NetSim Introductory Examples

Version 2.2
 NetSim

Article Number VESD4006 - Manual Version: [Link].4

© OMICRON electronics 2005
This Reference Manual is a publication of OMICRON electronics GmbH.
All rights including translation reserved. Reproduction of any kind, e.g., photocopying, microfilming or
storage in electronic data processing systems, requires the explicit consent of OMICRON electronics.
Reprinting, wholly or in part, is not permitted.
This Reference Manual represents the technical status at the time of printing. The product information,
specifications, and all technical data contained within this reference manual are not contractually
binding. OMICRON electronics reserves the right to make changes at any time to the technology and/or
configuration without announcement. OMICRON electronics is not to be held liable for statements and
declarations given in this reference manual. The user is responsible for every application described in
this reference manual and its results. OMICRON electronics explicitly exonerates itself from all liability
for mistakes in this manual.

2
 Table of Contents

Table of Contents

NetSim Introductory Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
About NetSim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

1 Example 1:
Earth Fault in Phase A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
1.1 Starting NetSim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
1.2 Entering the Source Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
1.3 Entering the Fault Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
1.4 Running the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
1.5 Results and Time Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

2 Example 2:
Earth Fault Near the Circuit Breaker in a Single Feeder Configuration . .17
2.1 Entering the Fault Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
2.2 Entering the CB Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
2.3 Entering Measurement Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
2.4 Running the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
2.5 Results and Time Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

3 Example 3:
Fault with Autoreclosure and Persisting Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
3.1 Entering the Output Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
3.2 Entering the Circuit Breaker Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
3.2.2 Timing for the Initial Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
3.3 Running the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
3.4 Results and Time Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

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NetSim

4 Example 4:
Multiple Faults on Parallel Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
4.1 Selecting the Network Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
4.2 Entering the Source Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
4.3 Entering the Line Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
4.4 Entering the Fault Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
4.5 Entering the CB Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
4.6 Running the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
4.7 Appendix - Mutual Coupling Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

5 Example 5:
Testing Power Swing Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
5.1 Selecting the Test Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
5.2 Entering the Source Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
5.3 Entering the Fault Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
5.4 Setting up a Sequence of Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
5.5 Setting up a Measurement Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
5.6 Running the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

Contact Information / Technical Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

4
 Introduction

NetSim Introductory Examples

Introduction
NetSim Introductory Examples is a collection of test case examples, which are
intended to give the user a quick start into OMICRON’s Network Simulation test
module. This collection of examples is neither a complete functional reference,
nor a detailed user [Link] application of NetSim is explained by performing
and mastering the NetSim examples. The most important features of the module
will be covered; the individual settings that depend on the user’s network will be
omitted.
Reference information about the test modules is found in the module-specific
online help systems. You are encouraged to use this reference first whenever
you have a question or need further explanation about a specific topic.
Although NetSim is easy to use even for users who have never worked with
network simulation before, it is an advanced test module and it is targeted for
advanced users. This manual assumes that the user has previous experience
with other OMICRON test modules, e.g.; State Sequencer, and has the
understanding of OMICRON Test Universe [Link] common basic tasks
for all test modules, like setting nominal values in a Test Object, routing of input
and output signals in the Hardware Configuration or changing the Report
Settings are not explained in this manual.

About NetSim
The Network Simulation (NetSim) simulates events in an electric power supply
[Link] can generate the corresponding secondary voltages and the
secondary currents from distinct locations in the network via a connected CMC
test set. These voltage and currents represent close to realistic conditions to a
connected relay. This relay’s response to this stimulus can then be measured
and evaluated.
NetSim uses a numerical model to calculate the quantities and to simulate a
power system. The power system is composed of voltage sources, lines, and
circuit breakers. The fault instances and the switching events determine the
changes and the actions in the network.
NetSim provides predefined Test Cases and Network Configurations. The
test cases define the type of event to be simulated and the network
configurations determine the topology to be used for the simulation. Further test
cases and network configurations can be added to NetSim later on.

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 NetSim

NetSim only provides a choice of pre-defined test cases and network

configurations; there is no "network editor" for the user to create custom
configurations. The only thing that the user has to do is to enter the applicable
specific parameters, which specifies the network configuration and the fault
instances, and then to run the test.
The user interface of NetSim is composed of several views, the Test View, the
Time Signal View, the Measurement View and the Report view.

