MULTIPLE LEAF SPRING WORK

Adela Vanesa Suarez Jaramillo

PASCUAL BRAVO UNIVERSITY INSTITUTION

Mechatronic Systems Technology
DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS
YONDO- ANT
2019
 INTRODUCTION

Modern automotive suspension systems have several advantages.

in its performance regarding comfort, maneuverability, and durability, as is the
in the case of active suspension, however, systems like this have costs
high manufacturing and implementation costs, which makes them difficult to access.
One of these suspension systems is the leaf springs, which
they have a great load capacity, low maintenance, and a cost of
economic manufacturing, however this type of spring lacks the capacity to
absorb elastic energy quickly and transmit it largely to
the suspended table, causing discomfort and a feeling of stiffness to the user, in addition
to transmit the vibrations to other components of the system, affecting the
integrity of the entire structure.
The design of this type of components has been carried out through
analytical methodologies and assumptions, in which it is analyzed in isolation
function, however, there is no certainty about how effective the design has been,
in addition to meeting the technical requirements established by the standards and by
the users, it is not possible to determine if their performance in a real condition will be
broadly or partially satisfied.
 MULTIPLE LEAF SPRING
A particularly effective suspension system is that of the leaf springs: thanks to
this mechanism, the body of a car (or its chassis) is connected to the
vehicle wheels, in such a way that it allows to reduce the speed of its
movements during driving.
It is a type of suspension particularly used for heavy vehicles of various
types: from trucks to industrial vehicles, from all-terrain vehicles to
heavy vehicles. In fact, this mechanism is extremely robust and is
able to withstand considerable stress without any problem.

LEAF SPRING OF A BOW

A leaf spring is a component of the suspension systems of some

vehicles. Specifically, a leaf spring is made up of several (u
occasionally only one) thin strips of metal, called arranged one on top
from the other to form a single curved piece.
The bending of the leaves and the friction between them, as they slide slightly over one another.
others during bending, absorbs the weight of the vehicle and the shocks. Most of
The leaf springs are curved (often referred to as elliptical springs); the
curvature helps the spring absorb the impact.
The three main functions of the suspension of any vehicle are:
Support the vehicle
Absorbing the impacts of potholes, bumps, and other irregularities of the
road
It allows the vehicle to turn in response to the driver's inputs.
steering system can be considered part of the suspension, or its own
system, but in any case the suspension must allow movement
from the wheels as the vehicle turns.
Springs in general, and leaf springs in particular, help to perform
the first two of these functions: support the weight of the vehicle while
they absorb the blows.
A leaf spring is generally attached to the body or frame of the vehicle.
at each end, while the set of the wheel or axle is fixed in the middle
of the spring.
Normally, each spring extends in the same direction as the vehicle, one
on each side, with mounting points at the front and rear; some designs
of suspension feature a single leaf spring on each side (one spring
"transversal".

CHARACTERISTICS

The leaf spring acts as a coupling to keep the shaft in position.

and, therefore, separate couplings are not needed. It makes construction
that the suspension is simple and durable.
Because the positioning of the axis is carried out by the springs of
sheets, it is disadvantageous to use soft springs, that is, springs with a
low spring constant.
Therefore, this type of suspension does not provide good driving comfort.
The friction between the leaves in the leaf springs affects comfort.
driving. Acceleration and braking torque cause cord and vibration.
The friction between the leaves dampens the movement of the spring and reduces the bounce, which
that until the shock absorbers were widely adopted it was a great advantage
about helical springs.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN EFFORTS, FORCE AND DEFORMATION, IN

MULTI-LEAF OR LEAF SPRINGS

Consider a cantilever beam with constant strength and uniform thickness t

(triangular shape) cut into n strips of thickness b. The bending stress is equal
in all sections of the triangular beam; we assume that this situation
prevails after the stripes have been stacked (although this is not
completely true)
The effort:

The deformation of a beam with constant resistance and uniform thickness is:

These equations also apply to semi-elliptical leaf springs.

