Lecture note of Dt. [Link] on RCC Column RCC Column Wh ‘Colum may be defined as a vertical structural member that cary loads chiefly in compression. Itcan cary moment is Column: as well, about one or both axes of the cross section. Bending action may produce tensile forces over a part of the cross-section. Even in such case columns are refered as compression members because compression force L dominates its behavior. ts ratio of height to least lateral dimension is = > 3, 1 ‘Types of Column: ‘A) Based on reinforcement column can be divided into the following was 1) Column reinforced with longitudinal bar and lateral ties. 2) Coun reinforced with longitudinal bar and continuous spirals 3) Composite compression members reinforced longitudinal with structural steel shapes, pipe or tubing. B) Based on length |. Short column: Short columns those whose ratio of effective length to the minimum thickness is less then 12 (ie. $12), Material strength isthe main factor for its failure. 2. Long Column: Short colunms those whose ratio of effective length to the minimum thickness is greater then 12 (212), Material strengthand buekling are the main factors for it failure, © Depending on position ata building or loading pattem: 1) Axially loaded column, 2) Unearial column 3) Biaxial column, Preliminary size of column: ‘The intial stage in colum design involves estimating the required of the column. There is no simple rule to do this as the axial load capacity ofa given cross-section varies depending on the moment acting on the section. The eo > O.45(f, + f.P6) F, The approximate relation between axial load and gross area for ted column is, Ay yyy 2 O55 f+ FP.) Depending on span length an initial approximation for gross area of column can also be mide. For columns, approximate relation between axial load and gross area for tied column is, A, Supporting heavily loaded floors minimum overall dimensions of one-fifteenth theaverage span of the panel is considered satisfactory. Roof colums may be somewhat lighter; one-eighteenth the average spanis specified by some codes as a minimum diameter. Eunction_of Tic/ spiral! Transverse reinforcement: 1. To hold longitudinal bars in position in forms while the concrete is being placed. For this purpose both of them are wired togetherto form a cage of reinforcement, 2. Toprevent the highly stressed slender longitudinal bars from buckling outward bursting the thin concrete Page- 1Lecture note of [Link] on RCC Column .O = 3 7 z & ? 7 Fig: Tied column Fig: Spiral column Serial Nox Contents Ted Spirad a) Least Dimension ‘Min™ 10 in, in BQ regions 12 in. Min®™ 12 in oy Teastarea = = Go} Steel ratio, Ps mia T% 1% a Steel ratio, Py max We we a Min [Link] fongiodinal bar 7 e 7 Mit fonaitudinal bar se bar Boar a Min No. oF te bar FF or bundle bars or longitudinal bar sizo>#10 use #4 bara tie) Wy Win Car cover TS TS Note: Generally P,,naxis preferable between 1%- 4% to avoid steel congestion. ine for Tie/ spiral reinforcement 1) All bars of tied columns shall be enclosed by lateral ties, at east No. 3 in size for longitudinal bars up to No. 10, and at least No. 4 in size for Nos. 11, 14, and 18 and bundled longitudinal bars 2) The spacing of the ties shall not exceed 16 diameters of longitudinal bars (16D), 48 diameters of tie bars (48d), nor the least dimension (Ion) ofthe colurm, 3) No bar shall be farther than 6 in. clear on either side from such a laterally supported bar. 4) The ties shall be so arranged that every comer and altemate longitudinal bar shall have lateral support pro~ vided by the comer of a tie having an included angle of not more than 135°. 