of language and the theory of language, by L. Hjelmslev
Based on the text read, the study of language and theory of
language, answer these questions:
From reading the title alone, can you infer or deduce which
What is the content of it? What anticipations were you able to make?
taking into account the first idea of the text?
How did you discover new things as you progressed?
relationships in the text, based on some prior knowledge?
What knowledge did the highlighted ideas in bold bring you?
Would you like to explain in your own words the content of the text: that is to say, if you go

to make a paraphrase of it?

What generalization would include the ideas contained in the text read?
Do you think that the first sentence of the text contains a key idea?
What conclusions do you reach regarding the importance of language?
Do you rely on the last two lines of the text? Why?

My strategies in reading comprehension

How to ensure that you have achieved an improvement in the process
for academic reading purposes?
Inventory of reading strategies

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Attachments
Summary Unit III
Course Plan

eleven
 UNIT III

SEARCH AND PROCESSING OF INFORMATION IN PRINTED TEXTS

THE ELECTRONICS.

Comprehensive reading and discursive orders.

Activity No 1

What reasons lead you to read?

Reading is fun, moreover, you learn a lot about things and the world while reading.
outside. In moments when you are bored with nothing to do, reading is good.
It also transmits culture to me, because through it I can learn about events.
historical records of a country or era, Reading is important because it allows your imagination to soar.

imagination and you learn things you didn't know before, enriches our spirit,
strengthens and develops our thinking, allows us to know other cultures,
strengthening our ideas improves our vocabulary and the way we express ourselves so much

verbal as written.

How do you describe yourself as a reader?

I really enjoy researching; when I read and don't know a word, I resort to the
dictionary and in this way expand my knowledge

What situations as a distance student require the process of

reading?

Wemustconstantlyreadandorganizeourstudytime,whichrequires
certain degree of self-discipline

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What do you hope to achieve by the end of this unit?

I aspire to start my career as soon as possible since I feel extremely

motivated and enthusiastic.

What are your experiences with reading?

Every time I read, I learn something new since when I don't know the meaning of
I research some word and I educate myself more every day.

How do you evaluate the reading process for studying at UNA?

Reading is fundamental in all types of studies. In MODE A

DISTANCE is very important, dedicating oneself to reading the material and having a
good understanding of it as it is based on self-learning
One of the fundamental tools is the comprehension of texts.

In what ways could you characterize a good reader in situations?

academics?

Organized, attentive to each reading, motivated to achieve, capable of performing analysis,

synthesis and inferences of knowledge.

Reading is one of the richest experiences of being human, it is much more

that a set of isolated skills or operational techniques. They are combined in
the reading of two basic elements, the non-visual information that we have as
reader and the visual information that the text provides us, in this way the reader
build the meaning of the text.

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As we delve into the study of the unit, various things begin to arise
new questions arise, doubts assail us.

Could it be that I have really read very few times, understanding

truly a text?

Previously I thought that yes, I understood the read text perfectly, but
Now I realize that I had a lot to learn about reading, that it was not
just go through the letters, as there was a lack of understanding in the texts:
unravel the ideas contained in the words of the text; connect the ideas
between each other; to assume and/or build the hierarchy that exists or that we can conceive among them

Ideas; recognize the web of relationships that articulate global ideas.

Up to this point, then, to understand is to somehow duplicate in our mind.

the semantics of the text.

How do I take on my university studies responsibly, with

a declared demand and placed in the reading process?
Reading is a selective process: the reader does not use all the information, but only
that which is needed to build the meaning of the text. Hence, reading
comprehensive will be the key for me as an active reader student to build
the meaning conceived by the author when writing and, thus, close, build the
meaning of the text.

Written Texts.

Subsequently, some texts and their discursive orders are differentiated. For this purpose
they suggest we consider the following questions and share our
answers.

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Do I like to read?

Yes, since I was very young I liked reading, although with the busy schedule and
I have been putting aside obligations, but something I have been adopting.
Once again, with the C.I, it is about rekindling the love for reading.

What do I usually read frequently?

I frequently read the news and the occasional book.

How is reading a part of my daily life?

A close friend told me the other day that she had a disagreement with her mother.
because this last one insisted on having to read and her defense was based on three
completely valid and respectable arguments: I didn't have the time, nor the character nor the

patience to immerse oneself in the reading of a 500-page novel and for

last, because he didn't feel like it. However, I know he loves reading articles and
other readings related to his work.

Hello, of course, it made me reflect at a point where I am starting to

be more flexible: it is not a requirement to have to read a 500-page novel, nor
that it generates discussions and even less, blame. Life is sufficiently
complicated for us, adults, to make waves out of something that is not going to
to happen. On top of that, as if we were children, they keep holding it against us: just
horror.

Reading, as an activity, is part of our daily life, it is inevitable. To read

a newspaper, a report, a magazine while we wait, an email, a blog, a
recipe; street directions, etc. That is the idea: to diversify the activity
cerebral in a productive way.

