■ Detailed Math Formula Guide with Step-by-Step Examples
1. Real Numbers
■ Euclid’s Division Lemma: a = bq + r (0 ≤ r < b)
Example 1: Find HCF of 48 and 18 → 48=18×2+12, 18=12×1+6, 12=6×2+0 ⇒ HCF=6
Example 2: Find HCF of 84 and 30 → 84=30×2+24, 30=24×1+6, 24=6×4+0 ⇒ HCF=6
■ HCF × LCM = Product of Numbers
Example: Numbers 12 and 18 → HCF=6 ⇒ LCM=(12×18)/6=36
■ Remember: Remember: Always divide bigger number by smaller number first when using Euclid’s
Lemma.
2. Polynomials
■ Division Algorithm: Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
Example: (x³-3x²+5x-3) ÷ (x-1) → Use long division to find quotient & remainder.
■ Sum & Product of Zeros: α+β=-b/a, αβ=c/a
Example 1: x²-5x+6 ⇒ α+β=5, αβ=6 ⇒ roots 2 & 3
Example 2: 2x²-4x+2 ⇒ α+β=4/2=2, αβ=2/2=1
■ Remember: Tip: Check if your calculated roots satisfy α+β and αβ relations.
3. Pair of Linear Equations
■ Conditions for Solutions
Example: 2x+3y=8 and 4x+6y=10 ⇒ a■/a■=b■/b■≠c■/c■ ⇒ No solution (Parallel lines)
■ Elimination Method
Example: x+y=5, x−y=3 ⇒ Add ⇒ 2x=8 ⇒ x=4 ⇒ y=1
■ Remember: Remember: If ratios are equal, check c■/c■ to confirm parallel or coincident lines.
4. Quadratic Equations
■ Quadratic Formula: x=[-b ± √(b²-4ac)] / 2a
Example: Solve 2x²+x−6=0 ⇒ D=1+48=49 ⇒ x=(-1±7)/4 ⇒ x=1.5, -2
■ Nature of Roots: D=b²-4ac
Example: x²+4x+4 ⇒ D=16-16=0 ⇒ Real & Equal Roots
■ Remember: Tip: Memorize D’s meaning (D>0 → distinct, D=0 → equal, D<0 → no real roots).
5. Arithmetic Progression
■ nth Term: a■=a+(n−1)d
Example: a=2,d=3,n=5 ⇒ a■=2+4×3=14
■ Sum of n Terms: S■=n/2[2a+(n−1)d]
Example: a=2,d=3,n=5 ⇒ S■=5/2(4+12)=40
■ Remember: Shortcut: If last term is known, use S■=n/2(a+l).
6. Triangles
■ Pythagoras Theorem: AB²+BC²=AC²
Example: AB=3,BC=4 ⇒ AC=5 (right triangle)
■ Area Ratio of Similar Triangles
Example: If side ratio=1:2 ⇒ area ratio=1²:2²=1:4
■ Remember: Important: Similar triangles → corresponding angles equal & sides in same ratio.
7. Coordinate Geometry
■ Distance Formula: d=√[(x■−x■)²+(y■−y■)²]
Example: (1,2),(4,6) ⇒ d=√(9+16)=5
■ Midpoint Formula: M=[(x■+x■)/2,(y■+y■)/2]
Example: (2,4),(4,8) ⇒ M=(3,6)
■ Area of Triangle: A=½|x■(y■−y■)+x■(y■−y■)+x■(y■−y■)|
Example: (0,0),(4,0),(0,3) ⇒ A=6 [Link]
■ Remember: Tip: Write coordinates in order (x■,y■),(x■,y■),(x■,y■) to avoid sign errors.