5) Spirals shall be continuous bar of not less than #3. The clear spacing between tums of the spiral must not eweed 3 inch (but not less than 1 inch), Design of axially loaded column: WSD:Lecture note of Dr. [Link] on RCC Column For concentrically loaded spirally reinforced column Code provides the following formula for maximum allowable load: P=4,(0.25f. + f,p,) For concentrically loaded tied reinforced cohurm Code provides the following formula for maximum allowable load: P=0854,(0.25f. + f,2,) Ag= Gross coneretearea, p., usp: Let us consideran axially loaded column where the load is taken by both concrete and steel. Therefore, P= fA, + f,A,. But full strength of fis not used rather 0.85 f,. So we can say: P=0.85f-A, + f,A,..Rearranging the equation we get, P= 85 f(A, AD +S, P=A,{085f1-P,)+S,P.} For concentrically loaded tied reinforced colurm Code provides the following formula for maximum allowable toad: P= aol, (0.85/.1—p,)+f,P,} @=0.85 and g = 0.75 for spiral cotum &=0,80 and g = 0.70 for tied column Recommendation , coume yf 2 WA, food rt f Ay eu Bais) LFA ry Spee z. rt ia F 24 stirup bar diameter = ia if =iN poe el fo . Tie spacing Fig: Minimum details for frames in regions of moderate risk Page- 3Lecture note of [Link] on RCC Column Problem 1: Design a tied column for load 500 kip both in WSD and USD. wsp Considering, p, = 0.02 P=0.854,0.25f, + f,P,) = 500 = 0.85.4, (0.25 x3 + 0.4% 60 x 0.02) => A, = 478.24 in? (h? = 478.24 2h = 21.87") ‘Therefore select a square section 22" 22" As= p,A,=002%22x22 = 9.68 in’. So provide 10 No. #9 bar as main bar ‘Tie reinforcement: 1» 6s vox =18" 2) 80-4802 =18" 3) tein 22", So provide #3 @I8'ele as tie reinforcement. P= aa, 0.85f.(1-p,)+S,0,3 As @ = 0,80 and g = 0.70 for tied column. Considering, p, = 0.01 => 500 = 0.8 0.70.4, (0.85 x3 x (1—0.01) + 60 x 0.01) => A, = 285.76 in? [h? = 285.16 -.h 6.7") Select a square section 18°% 18", Asm pyA,= 01x18 18 = 3.242028 in? So provide 6 No, # 6 bar as main bar. Tie reinforcement: 1) l6p= text =12"2) 80-483 = 18" 3) ton 18", So provide #3 @!2"e/e as tie reinforcement. ‘Note: This problem is done assuming an arbitrary P, value. anyone does this problem assuming an arbitrary Ag then this way is also ok but remember thatthe , valuemust have o be greater than 0.01. Problem 2: ‘A plan showing the beams and colums ofa 10 storied market building is shown in Fig: (a), Here brick walls are used only for partition, Design the Column A for Ground floor and 4" floor in both WSD and USD having the following information: 8) Slab thickness= 6.5% bb) Beam cross-seetion= 18" 12" 6) Live load on the floor = 100 psf 4) Live load in theroof= 60 psf. ©) Brick wall thickness = Page- 4Lecture note of Dr. [Link] on RCC Column 1) Story clear height = 10° a) fiBisiand f,= 0 bsi “T° 4 8 4 gleé 2[5 |= 4 = = f=} 3 : - : tins em eas bs a oF wsp endo tem Calculation Load 1 Stab self ad calculation = 3833 ki : osx 2822220217, 8ya19= ip 2 Beam weight i ims igh 0.15 x (25422420417 18: 22), 10= 2 12x12 3 Wall weight = 210 ht 12x C2217, Sip at0= kip 4 Foor Live lod 3913 ki ou O+1T) 9 = ° s Roof Live load = 261 ki ax C522, 20417), ip TSS Tp Trial gross area of colum, Ay yy considering, p, = 0.03 ABUL. + ,P,) 1153.98 ___ 534.24 in? (h? = 534.242. = 23.11") ‘srl ~ 0,45(3 + 60 0.03) Solct a square section= 24% 24 Setf oad ot cohumm = 015 x 2424 100 = 60 kip 12°12 Total oad = 1153.95 + 60 = 1214 kip For concentrically loaded tied reinforced eohurm Code provides the following formula for maximum allowable load: P=0854,(0.25f, + f,p,) Page- 5Lecture note of [Link] on RCC Column => 1032.12 = 0.85 4, (0.25 x3 + 0.4 60 x 0.03) => A, = 826.03 in? [h? = 826.03’. h = 28.74" . 