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We criticize a lot the upbringing we received but we are grateful for the times that

we had to live... contradictory by nature like any human being.

What reasons lead me to read?

There are many reasons to read, these are mine:

Reading enriches my perspective, it makes me listen, take into account, and value.
the voice of others.
Reading is about finding oneself, the world, and others.
I not only read to know and learn more about life, the world, and others,
but to feel, experience, create, and recreate life and the world with the
own and others' dreams. Reading is the bait with which we fish.
hope.
I read because reading is living double. I not only live what I was meant to,
but I take on that other life unfolded, enlivened and displayed by the text
What do I read.

I read to not lose the north, the light, and the path that always leads me to
home, to the aroma of the maternal or paternal house, to the taste of hugs, to the
affection from greetings, to the festive and selfless circle of friends.

What are my experiences with reading in academic situations?

Summarize the paragraph read, after having analyzed it.

I see the hidden elements clearly and bring them to light for greater understanding.
understanding.
I make constructive critiques of the paragraph read.
I express the aesthetic values, beauty, language, and harmony of the elements.
found in the text read.
I retain the greatest number of details.

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Can you distinguish between different types of texts?

Well, I don't consider myself an expert reader, but I think I can differentiate a text.
computer scientist of a scientific text, for example.

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Text A

Garlic planting
(Fragment)

In the dark of the temple, he lit one by one the ten candles, in front of the
imposing image covered in ex-votos. The yellow light illuminated the solid figure.
He was a young and sturdy black man. As he knelt with the straw hat
folded under his arm, he heard with surprise in the silence the sole of his shoe creaking
espadrilles. He began to pray in a harsh peasant voice, without inflections,
monotonously. Each word the light reflected on his teeth, very white and
even.

When he went out, it was starting to get dark. He felt happy to have fulfilled his

mission. He had come on foot, walking for three days to fulfill that
promise. His mother, dying in the small farm of the conuco, had offered to that
Miraculous virgin who, if she saved his life, her son would go to the church of that
people to pray for him and light ten candles. The improvement had been rapid. Shortly after

time the old woman was up again, and the young man had to go out to fulfill the
promise, with little provisions and some money. Now the prayers remained there.
prayers and ten candles lit; but he no longer had money for the return.

He had to find some temporary work that would allow him to save money.
necessary for the trip. It didn't take long to find it. Some laborers with whom
He struck up a conversation at the store; they sent him to the islander's field.

The next day, at dawn, he began to work.

The Planting of Garlic

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Activity N02

Which of the following statements relates to your

reader behavior, when did you do the previous reading? Compare
your answers with the following actions:
I perceive the presence of a narrator who tells me in detail everything that
it happens there.

I imagine a certain place; at a certain time, where everything happens

that they narrate there.

I can move and place myself with my imagination in the place of the
facts.

I am capable of having various sensations: visual, olfactory, tactile, of

pleasure or annoyance and even express them with gestures on my face. One thing is
that they like garlic or medicine and another reject it because of the breath that
produce... a smell that escapes...

I related emotions to memories from my childhood or anecdotes from it.

older relatives with experience in the place where the narration takes place.

I clearly identify what the text is about and depending on the way
As I have understood it, I can make comments with other people.

I personally relate my reading to this highlighted statement, as it is about something

I am sure, reading is flying with the imagination, being in places or situations.
announced by the reading.

In this way, we can experience reading better, remember certain situations to

we important.

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The description plays a very important role for me in these types of texts.
because with her my imagination reaches its peak and I even assign a face to
the characters and by the actions that describe them in the narration I can
Imagine what kind of people they were and their feelings, and that way I can go.
understanding the reasons behind their actions in the narrative.

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Text B
STRESS: a trend or an inevitable disease

Nature has provided humans with a mechanism to defend themselves from the
demands and aggressions of the outside world, which has become the way
of the life of more than half of the population of developed countries: stress.
Well managed, it raises our levels of productivity, but if we let it go
Taking advantage overwhelms and defeats us.

The problem is not that the body reacts with stress, but the degree of stress and
the consequences of this, which provide wear with physical symptoms
(tachycardia, excessive sweating, insomnia, etc.) and psychological (restlessness, fears,
disorientations in space, time, etc.) or behavior (inability to
relax, walk aimlessly, irritability, etc.). If we light a candle with a
great flame at both ends, there will be more light, but also more quickly
will be exhausted; the same happens with the human being, who must take care of the mechanisms

with which he relies for his defense of the world around him.

An analysis of the labor market10Ana María Díaz

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Activity N03

In response to the reading done, answer the following questions:

Do you think this text is similar to the previous one (The planting of garlic)? Why?

What?

Yes, they are similar.

Because text A talks about a promise that a mother made her son fulfill,
to walk for three days with little supplies and some money, but
upon running out of money on the way back, he had to look for work necessary for the trip.
what genre stress is about in text B. - stress: a trend or
inevitable disease." Many situations in life cause you to experience stress.

I also noticed that both texts talk about the light of candles. In the
first text to fulfill the promise and in the second to compare the light of the
candle and its exhaustion with the human being.