(compound for two overhangs supported en I am center)
Adding one or more full-length additional sheets, , in width and
constant thickness over the graduated cylinder, is approximately equivalent to having a
beam and of constant width, loaded in parallel with a beam g of resistance
constant, as shown in the figure.
The deformations in beams e and g are:

Sean the number of graduated sheets and the number of additional sheets
with full length. So:
Fe and Fg represent the portions of the total force F absorbed by the beams e and
g. Since the deformations are equal Ye = Yg

Replacing the values of Imax

Also:

The effort:

The deformation of the composite spring:

 CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS

CALCULATION TO SUPPORT THE LOAD OF A TRUCK SPRING

MODEL

For our calculations, we will consider a bending effort equal to:

σ=50Kg/mm

1.1. REAR AXLE LOAD

1.2. FRONT AXLE LOAD

MAIN AND AUXILIARY BALLETS OF SEMI-ELLIPTICAL LEAVES

(REAR SUSPENSION)
 CALCULATION TO WITHSTAND THE FORCES OF THE AXLE SPRINGS
BACK

Main crossbow

FUNCTION OF SUSPENSION

Its function is to suspend and absorb sudden movements that occur.

they would produce in the bodywork, as a result of the irregularities presented by the
way, providing a smooth, stable, and safe walk. To achieve such
These components must be placed between the frame (body) and the axles where
of the wheels. We refer to suspension as the set of elements that
interpose between the suspended and non-suspended organs. There are others
elements with cushioning mission, such as tires and seats. The
Components of the suspension must be sufficiently strong and elastic.
to withstand the loads to which they are subjected without causing
permanent deformations nor breakages and also so that the vehicle does not lose
adhesion to the ground.

ELEMENTS OF SUSPENSION

MAIN ELEMENTS:

1-Springs: They are elements placed between the frame and the nearest
to the wheels, which directly collect the irregularities of the terrain,
absorbing them in the form of deformation. They have good elastic properties and
they absorb mechanical energy, preventing indefinite deformations. When due to
due to a load or an irregularity in the terrain, the dock deforms, and the action ceases
what produces the deformation, the spring will tend to oscillate, creating a swing in the
vehicle that is reduced by means of the shock absorbers. There are 3 types:

Ballestas: They are made up of a series of sheets of resistant steel and

elastic, of different lengths, layered from smallest to largest, and held by a
central fastener called "capuchin-pin". To keep the sheets aligned
they carry some clamps. The longest blade is called 'master'. It ends in its
extremes in two curves forming an eye through which, and by means of a
rubber silent blocks, they are articulated in the frame. They are held in place by the braces.
to the axis of the wheel. At one end, a twin is placed, which allows for the
longitudinal displacement of the leaves when the wheel hits an obstacle and, in the
the other end is fixed to the frame.

The crimping consists of two steel sleeves between which a ...

rubber shirt.
If the crossbow is very flexible, it is called soft, and, conversely, hard; used
one or the other depending on the weight to be supported. The springs can be used as an element
from the shaft to the frame. To prevent dust or moisture that may
accumulate on the leaves, I managed to 'weld' some to others preventing slipping
between themselves and, therefore, flexibility is achieved by interspersing sheets with sheets
of zinc, plastic, or simply grease them.
They tend to have a noticeably curved shape and can be positioned longitudinally.
or in a transversal manner, this last form is used in wheel suspension
independent, it is necessary to place the twins at their ends.
There are ballots called 'parabolic', in which the sheets do not have the same
section along its entire length. They are thicker in the center than at the ends.
They are used in vehicles that carry a lot of weight.

Helical springs: Another elastic means in the suspension. It cannot be used.

as a thrust or lateral holding element, so it is necessary to use
thrust rods and tension straps. With the variable diameter, it is achieved a
progressive flexibility; it can also be achieved with another inner spring
additional. The flexibility of the spring will be a function of the number of coils, of the diameter
of the spring, of the thickness or diameter of the wire, and of the elastic characteristics of the
The ends of the coils are flat, to facilitate coupling.
from the dock in its support. The docks receive compression forces, but because of
Helical springs work under torsion.
Twist beam: Elastic medium, widely used in suspensions
independent rear suspension in some vehicle models. They are also used
at the front. Its operation is based on the fact that if a steel bar
the elastic one is fixed at one end and I subject the free end to a torsional force
(twist), the bar will twist, but once the effort is finished it will regain its shape
primitive. The applied effort must not exceed the elasticity limit of the
bar material, to avoid permanent deformation. Its assembly can be
carry out transversely or longitudinally. The section can be square or cylindrical,
being this last one the most common. Its fixation is done by means of a grooved cube.

