Understanding Calorimetry Concepts
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsUnderstanding Calorimetry Concepts
Translated by
ScribdTranslations1
CALORIMETRY
AutomotiveMechanicsInstitute
SIMONBOLIVAR
Teacher: Joel Eddy Pachuri Sangall
Students; Colque Cori Hector
Enrique
Flowers Brand Ivan
Gutierrez
Cesar Enrique
Rodriguez Cruz
Ruddy Gabriel
Torrez Marin
Omar
2
Parallel; "E "
Año: 2019
El Alto - La Paz
[Link]
1.1 Mechanical Equivalent of Heat.
1.2 Heat Propagation.
1.3 Change of State.
1.4 Latent Heat of Combustion Emissions
Industrials.
1.1 THE MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT OF HEAT
At the beginning of the 19th century, people were interested in improving the efficiency of machines.
vapor and the cannons. An evident fact was that after some shots the cannons became
they were reheated to the point that they became unusable. This led to the observation that it should
there is a connection between the mechanical and chemical forces involved in the shot and the
"caloric" was what heat was called in that era.
It was Joule who established the precise relationship between mechanical energy and heat.
3
Heat is the transfer of energy due to differences in temperature. In this context, it
introduce the calorie:
A calorie is the heat required to transfer to a gram of water to change its temperature.
from 14.5 to 15.5 degrees Celsius
It is also known that: 1 Cal = 1000 cal.
Joule using a wheel with paddles connected to a set of pulleys with weights on its
extremes could show a precise relationship between the mechanical energy of the weights in the pulleys and
the increase in water temperature in the container, due to the rotation of the paddles. This results in:
4.186 J
Heat capacity and Specific heat
The heat capacity of a sample is defined as the amount of energy needed to
increase the temperature of that sample by
Therefore, if a quantity of heat Q produces a change in the temperature of a substance, it
tene:
Specific heat is the heat capacity per unit mass
NOTE: In general c(T), therefore:
Convention: Q is positive if heat flows into the system. Q is negative if the system releases heat.
The specific heat depends on external conditions. For gases, the specific heat at pressure
constant () is different from specific heat at constant volume (). For liquids and solids, not
there is a big difference between the two.
4
Calorimetry
A technique to measure the specific heat of a substance X consists of heating a sample.
up to a known temperature, place it in a container with water of known mass and
lower temperature, measure the system's temperature after equilibrium has been reached.
As the work done is negligible, the conservation of energy implies:
Note that the convention of the signs implies the sign - on the right side of this equation (The
water absorbs heat).
Let the mass of substance X be.
This is:
When there is heat transfer without a change in temperature (such as during a phase transition) there
talk about latent heat L.
The amount of heat Q necessary to change the phase of a mass m of a pure substance is:
Latent heat of fusion: Phase change from solid to liquid.
5
Latent heat of vaporization: Phase change of liquid
1.2 HEAT PROPAGATION
The propagation of heat can occur in three different forms.
Conversion
Conducting
Radiation
6
Although the three forms of propagation mentioned are essential different from the point of view
Physics, have in common that heat generally propagates from one reaction to another where the temperature
below.
Then it is understood that heat propagation is the transfer of molecular energy from a
region to another as we know heat is a manifestation of the energy of the molecules of a
body.
Propagation by conversion
It is a form of heat transfer, convection only exists in liquids and gases and occurs in
these fluids through a real movement of matter.
This movement originates from the decrease in the density of the fluids with the increase of
temperature (the lighter ones per unit of volume) that causes them to rise
upon contacting a hotter surface and a decrease in contact with
a cooler surface.
propagation by conduction
For heat to pass or be transmitted from one body to another, it is required that they are
at different temperatures.
Sean A and B two sources that are separated, having their temperature T1 and T2 (T1 Greater)
that T2).
Heat transfers from A to B until thermal equilibrium is reached.
T1 is greater than T2
radiation propagation
The most important process of energy programming is undoubtedly that of the
radiation.
7
In the radiation of energy transmitted from one body to another distant one through waves.
electrometrics in this form for example we receive radiant energy from the sun.
1.3 CHANGE OF STATE
introduction
When a body changes from one state to another due to heat or cold, we say that it
changed state
change of state
In physics and chemistry, a change of state refers to the evolution of matter.
The most common states are:
Solid, liquid, gas
Plasma aggregation state
Gaseous
• .Total disorder
• .Particles have complete
freedom of movement.
• .Particles tend to be
distant from each other
• .Variable shape and volume
LIQUIDS
• .Minor disorder
• .Particles have
relative movement between
if
8
• .Particles in contact with each other
with others
• .Determined form to the
container that holds them
Constant volume
SOLIDS
• .Order
• .Fixed particles in
determined positions.
• .Particles united with each other.
Cohesive forces
greater
• .Constant shape and volume
The fusion
The change of state from solid to liquid is called melting.
Example: we leave an ice cube outside the refrigerator
9
•
Solidification
The change that a substance undergoes when it goes from the liquid state to the solid state is called
solidification.
For example: when we put water in the freezer
The condensation
The change from the gaseous state to the liquid state.
Example: when the windows fog up on a very cold day, the steam in the air
condense.
Vaporization
The transition of a material from the liquid state to the gaseous state is called vaporization.
10
There are two types of vaporization.
example:.......
The Deposition
It is the change that a substance undergoes when passing from the solid state to the gaseous state.
Example: dry ice at room temperature transforms into gas without going through the liquid state.
liquid
Sublimation
Sublimation is called the transition from the gaseous state to the solid state, without passing through the liquid state.
liquid
The plasma
It constitutes 99% of the matter of
Universe, for in it is found all the
11