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Expository-argumentative texts.

Activity N04
Read the following text and try to identify its characteristics.

Text C
Writing is a technology
(fragment)

What characteristics can you identify in the following text?

Technologies are artificial, but -another paradox- the artificial is natural for the
human beings. Properly internalized, technology does not degrade life
human being unless, on the contrary, the improvement. The modern orchestra, for example,

constitutes the result of a complex technology. A violin is an instrument, or

Sea, a tool. An organ is a huge machine, with power sources.
-pumps, bellows, electric generators- located entirely outside of their
operator (...) The fact is that by using mechanical devices, a violinist, or a
organists can express something intensely human that would not be possible without
said device. To achieve such expression, of course, the organist or the violinist
you must have internalized the technology, have made the tool or of the
machine a second nature, a psychological part of oneself. This
requires years of 'practice', of learning how to make the tool do what
what one can do. Such adaptation of a tool to oneself, or learning
a technological skill, it is hardly dehumanizing. The use of
a technology can enrich the human psyche, develop the spirit
human, intensify their inner life. Writing is an internalized technology
even more deeply than the performance of instrumental music. Nevertheless,
to understand what writing is—which means to understand it in relation
with its past, with orality—, one must unreservedly accept the fact that it
it is about a technology.

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(Walter Ong, 'Writing is a technology'. In: Orality and Writing, 1987)

Characteristics:

It provokes a positive reaction, which allows me to accept it and become interested in it.

text.

Questions arise regarding unknown words and themes, the

which incredibly have a lot of similarity.

I felt curiosity and questioned the fact that an organ is a huge

machinery, with power sources, pumps, bellows, electric generators,
totally located outside of their operator.

Repetitions are observed regarding the main idea of the text that stands out.
technology and its similarity and relation to other aspects - technology-
music ‖ technology-writing ‖

The text is of interest to people who are involved with technology.

music, writing.

The text is presented in 3eraperson, since there is no indication of

to take an interest or become emotionally or affectionately involved in reading.

The text shows a different structure of comparative texts.

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What can you do to strengthen your role as an active student-reader?
STRESS: a trend or an inevitable disease.

What discursive order can you characterize it with?

It is characterized by an informative order, as the text reports information with
precision and clarity; that is to say, a text is presented with the simple intention of
to communicate and inform about the topic (STRESS)

How does the text begin?

It begins in the third person and with great precision.

How does the text begin or what initial situation is presented?

The author informs about the topic, but goes further, as he provides reasons for it because
Is it a trend or an inevitable disease: it captures the interest of the content with a certain
distance; that is to say, without getting emotionally or affectively involved.

What issues does the author address that make us continue reading the
text and find out what happens there or what its author proposes?
It includes recent and novel information which engages the reader.
one way or another with the topic.

How does the story end (final situation) or what issues does it end with?
author of your presentation?

It concludes with a lot of stability, communicating a series of ideas and knowledge.

in a clear and precise way with a certain calm, which can be found with
objectivity.

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The reading process and its key moments: pre-reading, reading
comprehensive and post-reading.

Activity N05

The following questions will guide you on how to...

read? By answering them, the value that your answers provide with the
Information about the reading process is part of your role as a student-reader.
active. This situation makes you the architect and moderator of your process
of reading.

What do you often do while reading?

Highlight some words from the text that you do not understand and reflect on it at the end.
reading.

What textual structures come into play in your reading process?

The grammatical or linguistic structure, as in the reading, the author achieves
combining the resources of the language, it is also much more enjoyable to read and is
a well-written text is essential!

What experiences have been the most significant in your life as

active-reader-student?
Each and every one is significant to me as they allow me to enrich my
vocabulary, knowledge among others.

How has reading benefited you in your academic life?

It has served me well since the more I read, the more colossal the knowledge.

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What traits identify you as a reader?
The curiosity to clear up questions, decipher mysteries, learn about
about a topic, research an interesting news item, enrich my vocabulary
and more are the traits that identify me as a reader.

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Key moments in the reading process: pre-reading, comprehensive reading and
post-reading.

1st time, pre-reading phase: first hypotheses.

In this phase, expectations are created and understanding is prepared.
text. During this phase, the text is read superficially, trying to capture the
most important elements.

Activity N06
Take a book of your choice and identify in it
What is the title and author of the chosen book?
High Trust Selling by Todd Duncan.

What is written on the flap (outer edge) of the book?

Tood Duncan.
National Best Seller (USA) and #1 business book at BARNES & NOBLE.
Essential requirement for sales.
High Reliability Sales.
If sales are important to you, you must read this book. It's a
discovery!
Ken Blanchard, Co-author of The One Minute Manager.

Are the cover details of the book the same as those on the flap? In what way?
do they vary?
No, in fact it does not have a flap, but on the back cover of the book, it is presented
a short biography of the author
very attractive.