2" + - Selecta square section = 30°30 Self oad ofcohumm = 01532 30100 =938 kip 12 12 Total oad = 981.7493,8"1075.45 kip P=02854,(0.25f. + f,p,) => 1075 .45 = 0.85 A, (0.25 x 3 + 0.4 x 60 x 0.03) = A, = 860.7 in? [h? = 860.7 hh = 29.34") ‘Therefore the selected square section 30" 30" is okt! As= p,A,=003%30%30 =27 in®, So provide 28 No. #9 bar as main bar. ‘Note: Sometimes extra barhas to be used to make the section symmetric. Tie reinforcement: 1) 16D 8" 2) 48d: 48x3 = 18* 3) tein= 30", So provide #3 @I8%e/e as tie reinforcement. usp 6 Shab self oad caleulation = $9402 kj 0.15542? 20417, 65) 49 1.4= ° 2 12 7. eam weight = 5 294 ki " 0.12 (25422420417, 5 crgyxtox14= MP 2 12 & Floor Live load = 6521 ox 22222, 20417) 931.7 = 2 2 9. Roof Live load = 4437 i one 25422, 20417) p72 ip 2 TH982 Kip Page- 6Lecture note of [Link] on RCC Column Trial gross area ofcolum, considering, 2, = 0.03 wt" 0.45(f + S,Pz) Agarat = —_ M82 ___ 1046.96 in? th? =1046.96 -. 0.45(3 + 60 x 0.03) Selecta square section = 33°%33" Self ad of cohimm = 015°% 33 x33 x 100x1.4 = 158.82 kip 12°12 = 32.36" ‘Total load = 14982+158.82-1657.1 kip For concentrically loaded tied reinforced column Code provides the following formula for maximum allowable loa: P=agl,(O85f(I-p,)+ f,P_3 .80 and g = 0.70 for tied column => 1657 .1 = 0.80.70 A, (0.85 x3 x (10.03) + 60 0.03) => A, = 692.43 in’ [h? = 693.43 = 26.31") Select a square section = 27" 27" Self tad of colin = 01872 <1 00% 1.4 =106 31 kip Total load = 14982+106,31=1604.6 kip P= ah O85fI-p,)+,P.} 1.70 for tied colurm as @= 0.80 and g= => 1604.6 = 0.8% 0.70.4, (0.85 x 3x (1 - 0.03) + 60 x 0.03) => A, = 670.5 in? [h? = 670.5 “hh = 25.89") Select a square section 26" 26" As= Pp, A, = 003% 26x26 = 2028 in? So provide 6 No, #8 bars main bar. Note: Sometimes extra bar has to be used to make the section symmetric, ‘Tie reinforcement: 1) 16D= 16« = 16" 2) 484-48 x 8 8 Short column: Its strength is governed by strength of materials (ie. concrete and steel) nd geometry of cross-section, = 18" 3) tuin= 267, So provide #3 @I6clc as tie reinforcement. pcan be selected by the equation, p, = 0.45 (“2— ie Problem :3 Design a column for 474 kip load. Answer: Assume the data, f, = 4ksi,fy = 60 ksi, Ag= 15x15 Page- 7Lecture note of Dr. [Link] on RCC Column P=9P, =a, 085/.(\-p,)+ fp. @=0.80 and y = 0.70 for tied colum, c= 0.85 and ~ = 0.75 forspiral colum, P=agd,085f.(I-p,)+f,P,} => 474 = 0.8%0.70 x15 x15(0.85 x4 (I= p,)+ 60% p,) = P, = 0.0064 <0.01,use Pq, =0.01 2A, = p,bh = 0.01x15x15 = 2.25 in? Problem :4 Design a column for 700 kip load. Answer: Assume the missing data, f;, = 4ksi, fy = 60 ksi, Ay= 15x15 in’. P=oP, =a, 085/.-p,)+ f,0,3 @ =0.80 and y= 0.70 for tied colum, @ = 0.85 and p=0.75 forspiral colum, P=ag, O85/(I-P,)+ LP} = 700 = 0.80.70 x15 x15(0.85 x 4x (I-p,)+60%p,) = p, = 0.00381 2A, = psbh=0.0381x15%15=8.57 in? Problem :5 Design a column for 1200 kip load. Answer: Assume the missing data, f= 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, Ag= 15x15 in’ P=@P, =a O85f.