Test View
The Test View contains the complete specifications for the simulation that is
performed. The parameters are grouped into several tabs. A graphical
representation of the actual network configuration with some important labels is
displayed to provide a reference for the parameters in the tabs. All parameters
are preset with a default value. You can immediately run a simulation with these
defaults.
Figure 1:
NetSim Test View with
graphical
representation of
network configuration

The Fault tab: Specifies the parameters for the fault(s).

• Durations for the pre-fault, fault and post-fault
• Fault parameters, e.g.; type, location, inception angle and resistance for
short circuit faults.
The Lines tab: Specifies the parameters for the line (impedances).
• Method of specifying the line impedances
• Sequence impedances, line length and relative length of segments.
The Sources tab: Specifies the parameters for the sources (generators).
• Frequency, voltages, phase shifts and source impedances.

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 Introduction

The CB tab: Specifies the circuit breaker actions.

• Initial states of the CBs at the fault inception
• Changes of the CB states (open / closed) after the fault inception.
The Trigger tab: Specifies the condition for starting the playback of the signals
with the test set.
• The playback starts immediately without any condition after the simulation
and the download of the data.
• On an external event, e.g.; pressing a key, activating a binary input or
receiving a synchronization signal from a GPS receiver.
The Sequence tab: Specifies multiple simulations with different settings and
complete series of simulations with varying parameters.
• One or two parameters, which can be varied
• Multiple parameter settings for simulations and automatic setups of
complete series.

Time Signal View

The Time Signal View is the main view for analyzing the simulated waveforms
and for in-depth analysis of the test results
This view is constantly updated to provide a preview of the calculated signals
during the test setup, e.g.; parameter input in the Test View.
After a test, this view also shows the status of the recorded binary inputs during
playback, along with the generated voltages and the generated currents. The
detailed evaluation of the instantaneous values and of the time relationships are
provided by using the cursors.

Measurement View
The Measurement View sets up measurement conditions and displays the
actual values and the automatic assessment of the results after a test.
Using the NetSim measurement view is identical to using the Measurement
View in the State Sequencer and Advanced Transplay OMICRON test modules.

Report View
The Report View displays a preview of the report with the settings for the
simulations and results of the test. The NetSim Report View is identical to the
Report View in the other OMICRON test modules.

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NetSim

8
 Example 1: Earth Fault in Phase A

1 Example 1:
Earth Fault in Phase A
 Task
To investigate an earth fault on a single line.
For this example, the dynamic behavior of voltages and currents during a single-
phase fault, occurring on a single line, are observed. The quantities are
measured on the busbars.

9 Solution

The test case used for the example is shown in the following figure:
Figure 1-1:
Test case for short-
circuit event simulation

The tester’s job is to simulate a single-phase fault on phase A, at 80% of the line
length between the two relays during nominal power transfer.
A pre-fault current is attained by a suited setting of either the voltage magnitudes
or the phase angles of the sources, or a combination of both.
For this test, the phase of source 2 will be adjusted accordingly.
Note: All values are specified in secondary values.

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 NetSim

The default settings for the line impedance and source impedance are used in
this example. They are:

• Z1,Line: 3 Ω ∠85°

• Z0,Line: 12 Ω ∠85°

• Z1,Source: 15 Ω ∠85°

• Z0,Source: 54 Ω ∠85°

• Fault location: 0.8 p.u. of line 2

• Line 1, Line 2: 0.5 p.u. of line 2

• Z2=Z1

• U1=100V∠0°

For source 2, U2=100V∠−36° is chosen. During the faultless period, this causes
a current of:
Figure 1-2:
Calculation of the
current during the
VSource1 3 − VSource 2 3 35.7V∠72°
I Prefault = = = 0.99 A∠ − 13°
faultless period
2 ⋅ Z1, Line + 2 ⋅ Z1, Source 36Ω∠85°

10
 Example 1: Earth Fault in Phase A

1.1 Starting NetSim

NetSim loads the default values for the test case. For this example, the test is
performed using the default parameters and the given default values. For this
reason, only the settings that differ from the defaults are explained below;
dialogs that require no changes for this example are omitted but are
subsequently explained as needed.
Figure 1-1: ”Test case for short-circuit event simulation” on page 9 represents
the default test case.
Start NetSim from the OMICRON Start Page by clicking "Network Simulation..."
and then "NetSim".