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Does the book have a preface? What information about the book is offered to you in it?

foreword
The prologue and Introduction. The Prologue shows the vision of what it wants to do the
author with his life and with the book that he is making known. And the introduction
show the book's information, what it will project onto the person reading it.
Here this introduction tells you that reading this book will open the doors to the
good sale, it tells you the objectives it covers, that if you follow the steps, you
will triumph in the profession of sales.

Does the book have an index (or indexes)? Which ones?

Yes, only one, themed.

What interesting matters did you get in the first chapter?

Chapter I, on High-Reliability Sales, discusses the metaphor of the 'Law of
Iceberg; says the iceberg to stay afloat in balance, both the part of
above, like the part below the water must have structure, otherwise, that
the iceberg sinks. The same happens with any seller; the seller must have
the balanced business values, means that the seller has to know
Well what he does, this is acquired through study, which would be the part below the
water and good presence, which would be the top part of the iceberg. It seems to me
interesting of course, it is possible for people to have that knowledge, more,
this writing emphasizes the duty of a person to know what they are doing
taking the reins and also catching those who are seeking to know how to make sales.

Quickly skim through the pages of the book: is there any graph, map of
concept, scheme that caught your attention? Comment.
In fact, there are several, but I haven't read the whole book. There is one in particular that I...

it seems very good and understandable for anyone who is called; ―THE ACTION:
Propose the business to the prospect and it is the 'Pyramid of high sales'
Aim, build value and make appointments.

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Determine the intrinsic core values and the needs of the highest value
(extrinsic). Act 3: Cover needs of the highest value, linked to the
Realization of core values. Act 4: Propose the business.

It is about the steps that the seller must take to be more productive quickly.
time, since there are several types of clients and according to the importance of each one,
take measures to propose the business, later according to the type of
Client, make another chart to see how many annual visits should be made to
each type of customer.

2nd half, reading comprehension phase: hypothesis verification.

After completing the pre-reading, we move on to the critical reading of the text.
In this phase, a structural analysis of it is developed that aims to
the understanding of the text in itself.

At this point in the reading process, it is advisable to ask ourselves these questions:

What should I do to understand the text?

I first do a pre-reading, I create expectations for the later reading of the text.
(comprehension reading). Then I read again and understand what the author wants to say.
(post-reading)

Do I have any particular way to understand?

I read the title first to know what the text is about.

I emphasize the objective that the author of the text wants to present.

19
 Leo always three times, following the topic to learn. Pre-reading, reading-
comprehensive and post-reading.

How is understanding manifested at this moment in the process of the

reading?

Easily understandable, thus activating working memory, which is a factor.

important for the basic resource of knowledge and active control of
information.

3rd time - post-reading: hypothesis verification.

Once the critical reading of the text has been carried out, where the evaluation is done
purpose, themes, arguments, etc. I can continue with the interpretation of the
reading, which is a process where the reader interprets what they have read in order to use it
that information and overlap it with your needs.

In the interpretation, the reader must explain the author's position, the contributions.
of the same and contrast those contributions with one's own ideas. This is about a
personal stage, so there can be several interpretations of the same text.

Post-reading covers several points to achieve interpretation and reach the goal.
the use of information.

20
Levels of reading comprehension.

The process that is followed to capture the ideas expressed in what is

he is, in the strict sense, always the same and is found equally in all
readers, no matter how low their intellectual preparation, that is to say, every reader
recognizes better or worse the code of signals and symbols, organizes them according to their

possibilities, make a personal interpretation of what was read and form a judgment
about what you just read. But not all readers reach the same level of
understanding, since it depends on the intellectual training one has
each reader, in such a way that the same things can be read by people
different and to have abyssal differences in the understanding of one and the other.
Therefore, it is possible to establish different levels of understanding from a
functional perspective. That is to say, the process followed is the same, but the
results can be very different.

Based on the representation of the previous graph, I will respond as follows>

21
What do you do when you read literally?
I locate the information described in the text: I do not add or remove anything.

And when you are at the Reorganization level, what do you do to achieve reading?
comprehensive?
In this process, I can, for example, sort or arrange by classes the
components of my analysis or summarize, compile, all parts of the text read.

What happens at the level of Inferential Understanding?

At this point, I can detect the implicit information in the text: that is,
I can apply the knowledge already known in other similar cases, with the
to come to conclusions or hypotheses.

What happens when you reach the level of Critical Reading?

I make value judgments and establish comparisons between what the author expresses and
my external and internal criteria.

How do you reach the level of literary and artistic appreciation?

It involves the enjoyment and aesthetic pleasure that I experience as a human being in front of everything.

work of art; in this case, creation has manifested itself in the written word and I
I enrich myself with her.

22
Activity N07

Consider certain enjoyment indicators at each level of

described readings. Write them for each level, in such a way that they serve you.
as examples to assess your own enjoyment in reading. Use the different
levels as you do your reading comprehension. Note your learnings.

Enjoyment indicators

To achieve the literal level, carefully reading allows me to

to remember better in order to detail more easily and correctly.

To reach the level of reorganization, try to summarize and highlight what I call
more attention and/or the most understood in order to conduct an analysis.