-p,)+ 6.0.3 @ =0.80 and @ = 0.70 for tied columm, @ 85 and y= 0.75 forspiral column, P=agl,085f0-p,)+f,0,3 => 1200 = 0.80.10 x15 x15(0.85 x4%(I-p,) +60 p,) = p, = 0.11 > 0.08 ‘Change the material property/ section/ both and redesign Assume the missing data, f, = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, Ay=24x18 in’ P=9P, = aa, .85f.(I-p,)+ LP} @ =0.80 and y= 0.70 for tied colum, G& =0.85 and gp =0.75 forspiral colum, P=agh,O85/(I-P,)+ LP} = 1200 = 0.8% 0.10 x 24 x18(0.85 x4x(I-p,) +60 p,) = p, = 0.0276 > 0.01 2A, = p,bh=0.0276%24%18= 11.91 in? Spacing of tansvene enforcement shouldbe not ess] Spacing of transverse reinforcement shouldbe not less then (NON-EQ. zone) then (EQ zone) 16 diameter of Longitudinal steel (16D) 8 diameter of Longitudinal steel (8D) s=( 48 diameter of transverse steel (48d) 24 diameter of transverse steel (244) Least dimension of column (tmin) 4ofleast mension ofeclumn Page- 8Lecture note of Dr [Link] on RCC Column and 2s Column 2 WA, (top) dimensicns 7% Max, (top) 7 Lb ae = TTTTTYT TNT La 4 hy j 4 8B beam bar diameter 4 Sem ) 34 stinrup bar diameter (= 12in a s a Columns: f, 2 coe 1B in. Joints: Aw 2505/f, 8 longitudinal ber diameter 24 tie bar diameter Tie spacing ®, =) 4 smaller of bor he Problem :6 Design a square column at middle for a DL=I kip/ft and LL=0.7 kip/ft. Consider that the buikding 10 storied. Also Consider, fz = 3 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, Page- 9Lecture note of Dr. [Link] on RCC Column 25° 25° Load at each over the column=(1 x14 +0.7 x1.7) x (2+ 2424 So, Py = 111.37 x 10 = 1113.7 kip a Considering, pg = 0.03, P= ghy = agAg(0.85fe(1~ Py) + fyPg) > 1113.7 = 0.8 x 0.74, (0.85 x 3 x (1 — 0.03) + 60 x 0.03) => Ag = 465.4 in? = 21.57 x 21.57, take — 24" x 24" Ag = 0.03 x 24" x 24" = 17.28 in? = 30 #7 Provide this column at 1*, 2nd, 3 and 4" story. 59 X43 = 111.37 kip So, Pg = 111.37 x 6 = 668.2 kip Considering, py = 0.02, P = hy = agAg(0.85f.(1— py) + fyPg) => 668.2 = 0.8 x 0.7A9(0.85 x 3 x (1 — 0.02) + 60 x 0.02) => A, 322.6 in? = 17.96 x 17.96, take — 20" x 20" A, = 0.02 x 20" x 20" = 8 in? = 20 #6 Provide this column at 5", 6" and 7 story. So, Py = 111.37%3 Considering, Py = 34.11 kip 1.01, P = hy = apAg(0.85f.(1— py) + fyPg) => 334.11 = 0.8 x 0.74, (0.85 x3 x (1 — 0.01) + 60 x 0.01) => Ag = 190.95 in? = 13.82 x 13.82, take — 15" x 15" A, = 0.01 x 15" x 15" = 2.25 in? = 845 Provide this column at 8", 9 and 10" story. ‘Check the column considering column self weight. 22 19 18 So, Pyg = 111.37 x 10 +1.4x {(0.15 x3 x2 x 10) x 4+ (0.15 x2 x% x10) x3 Page- 10~ Lecture note of [Link] on RCC Column 15_ 15 +(0. ISX XX 10) x 3} = 111.37 + 52.25 = 1166 kip Considering, py = 0.03, P = hy = apAg(0.85fe(1— py) + fyPg) => 1166 = 0.8 x 0.74, (0.85 x 3 x (1 — 0.03) + 60 x 0.03) Ag = 487.2 in? = 22.07 x 22.07 < 24%24(0k) So, Pg = 111.37 x6 Considering, pg = 68.2 ki 1.02, P= ph = apAg(0.85f-(1— Py) + fyPy) 0.8 x 0.7,(0.85 x3 x (1 —0.02) + 60 x 0.02) > Ag = 322.6 in? = 17.96 x 17.96, take — 18" x 18" As .02 x 18" x 18" 48 in? = 16 #6 Provide this column at 5", 6" and 7 story. => 668. So, Py = 111.37 x 3 = 334.11 kip Considering, pg = 0.01, P= hy = apAg(0.85f-(1— pg) + fyPg) => 334.11 = 0.8 x 0.7Ag(0.85 x3 x (1 — 0.01) + 60 x 0.01) => Ag 190.95 in’ 13.82 x 13.82, take — 15" x 15" Ag = 0.01 x 15" x 15" = 2.25 in? = 8 #5 Provide this column at 8", 9" and 10!" story. Interaction Diagram (ID): For a column subjected to concentrated load or the loading condition where 0.1 the following equations are the dominating equations for design P=0.854,(0.25f, + f,p,) (WSD) P= al, {0.85F.