2- Shock absorbers: The deformation of the elastic medium, as a consequence of the

irregularities of the terrain lead to oscillations of the entire set. When
the irregularity that causes the deformation disappears, and if it is not stopped
oscillations, would cause the entire body to sway. That brake, in number and amplitude,
the oscillations are managed through the dampers. The dampers
they transform the mechanical energy of the spring into thermal energy, heating up a
fluid contained inside the shock absorber when having to pass through certain
narrow steps. They can be friction or hydraulic, although currently only
the latter are used. The hydraulic ones, in turn, can be rotary, piston or
telescopic; although they are all based on the same principle. The most
extended is the telescopic.
 THE PURPOSE OF THE LEAF SPRINGS
Many of the early cars, including the Ford Model T, used springs of
leaf springs. Leaf springs are suitable for distributing heavy loads in
a large area (because they are fixed to the vehicle at the ends, which can be
at various feet away) and for suspension designs that incorporate an axle
"solid" instead of an independent suspension for each wheel, which was
common in cars until the 1970s and remains the standard in the
heavy vehicles such as trucks.
These factors make bow springs suitable for trucks.
and other heavy vehicles, but less for cars, as such designs
they tend to have undesirable effects on the handling of a vehicle.
Like independent rear suspensions (as opposed to solid axle ones)
leaf springs have become increasingly common in automobiles
they are now mainly found in trucks, vans, SUVs and
trailers.
ADVANTAGES OF SUSPENSION SPRINGS

Due to the large amount of overlapping metal, the leaf springs offer
a large amount of support between the wheels, the axles, and the chassis of the car. They can
to bear enormous vertical loads that are applied to them due to their structure very
united, hence heavy service industries continue to use them.
The vertical load is also distributed along the length of the leaf spring.
instead of doing it sharply through a small spring and shock absorber,
what can create a concentrated force too great for
I handled the suspension.
In a car, the suspension can be an extremely important feature.
important. If the suspension is poorly damped, the car will roll over and
It will bounce back well after hitting any bump or hole in the road.
This was a significant feature in cars that used springs.
helicoidal before the dawn of the shock absorber and was disadvantageous for the
cars when they drove at any real pace.
The leaf springs supported the vehicle's cushioning much better.
due to the friction between each steel plate, which caused the response time
after a vertical bend in the suspension it was much faster, which
made the car much more controllable.
Leaf springs were simple in design and cheap to produce in comparison.
with the first springs and shock absorbers, therefore, it was the initial configuration
once cars were mass-produced to ensure reliability and
keep costs low.
 Monolithic springs were the simplest design in the batch, using only a
steel sheet for springs that tapered from thick in the middle to thin on the edges.
edges (known as parabolic springs) to distribute vertical loads
appropriately.
However, a single sheet configuration can only be used in vehicles.
extremely light due to the lack of resistance within the bar.

DISADVANTAGES OF LEAF SPRINGS

A major drawback of sheet settings is that they are not

brilliant when it comes to tuning the suspensions.
In competition cars and high-performance applications, it is vital
being able to manipulate a suspension setting for the conditions of
driving and for the different driving styles, something that is much
easier nowadays through adjustable coils.
This lack of adjustability of the sheet adjustments is accentuated by the
fact that the ends of the leaf springs are attached to the chassis,
which leaves very little margin for shortening or lengthening of the
leaves.
Therefore, adjustments can only be made through the
resistance and flexibility of the material used to form the springs of
sheets.
The leaves also allow very few directions of movement and only
they are really designed to move vertically, while a
the combination of spring and damper can be manipulated over a range of
much larger movement.
The leaf springs are firmly secured to each other and bolted to the
chassis, as well as the axle, leaving little to no room for anything else
direction of movement, which can cause significant wear on the
joints and connections that keep the configuration together.
This connection with a live rear axle can cause dynamic characteristics.
comics in a car when compared to a suspension system
more modern independent, something for which the older Mustangs are
celebrities.
The rear axle will simply bounce in high-speed corners, as
the suspension and the axle are forced to move together, when a modern
the damped system would add much more composure to the experience of
driving.
Compared to a helical spring, leaf springs are
generally much more rigid, simply until the construction of
steel and the tight package in which they are screwed and held.
Therefore, driving comfort is not a feature of the
vehicles that use leaf springs, which made them popular
will drastically decrease after the introduction of the
appropriate shock absorbers in everyday cars in the decade of
in a profitable way in 1970.
 CONCLUSION

In the beginning, it was the trucks and other heavy vehicles that
models to follow for the manufacturing of the suspension. Thus, it is
they acquired the crossbow system.
It is clear that, although this is a robust and resilient system, the
the comfort and convenience of passengers take a back seat.
Seeking to improve the feeling of comfort in movement.
vehicles, the manufacturers decided to make changes to this system.
Some substantially modified the crossbows themselves, removing
leaves and adding good shock absorbers. In this way, they achieved
reduce the bumps of the vehicles and provide a little more smoothness
in the walking.
But some manufacturers went further and completely replaced the
ballestas, incorporating docks helicoidal regulated for
hydraulic type shock absorbers.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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