INTRODUCTION

Humanity throughout time has been governed by the type of machines that have been
used. Since the times of primitive man when different types were used
of tools like stones, hammers or weapons to kill animals, when they
was using fire for the development of new tools by extracting metals, until
When did the Industrial Revolution begin after World War II, when?
the development of new machine-tools began to advance rapidly,
During this time of the industrial revolution, processes such as the began to be used.
computer numerical control, electrical discharge machining, computer-aided design
Computer-Aided Design (CAD), Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM), as well as the systems of
flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), which have significantly altered the
manufacturing methods.

This work focuses on a specific machine, the lathe, which will be described in
In brief, what are its parts, accessories, safety measures, assembly of the
part in the machine, the axes of the machinery, basic maintenance operations
from the machine, safety standards and the machining process used for the
manufacturing of the piece.

The lathe is historically the precursor of all machines and tools.

The first application of the principle of the lathe was probably in the potter's wheel.
machine to turn a mass of clay and allowed it to take a cylindrical shape.

The modern lathe operates on the same basic principle. The workpiece is
it is held and rotates on its axis while the cutting tool moves along the lines
of the desired cut. The lathe is one of the most versatile machine tools.
used in the industry. With the appropriate attachments, the lathe can be used to
turning operations, making cones, shaping, cutting screws, facing, drilling
machined, rejected, ground, and polished. The cutting operations are performed with
a cutting tool that advances either parallel or at a right angle
regarding the axis of the workpiece. The cutting tool can also advance
with an angle relative to the axis of the workpiece, to machine cones and angles.

Modern production has led to the development of many special types of

lathes like the gear mechanism, automatic revolver of a simple spindle and
multiple, pantograph and numerical control and now the numerically controlled turning centers
by computer.

The gear mechanical lathe that basically is not a production lathe, is

find in non-professional workshops, school workshops, and tool rooms.

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When many duplicate parts are required, a turret lathe can be used.
This lathe is equipped with a tool post with multiple sides,
called turret, to which various cutting tools can be mounted.
they use different cutting tools in a given sequence to carry out
a series of operations on each piece. This same sequence can be repeated in
many parts, without the need to change or readjust the cutting tools.

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 II-OBJECTIVES OF THE PRACTICE

Know the parts of the lathe and what function they have.

Apply safety measures in the lathe.

Take measurements of the piece (with the help of the vernier, micrometer, and lathe) and center it.
return.

Sharpening bits and tools.

How to mount and machine parts on a 3-jaw chuck.

Lathe maintenance.

Turning cones with the auxiliary carriage.

Drill small diameter holes on a lathe.

Use the chamfer tool

Use the center drill

Use the chuck

Assemble the chuck with some chuck keys

To use the tapping tool manually with the handle and select the size.
correct

To take a measurement with the micrometer.

To use the 4 x 1 60° aballnador.

To use the Allen keys when we are going to give an angle to the piece and to choose the
correct angle of attack.

-.Etc.

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III- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

1-Parts and the purposes of the main operating parts of the lathe

The Bench.
B=Fixed Header.
C=Main Workbench Car.
D=Transversal Displacement Car.
E=Superior Car Tool.
F=Tool Holder
G=Transversal Movement Box.
H=Advance Mechanism.
I=Threaded or Pattern Screw.
J=Cylinder Rolling Bar.
K=Progress Bar.
L=Mobile Head.
M=Gag Plate (Usillo).
N=Control Levers of the Rotational Movement.
O=Counterpoint.
U=Guide.
Z=Support Legs.

The main parts of the lathe are the bed (guides), the headstock, and the gearbox.
of quick change, the support car and the counterpoint.

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The bench is a heavy and robust cast piece, made to support the parts of
lathe work. In its upper section are the machined guides that guide and
they align the main parts of the lathe.

The headstock is mounted on the left side of the bed. The spindle of the headstock, a
cylindrical and hollow shaft supported by bearings, provides the thrust through the
gears from the motor to the workpiece holding devices.