Inferential comprehension level, this is a very important moment through

the re-reading that we always do leads me to discover in turn the
Necessary knowledge is where understanding is achieved.

Critical Reading Level presupposes the previous three levels and allows us to
greater understanding. A critical judgment is also made.

Level of literary and artistic appreciation after all the moments of

previous readings this at the highest level of understanding and enjoyment of reading,
where we value language and aesthetics more.

23
Activity N09

Find the Reading Selection that appears as an Annex to this unit. There,
you will find the text Science and technology underpin the human epic, written by
Sami Rozenbaum. Read it carefully and do what we propose to you.
continuation.

Select the part of the text that you consider to be the beginning, because there the author you

present the topic that will be addressed and how it will be approached. You can highlight it.

with a color.

In another color, distinguish those paragraphs in which the author develops his
ideas and presents arguments clearly to convince us of what
proposes, until exhausting what it wants to suggest to us; that is, it highlights the

paragraphs that correspond to the development.

Next, select another color to mark the paragraph(s) where

do you think the author closes his ideas, revisiting the issues he has been addressing?

presenting on the topic and concludes his presentation, closing with a

specific proposal and with it its text; that is, what corresponds to the
closure.

Finally, make a brief written comment where you express your opinion.
as a reader regarding the semantic structure (how the author goes
presenting the issues, how the message reaches you thanks to the clarity and the
order in which the statements were written, how they are related
with logical sense) and to the grammatical or linguistic structure (how
write, the vocabulary it uses, if the writing is simple and clear

24
Science and technology underpin the human epic.
by Sami Rozenbaum
(El Nacional, C5, 27/11/2000)

Due to the natural disaster that burdens us, we are witnessing the emergence of
frequency expressions that are semiotically interesting, as they reveal
the concept of the natural world in Venezuelan society.

The most frequent of these manifestations state that - sooner or later the
nature reclaims what is hers" or "Nature does not forgive." It is not difficult
logically relate this inflexible, punitive, and vindictive nature with the
ancient deities, especially the first biblical Yahweh, the basis of the cosmogony
Judeo-Christian. However, it should be noted that such an idea of nature is
fundamentally incorrect.

The surface of the planet we inhabit is subjected to three main agents.

of change: tectonic, gravitational, and atmospheric. The tectonic refers to the
slow movement of the blocks that make up the Earth's crust, such as
the consequence of which is that earthquakes occur. The gravitational simply refers to
to the weight of the matter, which tends to fall towards the barycenter or center of mass

planetarium; this limits, for example, the height of the mountains. Finally, the
atmosphere allows the existence of wind and the water cycle, agents
fundamentals of erosion.

By saying that 'the waterways always return to claim what is theirs', it is being assumed
that the earth's topography is unchangeable, definitive. Nothing could be further from reality.
You should know that the Andes Mountain Range and its Coastal branch began to
to arise during the Tertiary, less than 65 million years ago (that is, less
of 2% of the history of our planet). Before that, a good portion of
the north of present-day Venezuela was part of the ancient Tethys Sea; the level of

25
the sea was hundreds of meters above the current level and South America was a great
island.

The current formation of the Caracas Valley is the result of countless

"catastrophes" that were filling the basins of the current Güaire rivers and
Valley. Otherwise, the geographical space of the capital would be a deep
gorge between the mountain peaks and the mentioned waterways. The
gullies are rather ephemeral: they appear and disappear in just a few
thousands of years. In addition, there are glacial periods: more than 20,000 years ago, when

The first human beings arrived in this valley where sloths were abundant.
giants and other mammals today extinct, probably the Naiguatá peak exhibited
snow. In the expressions we refer to, and that will probably be able to
qualify as "benign superstition," it is perceived that the human being does not
can or should dare to modify, to "challenge" the natural forms of its
space. But it turns out that that has precisely been the subject of our history in
this world. Without dams, bridges, cuts, and fillings, there would be no agriculture nor
cities, that is to say, civilization would be impossible. Among the greatest achievements

humans find interoceanic channels and artificial islands; a third

part of Holland is land gained from the sea, and in the desert of the Middle East it
they obtain large harvests 'artificially'.

Of course serious mistakes have been made: Lake Baikal is a deposit

of waste, the Amazon rainforest suffers from deforestation, and the state of Vargas is
find in ruins. They are hard lessons, but that does not mean we should
abandon all aspiration to create our environment. Sooner or later the tectonics,
gravity and the atmosphere will reduce all our works to entropy; but this
it will happen later rather than sooner— and with minimal effects on the
people—if we do it right.

In other words, we must know as well as possible the processes that operate in
nature; this is what is known as science, and to base ourselves on it to

26
adapt the environment to our purposes; it is what they call technology. In both, it
fundamentally, in large part, the human epic on earth.

Let's think about... - Science and technology underpin the human epic.

Start

Development

Closure

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Reader focuses. Regardn
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il gusitci structure, the author manages to
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stay focused on what is read until the end of your presentation.