(1- p,)+f,P_} (USP) But if % > O1 thenit is an easy practice to take the help of Interaction Diagram. Interaction diagram is the graphical presentation ofthe different safe combinations ofload (P) and moment (M), The following equations are necessary this diagram. P, =0.85 flab+ A,f.-A,f, M, =085f.00(2 9+ A f,A-d)~A,f(d- ‘These equations willbe abl to give us the Nominal stength curve only. To make that wable an ACI design strength curve has to be made. Depending on column ‘geometry, tie! spiral values of @ and @ are important for that. The shaded portionLecture note of Dt. [Link] on RCC Column is the final ID for a typical column. By the help of ID any typeof column even shear walls ean be designed. Design of colurm subjected to Uniaxial moment: Problem: 7 Ina two storied structure an exterior column is to be designed for a service dead load of 142 kips, maximum live load of 213 kips, dead load moment of 83 kip-ft, ive load moment of 124 kip-ft. The minimum live load compatible with the full the full Hive load moment is 106 kips, obtained when no live load is placed on the roof but a full live load is placed on the 2" floor. Consider column dimension b = 16 in, andh = 20 in. f,~4 ksi, and f, = 60 ksi (a) Find the column RF for the full live load condition, (b) Check to ensure that the column is adequate for the condition of no live load on the roof, Answer: @ P, =14x142 +1.7x213 = 561 kip M, =1.4x83 41,7124 = 327 kip— ft 70 T5ksiand * 0.6 1ksi. With a cover25 in Having these main information from the graph PD, = 0.039 Therefore, A, = p,bh = 0.039 1620 = 12.48 in? Select 10 No.10 bars . pred ae — OS 00 ODO SDE % P, =1.4x142 +1,7%106 =379kip M, =327kip— fi (as before) 379 <1 t8ksiang Mu. = 327%12 9 61ksi. wit acover2s in 2 = 20-5 A, 320 gh 320%20 20 Having thesemain information fom the graph P, = 0.032 Page- 12Lecture note of Dr. [Link] on RCC Column ‘Therefore, A, = p,bh =0.03216x 20 = 10.24 in® < the result of case (a). So no modification is required Problem: & ‘A colurm carries @ factored load $18 kip and factored ‘moment 530 kip-ft, Design the column, Answer: |As no other information are given so let us assume P, = 0.03, h = 24 inch and a conerete cover 3 inch 24-6 A= 24 175. 530 x12 M, Now, eccentricity, @= 5 12.3inch 518, pis )51. Using p, ande from graph i YT? _123 =I9 a: A, = p,bh = 0.03% 16% 24 = 11.52 in? Select 8 No.1] bars 518 " Tas ag 198 16inCH yar ya nappenif interaction diagram is not given?2222222 Design of column subjected to Bi-axial moment: Problem: 9 ‘The column shown below has to cary a factored load 275 kips. The is acting with eccentricities , and ". The material strength f.=4 ksi, and f, ~ 60 ksi, Check the adequacy of the trial section, ‘Anse: Let us fallow the Reciprocal load method Considering bending about the V-axis Considering bending about the Y-asis 20-5 12-5 a= A= 2 058 (say =06 20 12 — £28 93 20 0.033 A, 12x20 Page- 13Lecture note of Dr [Link] on RCC Column fans aa Pay Kon" Tira oso ow aa a tae OTF ery, oe From Graph A.7 From Gaph A.7 00 <1 75k = gP,y9 = 408 kip Hao A, WoO Po #1 82ksi = P20 = 432 kip ‘, 3.65ksi = AP, = 876 kip .65ksi => @P, = 876 kip Known, 1 14 t-J1 4,1 1 OP, Po Pry Po etwtyt it @P, 432 408 876 => @P, = P, = 275.92 kip> the design load (275 kip). Therefore the selection of column section is ok! Design for long/slender column: oblem: 10, A.2XI4 inch? (tral section) column carries an axial load Pd = 125 Md = 105 k-ft, PI“112 kip, and MI =96 kip-ft due tolive load. The column is part ofa frame that is braced against side-sway ant bent in single curvature about its major axis, The unsupported colum length is lu = 19 f. The moments at both ends of the column are equal. Design the column. The material strength Jf. 4 ksi, and f,, 60 ksi. Answer Page- 14Lecture note of Dr [Link] on RCC Column P, =1A4x 125 41.7112 =365 .4kip M, =1.4%105 +1.7%96=310.2kip— ft z 5. M, ).2 Now, = 2654 21 2ksiang Me = 3102*12 «9 55k, considering 2=0.75 fom graph A, 22x14 Ajh 22% 14x22 Py = 0.026 Now ket us check whetheritissenderor nt... KL, 1x1 9x1 r 03x22 =34.5)> 34-124 (234-121 =22) M, ‘Therefore itis a slender column, 14D __1.4x125 =) _. =04" &Tapvite 3654 478 El= O4E1, —0.4x3605x12422 +f, 140.478 =1211943Skip—in® .6+0.4=120.4 (0k) = Gc. 1 P, 365.4 0.75P, — 0.75x3313 Design M, =6,,M, =1.17 «310.2 =363 kip- fi Again, P3054) ypc yy Mu 36312 2x1 Ah 22x14x22 Moment magnifier J, = AT = 0.65ksi. Now, From the same graph 2, = 0.036 A, = pabh = 0.036 22x14 =11.1in? Provide 12 No. 9 bars Page- 15Lecture note of [Link] on RCC Column tr f interaction diagram: Basle equations Manipulation: = 085" [Link]+ A. f-A,f, h-0.85e, M, = 085 £66 A GA-ay-A sa P, = 0,85 fiab+ Af, -A,f, M, 085 fae +4 ph-d)—4fd—) Problem: 11 ‘2, Constructan interaction diagram of the column section shown at right. b. Constructan ACI design strength diagram for the same section, ¢. Is the coum is good choice for a load 540 kips applied at an eccentricity e= 4.44"? Answer: At first et us simplify the process M, 262088 feo OS) 4 Aaa A,fd~%) = M, = 0.85? xSxexto(1o—O85e) oS 2x x2.25f, «(3420225 f, x13) => M, =57.8c(8-0.425e) + 22.5, +22.5f, P, = 085" ficb+ Af, - AS, => P, = 0.85? x5cx16 +2x2.25 f; -2x2.25f, = P, =S7.800+4.5f)-4.5f, Page- 16Lecture note of Dt. [Link] on RCC Column Table for Interaction diagram: cont oT ] pf [ea 57.800 +457, S78c(8— 0.4250) + 2.5, +D5f, ‘onion $ Ber 3506 Was ToT Te a uae Hae Tse a1 23.97 a.16 T | 4@ 3135 T216 3683.7 Tae 1637 163 TTS c 9 38a aI6i9 Boor c Te BAT 3819.99 c T3000 Toa 32007 c 1S [ Le Taz TOTS Note: The more the points can be plotted the better the shape of ID will be. Interaction diagram and ACI design strength diagram a Column Interaction Diagram +400 1200 2497.88; 11892 011396 3209.72; 1021.4 1748.516; 832.48 2286.84; 832.44 3819.99; 834.61 2673,993; 84.207 o 500 1000» 15002000 2500, 3000 ©3500» «4000-4500 Moment (Kip-inch) If the colunm is subjected to a load 540 kips applied at an eccentricity © = 4.44" then the corresponding moment is 540x 4.4 = 2376 kip—inch. Form the figure it is seen that the point lies in the ACI recommended safe zone. ‘There it can be said thatthe column is a good choice for a load 540 kips applied at an eccentricity e = 444" Page- 17Lecture note of [Link] on RCC Column Fow questions Why @ is lower for column: Whatis the significance of distributed and un-symmetric reinforcement on column’? Lecture Summery for column: 1) Introduction. 2) Several considerations in design of column, 3). Short column: i) Concentrically loaded column. ii) Eccentrically loaded column: a) Uniaxial >) Biaxial 4) Long cohimn, 5) Construction of Strength Interaction Diagram. The End Page- 18