The longitudinal cart, which consists of three main parts: mount, cross cart and
board, is used to move the cutting tools along the bench of the
return.

The counterpoint, which consists of the upper and lower counterpoint fused together, can
adjust for conical or parallel turning using two screws at its base.

2-Safety on the lathe,

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Workers must wear safety goggles against impacts, over

whenever hard, brittle or fragile metals are machined, due to the
danger that chips and fragments from the machine represent for the eyes
they could be projected.

Operate the machine without getting distracted.

If despite everything a tin body were ever introduced into an eye, it would not...
rubbing can cause an injury. Seek medical attention immediately.

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 The chips produced during machining should never be removed with the
bro, since cuts and punctures can occur.
The dry shavings should be removed with a suitable brush or broom, while being
machine stopped. For wet or oily shavings, it is better to use a
rubber brush
Work clothes should be worn fitted. The sleeves should be worn
tightened at the wrist.

Work clothes should be well-fitting. Sleeves should be worn

tightly fitted to the wrist.
Safety footwear that protects against cuts and punctures must be used, so
how to prevent the falling of heavy pieces.
It is very dangerous to work wearing rings, watches, bracelets, chains on the
neck, scarves, ties or any garment that hangs.
It is also dangerous to have long, loose hair, which should be tied up.
under a cap or similar garment. The same goes for the long beard.

BEFORE STARTING THE WORK

Check that the plate and its anti-loosening lock are correctly secured.
placed.
That the piece to be worked on is correctly and firmly secured to the device.
support and that in its movement it finds no obstacles.
The tightening key has been removed from the plate.
Make sure the tool holder locking lever is properly tightened.
The fastening screws of the upper carriage are tightened.
If counterpoint is used, check that it is well anchored to the bench and that the
The counterpoint spindle locking balance is well tightened.
That the protective casings or guards of the gears and transmissions
are correctly placed and fixed.

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 That there are no abandoned parts or tools that could fall or be
reached by the machine.
If you are going to work with long bars that protrude from the back of the
head, check that the bar is covered by a guide protection, throughout
its length.
That the protective cover of the plate is correctly placed.
That the transparent protective screen against chip projections and
Taladrina is well located.

DURING WORK

During machining, hands should be kept away from the

tool that rotates or moves. If the work is done in automatic cycle.
Hands should not rest on the machine table.
All verification, adjustment, etc. operations must be carried out with the
machine stopped, especially the following:

Move away or leave the workstation, hold the piece to be worked on, measure or
check the finish, adjust protections or make repairs, direct the
jet of drilling fluid.

You should never stop the plate with your hand. It is dangerous to wear rings or
Alliances; many accidents occur because of this.
Safety start devices will be used for turning between points.
otherwise, the current towing devices will be equipped with a ring of
safety. Unprotected drag devices have caused numerous
accidents, including deadly ones.
To file on the lathe, the file should be held by the handle with the left hand.
The right hand will hold the file by the tip.
When working with emery cloth on the lathe, certain precautions must be taken:
If possible, do not apply the sanding cloth directly on the piece.
with the hands.
You can grind safely using a file or a board as support.
the sandpaper.

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 It is dangerous to introduce the sandpaper with your finger to polish the inner part.
In the piece; the safest way is to do it with sandpaper wrapped around a cylindrical stick.
To measure, file, or grind the blade, it should be protected with a cloth or a
leather cap. It prevents injuries to the arms.

ORDER, CLEANING OF THE WORKPLACE

It is also necessary to take care of the order and preservation of the tools, implements, and
accessories; having a place for everything and everything in its place.
The work area and the surroundings of the machine must be kept clean.
and free of obstacles and oil stains. The fallen and scattered objects
they can cause dangerous trips and slips, so they must be
collected before this happens.
The machine must be kept in perfect condition, clean and
correctly lubricated.