27
Activities N010

To carry out these activities, you must review the appendices that appear at the end of
the units of the Introductory Course. These annexes are a variety of texts with
those who can carry out what is proposed to you below:

• Read the titles of each one.

Select the text that attracts your attention the most or awakens your greatest interest.
Read it carefully.
Think about which of the proposed structures it responds to and for that, orient yourself.
for these guidelines we offer you:

If the structure of your text is indeed: enumerate the facts

summarize or outline in order the issues that the author presents.

If you believe the structure is problem-solution: indicate what it is

problem addressed by the author; summarize the arguments he presented to
convince you and comment on how he justifies what he is exposing.

If it's a thesis-demonstration structure: tell us what it was.

the strong assertion that the author pointed out at the beginning and which

arguments he puts forward to convince us of what he claims in form

so conclusive.

The text that catches my attention the most is the text:

Superstition does not explain nature. Science and Technology are foundational.
the human epic. Annex 2

28
The problem addressed by the author is the main change agents that exist in the
world; for him, it is concerning the way and processes that the world has, that do not
they can change.

The author's first argument is that the world is neither composed nor stabilized.
by the God Yahweh.

Then explain the three main agents of change, which are; the tectonic,
gravitational and the atmosphere. It gives a brief explanation of how it was formed.
America through these changes. (It explains that there were many disasters
natural). It comments on pollution and deforestation, but we should not
to cross our arms

This author justifies the state of the land we live in and then provides a solution.
which is based on better understanding nature and adapting it to technology, since
has previously served many times for improvements in the world.

29
Activities N011

Below is a text for you to approach in a manner

strategic. For this purpose:

Follow the phases of reading in order to reach the levels of

relevant understanding in the study of texts. Then, respond to what
appears at the end of it.

The Doll Store, by Julio Garmendia (fragment)

I do not have enough philosophy to rise to the elevated speculations of

thought. This explains my trivial matters and why I am now trying to confine
in brief lines the story -if it can be called that- of the old doll shop
from my grandfather, which later passed into the hands of my godfather, and from his hands to those of the

mine. In my eyes, this store has the charm of family memories; and thus
like others preserve the portraits of their ancestors, for me it is enough, to
to remember my loved ones, to stroll my gaze over the shelves where they are lined up
the old dolls, with which I never played. Since I was little, I was
He got used to looking at them seriously. My grandfather, and then my godfather, used to say,

referring to them:
We owe them our lives!

It was not possible for me, who loved them both deeply, to consider with
lightness to those to whom I owed the precious gift of existence.

When my grandfather died, my godfather didn't allow me to play with the dolls either.

they remained on the store shelves, classified in strict order,

subjected to a strict hierarchy, and never able to rub shoulders for a moment
the specimens of different conditions; nor the walking plebeians that had
enough rope to walk for a space of a meter and a half, in

30
flat surface, with the luxurious and aristocratic dolls wearing top hats and tailcoats, that
only if they knew how to lift with a godfather, he did not give them more cloth than the one

essential to maintain cleanliness on the shelves where they were

relatives. No familiarity was taken nor was the slightest joke allowed with
They. He had established a regime in the small store that will have to come into
decadence when I come into possession of the establishment, because my soul does not
it would already have the same temperament as hers and would visibly suffer from the ideas and

libertarian trends that thrived in the atmosphere of the new days.

Above all things, he imposed the principle of authority on the dolls and the
superstitious respect for the order and customs established since ancient times in the
store. He judged that it was advisable to inspire fear in them and to treat them harshly in order

to avoid confusion, disorder, anarchy, bearers of ruin thus in the

humble tents like in the great empires. He was imbued with those
erroneous principles on which he had been educated and sought to instill in me by all means

the means; and seeing in my person the heir who would succeed him in the government of
the store, showed me the austere ways of a man in command. In
As for Heriberto, the waiter who had been working in the business for some time now, my

godfather compared him to the worst wind-up toys and treated him just like them.
wooden maromeros and sawdust clowns, very popular at that time. To their
Way of seeing, Heriberto had no more brains than the dolls in whose constant
commerce had come to adopt frivolous and effeminate customs, and to such
they were rising in this particular respect as he distrusted those
dolls that had left the store at some point, taken by Heriberto, without being
definitively sold. These unfortunate ones ended up being separated from the others,
suspecting perhaps that they had acquired harmful habits at the hands of
Heriberto.

Thus many long years went by, until I became a mature man and my
godfather an old man identical to the grandfather I knew in my childhood. We still inhabited the

back room, where we could barely move around with great difficulty among the

31
dolls. There I had been born, who, although the legitimate child of honest parents,
I could consider myself the fruit of backroom loves, as heroes often are.
picaresque tales.

One day my godfather felt ill. -My vision is getting blurry -he said to me- and I confuse the

lawyers with rubber balls, who are actually way above.

my legs are weak - he continued, affectionately taking my hand - and I can't
they will traverse without fatigue the short distance that separates them from the bandits. For these

symptoms I know that I am going to die, I don't promise myself many hours of life and since

now you inherit the doll shop.