The shavings must be removed regularly, without waiting until the end of the day.
using a brush or brush for dry shavings and a rubber scraper
for the humid and oily.
The tools should be stored in a cabinet or suitable place. It should not
do not leave any tool or object loose on the machine. Both the parts
raw like the already machined ones must be stacked safely and orderly or
it's good to use suitable containers if the parts are small.
The access paths to the machine must be kept clear.
Eliminate waste, dirty rags soaked in oil or grease that may catch fire with
ease, accumulating them in suitable containers (metallic and with lids).
Electrical faults can only be investigated and repaired by
a professional electrician; at the slightest anomaly of this type, disconnect it
machine, put up a sign saying Broken Machine and notify the electrician.
Electrical conduits must be protected against cuts and damage.
produced by the shavings and/or tools. Monitor this point and inform your
immediate superior of any anomaly that you observe.

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 During the repairs, place a sign saying 'No' on the main switch.
Touch. Danger Man Working. If possible, put a lock on it.
main switch or pull the fuses.

To minimize the chances of accidents when operating the lathe, one must
Observe the following safety precautions:

3-How to sharpen lathe cutting tools.

The goal was to understand the edges that can be given to a burin, as well as to learn to
make some of them. Also know the machine used to form the edges like this
how the function of each of the stones that make up the machine.

To carry out the sharpening, we use a grinder, which is a machine that is

composed of grinding stones at the ends of an axis that rotate at high speed
through an electric motor. It is generally used for metal piece work.

Due to the number of operations that can be performed on a lathe, a

a large number of cutting tools. For them to perform efficiently,
They must have certain angles and clearances for the material being cut. All
lathe tools cut if they have front and side clearances, the addition of the
Lateral and upper inclinations allow the chips to escape quickly from the edge
cutting, making the tool cut better. All cutting tools of
They must have certain angles and clearances regardless of their shape.

We sharpened 3 chisels, one that was used to ravage and give the first
finished to the piece with the indicated diameters, the second chisel was in the shape of
little fish that was used for some lateral cuts in the piece and the last burin shaped as
pill for another side cut.

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5-How to assemble, center, and remove the workpiece to be machined, as well as accessories.
turns (gag and burin).

Any workpiece that is machined between the centers of the lathe is generally turned on
some portion of its length, then it is reversed, and finished at the other end.
It is important, when machining pieces between centers, that the live center rotates.
completely in the center. If the live point is not straight, the two diameters that
The turns will not be concentric when the workpiece is flipped for machining.
opposite extreme, and it may be necessary for the piece to be discarded.

To center, we place the tool on the tool holder with an angle of attack.
suitable, and then the surface of the piece was cleaned to check if it was correct.
centered the burin. Once the piece and the burin are centered, we start to
make the necessary cuts.

The piece to be machined is held evenly in the vise of

3 pieces.

6-Basic maintenance operations

The three types of maintenance are applied to a lathe; mainly preventive maintenance, is
It must be said daily that all moving parts of the lathe must be cleaned and lubricated like
bench, guides, lead screw, etc., periodic oil change for the box
changes, greasing of bearings, cleaning, tensioning and cosmetic work on the belts (yes
uses) and bearing replacement for the motor, cleaning of the electrical panel and tightening of
connections.

Regarding predictive: current, noise, and vibration can be measured with the machine.
working in void to detect possible imbalance problems, bearings, etc. Thus
as game measurements in cars and eccentricity between centers to determine
possible problems in the machine's accuracy

As for corrective action, it should be the least possible, as it is carried out when the
the equipment failed and it will be necessary to make the repair or the replacement of the parts
damaged.

The most important part is the bench and the set of guides for the cars, for
It is very important to remove any type of burr that could cause scratches.
the wear, these parts should always be well lubricated and are considered the
soul of the machine, that is to say if a lathe has its bed and carriage in good condition

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ensures good accuracy and a prolonged lifespan, also retains its value
economic.