Based on the text The Doll Shop, respond to other questions.

corresponding to text comprehension strategies:

32
 With what words could you paraphrase what the narrator says?
regarding your grandfather and your godfather? That is to say, as a student-reader-

active, what paraphrase would you make of the story?; how would you summarize the
same in a coherent paragraph, with its own meaning?

I grew up with the teachings of my grandfather and his toy store. He always taught me
I teach not to waste the merchandise; I never played with any of them. My godfather.
to whom the grandfather ceded the store before dying; for his part, he barely them
he was wiping a cloth to keep the shelves clean. He was also carrying a
the regime that will end when I take possession. There was a young man
that he worked there, he adapted so much to the store's rules; that he became
frivolous and effeminate. My godfather already felt the burden of old age and told me: You no longer

I promise many hours of life, from now on you inherit the doll shop.

What information do you consider relevant to understand the text?

Could you select the sentence that you think represents the
relevant information for understanding the narrated story and
explain the reasons why you chose that sentence?

The relevant information is to know the family history and the meaning.
of belonging that the store had for each generation of the family nucleus; it is
that's why so much hermeticism was attributed to not having access to the objects of
the same. ―In my eyes, this store has the charm of family memories‖.

How can you organize into a meaningful whole the

previously carefully coded information?

The doll store was a place where toys were displayed, no one was given
the opportunity to make use of them, due to the rigorous surveillance.

33
Some people perceive according to the physiological aspects they present.
At a certain moment, they will cease to exist, that is why the reference it makes.
the narrator when his godfather expresses to him the confusion of the lawyers with the
rubber balls.

How can you relate selectively organized information with

experience and prior knowledge based on what happened to the
rubber dolls and the lawyers that the godfather confuses in the end
narrator?

I confuse lawyers with rubber balls. The relationship is based on that they
impositions and rules must always change, they become obsolete. When
a situation like this arises, it is possible that it may not come up again.
good ideas. It is a great confusion, it means that you don't have the slightest
power to continue in your struggle. My legs are giving out and I can't run without
fatigue the short distance that separates us from the bandits - (this is another part of the
paragraph). New and better reins must always be taken; knowing to whom to give them
Well, inheritances are always significant, but I think critically about that;
Measures should be taken beforehand, with specialized individuals in the subject.
to not let things decline. Always having an order and letting
new and great ideas are promoted, more to level up.

What anticipations can you make upon reading the second sentence of the text?

read? What key terms are essential for your anticipation of the story that
Are you going to read?

Thatthenaratorwoud
l onyl takl abouthsi expere
incewth
i thedolstore,ashedoesnothave.
backgroundthatsupportsthereasonforthecreao
tinandpermanenceofthatstoreduetotsi
grandfatherandmoreheirs.

34
 What inference(s) do we derive from the narrated story? We suggest,
at this moment, think of our country as if it were the store
from the grandfather, from the godfather, and what the narrator inherits and compare it with the

story narrated in The Doll Shop.

The current situation of the country: We are in a developing country; we have

formed with artistic, cultural, and conservative political education and really we
We feel like the narrator when he was a child, that they never let him play.
with not a single toy and stayed still, without responding, without
complain, since it was sent by his grandfather. When the godfather took charge of the
business, he realized that once he left his position and the store was left to him,
the regimes were going to change. We are realizing, each one of us
Venezuelans, things in every way have to change, in the meantime
we remain calm, waiting for that change, to open the doors to
A better Venezuela. I hope it's soon, we have waited too long for it.
We also resemble the narrator.

It is possible that more people should reach the level of Gustavo Dudamel, that's for sure.

even in politics, with a lot of drive.

What conclusion can you draw from the content of the story read? You
we suggest, at this moment, that you think of our country as if it were
the grandfather's store, the godfather, and what the narrator inherits.

In this country, Venezuela, we must grow every day more in values, in reality, no
I think it's fair that we have to do like the author of the story, wait almost
two generations, now being an adult. A brilliant mind is expected, one that knows
doing things right in the country, without exclusion, rather, including each one of us
of the members of the country in progress, to be a source of good life, with
regulations clearly state that we recover the lost values, we are a country

35
updated, but we need more. Venezuela I believe has already awakened and I know it's going to

to change, for the good of God.

What generalization would encompass the story told in this tale? You
we suggest writing a paragraph.

Talk about conservative people who educated their child, thinking

always, that it was the best they could do, they taught him the value of respect
towards them (which is not bad, it's just that nobody is perfect) and they did what
they thought it was best for him. That boy grew up, matured, and realized
that he had lost his childhood and that he could change things in his life, but not anymore.
in the store until they left it in his charge, there yes, that store (according to him) was going to

change.

36
The study of language and language theory, by L. Hjelmslev

Great trees grow from small seeds.

Joseph Deken.

Language - human speech - is an inexhaustible source of multiple treasures.

language is inseparable from man and follows him in all his tasks. Language is
the instrument with which man shapes his thought and his
feelings, their state of mind, their aspirations, their desires and their actions, the
instrument through which it exerts and receives influences, the firmest foundation and
deep within human society. But it is also the last and indispensable
support of the human individual, their refuge in the demonological hours of the poet and of
thinker. Before the first awakening of our consciousness, it was already unfolding the
language its echoes around us, ready to close around the tender seed
of thought and to accompany us inseparably through life, from the
simple everyday activities to our most sublime and intimate moments
those moments that, through the deposit of memory that language
it provides us, we extract the heat and the strength necessary for daily living-. But the
Language is not merely an external accompaniment. It has its roots in the most
deep in the human mind, a treasure of memories inherited by the tribe and the
individual, vigilant consciousness that remembers and warns. And speech is the sign
distinction of personality, for better or for worse, the distinctive sign of home and
of the nation, the title of nobility of the human race. So inseparably it
find the language linked to personality, to home, to the nation, to
the human genre and life itself, which we may sometimes feel tempted
to ask if language is merely a reflection of that, or simply, all
these things -the cotyledon itself from which they are born-. For these reasons, it has attracted the

language to man as an object of admiration and description, both poetic and

scientific.

37
(Taken from: Hjelmslev, L. ―The study of language and language theory‖, in
Prolegomena to a theory of language (1943/1974) Madrid: Gredos; pp. 11-
12)

Activity N012

Based on the text read, the study of language and language theory,
respond to these questions:

Based only on the reading of the title, can you infer, deduce which
What is its content? What anticipations were you able to make?
taking into account the first idea of the text?
Study of language and theory of language is the title; from this I can infer that it
It deals with the presentation of the topic itself, it will talk about what the study of means.

language, what is it about studying the subject of the study of language and why
Language exists.

In what way, as you progressed, did you discover new relationships?

in the text, based on some prior knowledge?
Every day we realize the importance of language, to tell the truth.
Without him, we cannot live; we realize there are already many languages. From there on.
I discovered the new relationships in the text through prior knowledge.
Actually, for the subject of Spanish, it hasn't had this type of objective, more the
the sentiment with which the author - Hjelmslev, L - expresses is felt in each one of
we, every day of our life.

What knowledge did the highlighted ideas in bold bring you?

Would you like to explain in your own words the content of the text: that is to say, if you go

to paraphrase the same?

Since we are born, we are taught a language, with which we express ourselves, in order to

communicate with other people and with ourselves if we feel lonely, in

38
our thoughts. We really do not know how languages formed,
but it was the most intelligent way that humans created to relate to each other,
besides not stopping there, it is so important that many people are
bilingual or polyglots, there it is seen and emphasized that there are no limits in race
human, there are no obstacles in the whole world that limit us from
to communicate.

What generalization would include the ideas contained in the text read?
Do you think the first sentence of the text contains a key idea?
The generalization would be the importance of language. -Language - speech
humanity is an inexhaustible source of multiple treasures. This is the first
The sentence of the text is clear and has a key idea, besides a metaphor, of much.
meaning, drives the next reading.

Yes, the first sentence is key since language is the greatest treasure that
we have humans, without him it would be impossible to have any information.

What conclusions do you reach regarding the importance of language?

If you rely on the last two lines of the text? Why?
For these reasons, language has attracted man as an object of admiration and
description, both poetic and scientific." These are the last lines of the text and
if it makes a compliment to writing by placing it in the scientific and poetic aspect, and it is
It is true that it has importance in this sense because without language there would be neither the

poetry and scientific inventions of any kind (everything would have errors not
we could have advanced technologically).

39
My strategies in reading comprehension
How to ensure that there has been an improvement in the process of the
reading for academic purposes?
Inventory of reading strategies
STRATEGIES FOR READING Never Few times Always

PRE-READING

Get a global idea before tackling the reading

total, to approach the text
To formulate the first assumptions about the text a
read, based on the title, its layout or others
presentation aspects.
Review the information presented on the covers,
back covers, flaps to identify author information,
editorial
Read the indices, introductions, presentations,
prologues...in order to observe details of the structure,
the approach, who comments on the work...
COMPREHENSIVE READING

Separate relevant ideas from non-relevant ones

text.
Anticipate ideas, images, comments about the
content of the text, in order to foresee events,
events or facts.
Express the content in your own words
text, maintaining the ideas and the structure
fundamentals
Discover new things starting from others, through
unexpressed deductions
Partially summarize and with your own sense the text that
is reading
Organize meaningfully and globally the
content of the text as new knowledge.
Become aware of the value of knowledge
prior to linking them with the new ones that are coming
acquiring through reading.
Verify the ideas or assumptions formulated in the pre-
reading, with the author's proposals in the text.
POST-READING
Specify the fundamental proposals made in
the text.
Restructure the text while maintaining what it
identify as either fact, problem-solution, or thesis
demonstration.
Associate new knowledge obtained from reading
with those [who possess to generate others.
Transfer the knowledge acquired through the
reading to everyday situations.

40