First of all, the lathe must be maintained so that it operates with its
functions and not problems at the time of being carried out:

Clean the area after working so that the chips or burrs do not obstruct the
operation of the machine and not to get into the gears.

Lubricate the inside of the machine through some round points where it enters.
tip of the oil boat and so there is no more noise than there should be and it does not fail.

IV- MACHINING PROCESS (development of the practice)

Main accessories and tools used in the workshop during development of

the practice.

1-Maneral for earthworks 9-

2-Handle for tap

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3-Keys of the bracer

4-Alen key

5-Turnkeys

6-Micrometer

6-Broca of 27/64

7-Avalancher 60°

8-Tap ½ 13

9-Buril

10-Center drill

Procedure

1- It started with sharpening the burins

2-Mount the piece (1.00'' diameter aluminum bar) in a three-jaw chuck.

gags.

3-The burin is fitted into the tool holder.

4-We select a moderately speed to start the cutting test

The surface of the piece was cleaned and we centered the piece.

6-We marked our first zero

6- We started to drive in the crossover car to move forward towards our

zero second.

We hit the corner and marked our second zero.

We are ready to start devastating the piece.

9- It starts with roughing the larger diameter of 0.8 inches with a length of
0.7 inches

Note: The roughing is to remove the excess metal as quickly as possible.

possible.

10-The first diameter ends at a measurement close to the final measurement of .005.
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11- It progresses to the second largest diameter and it is carried out the same
procedure with our respecting the measures that are to be obtained.

12-We reach the smaller diameter and we perform the roughing again until we get close.
to the final measure.

With an Allen key, the angle of attack of the chisel is changed to make a cut of
approximately 45° at the tip of the piece, so that it takes the shape of a cone.

14- We start with a properly sharpened burin to make the finishes with the
exact measurements and to be measured carefully with the micrometer.

15-We make cuts with a burin in the shape of a fish and in the shape of a pill, these
drills are introduced .15 inches in diameter and enter straight into their
arista.

16-We cut a piece from the back of the part and started working on it.

17-We make necessary cuts for the creation of the stopper, giving a diameter of ½ and a
depth of .550 inches, in this part of the piece the plug rock will be formed.

An angled cut is made at the tip of the plug to facilitate its use.
half slice

19- The barrel is mounted on a handle and we put a little butter on the cap to
facilitate the cut.

20- With great care we began to make the ring, making circular movements.
with the handle so that the passage and the thread in the cap of the piece can be formed.

21-We mount a center drill on the collet and mark the center on the part
back of the piece.

22-We dismantle the center drill

23-We mounted the 27/64 drill bit and inserted it into the mark made in the step.
previous

24-Introduce the drill bit into the piece to the desired depth.

25-We disassembled the drill. Of 27/64

26-We assembled the 60° camber and introduced it into the hole made for
to form a chamfer that would facilitate the introduction of the tool.

27-We disassemble the 60° ripper

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28-We select the die with the size of (½ 13) that we are going to use to create the
threading inside the piece.

29-We install the tap of (1/2 13) on a handle.

We started the creation of the thread by carefully introducing the tap and
in a straight line, to correctly form the cord.

31-End of the practice

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Finished piece

Photo

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VI- CONCLUSION

This practice fulfilled the purpose of operating the lathe machine, the learned
basis for us to start developing our skills according to the
we are progressing in our career, we learned to assemble a piece, to take the
necessary measures, to start the machine, speed control, how to use the
correct angle of attack depending on the cut to be made, also
we handle the mobile head where we install the drill to carry out the drilling of the
piece, we learned to sharpen the chisels, and to make the thread in our piece, with a
I was satisfied with what I learned in practice as I used the chisel and the tap.
I have the foundation to start practicing and acquire skill.

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 VII- Bibliography

TOOL MACHINE TECHNOLOGY

6th Edition

Steve F. Krar–Artur R. Gill–Peter Smid

346-455

2) [Link]

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