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 NetSim

1.2 Entering the Source Parameters

Setting Delta phi changes the phase angle for source 2 to -36° to provide the
desired pre-fault current as calculated in Figure 1-2: ”Calculation of the current
during the faultless period” on page 10.
To enter the source parameters:
1. On the View menu, click Test to open the Test View dialog box.
2. On the Test View dialog box, click the Source tab.
3. In the Delta phi box, type -36.00° to change the phase angle for source 2.
Figure 1-3:
Source parameters: the
phase angle for source
2 is shifted to -36°

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 Example 1: Earth Fault in Phase A

1.3 Entering the Fault Parameters

The Fault parameters are set to 80% by entering a value of 0.8 p.u. for the Fault
location. This value of 0.8 p.u. permits the fault event to start after the pre-fault
time has elapsed, and also permits the reference phase to meet the inception
angle after its next positive zero crossing.
To enter the fault parameters:
1. On the View menu, click Test to open the Test View dialog box.
2. On the Test View dialog box, click the Fault tab.
3. In the Fault location box, type the value of 0.8 p.u. to set the fault location
to 80%.
Figure 1-4:
Fault parameters: the
fault location is set to
80% of line 2

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 NetSim

1.4 Running the Test

During the setup of the test, the preview data are constantly updated after any
change of a parameter value. for a real test with a signal output via a CMC test
set, the test must be directly started from the OMICRON Control Center. The
signals must be routed to distinct outputs of the test set.
To run a single test click Single Test On the Test menu, or click the Start Single
Test icon of the toolbar.

1.5 Results and Time Signals

The Progress bar at the bottom of the window provides information about the
performance of the test. First the simulation itself takes place, then the transient
data are downloaded into the test set, and finally the signal output is performed.
The distribution of the time for the whole test progress depends very much on
the available processing power and the type of simulated event. A typical
distribution at the time for the test could be 50% for the simulation, 40% for the
download, and 10% for the signal output.
For a real test with a connected test set, the calculation of the quantities is done
with a higher accuracy than during the offline mode. Therefore, a sampling
frequency of 5 kHz is used instead of only 1 kHz for the preview in the Time
Signal View.
The quantities are shown in matching triples and are measured by using the
cursors.
Figure 1-5:
Time signal view of
simulated quantities

14
 Example 1: Earth Fault in Phase A

The "plausibility check" of the voltages and the currents in Figure 1-5: ”Time
signal view of simulated quantities” on page 14, results in a positive
assessment.
The voltage in phase A breaks down into smaller values during the fault. Since
the fault is closer to phase B, the voltage is smaller in phase B than in phase A.
The voltages in the sane phase of B and C rise due to the displacement of the
neutral point.
The current in phase A rises but the currents in the sane phases B and C do not
change during the fault. The peak value is about three times the pre-fault value
immediately after fault inception. After approximately 130 ms, the DC
component decays and the steady state short-circuit current is roughly twice the
pre-fault current.

15
 NetSim

16
 Example 2: Earth Fault Near the Circuit Breaker in a Single Feeder Configuration

2 Example 2:
Earth Fault Near the Circuit Breaker
in a Single Feeder Configuration
 Task
To investigate a close-in fault on a spur line. Although NetSim does not provide
a test case that specifically models this case, this can be easily accomplished
by providing appropriate settings for the circuit breakers so that the second
source is disconnected from the beginning of the simulation.
The tester’s job is to perform an automatic assessment of the trip time of the
protection relay. For this example, a measurement is set up to measure the time
between the fault incident and the trip signal from the relay.

9 Solution
The same fault event (short-circuit) and the same test case (single line) used in
Example 1 are also used for this test. Again, this is the default test case when
starting NetSim.
Figure 2-1:
Test case for short-
circuit simulation with
disconnected source 2.

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 NetSim

For this example, the default settings can be used except for:

• Fault location = 0.1 p.u. of line 2

• Length of Line 1 = 0.5 p.u. of line 2

Since the example contains a spur line with no load, no current will flow through
the faultless periods. The steady state fault current can be calculated from the
formula for a single-phase fault.
Figure 2-2:
Calculations of the VSource 1 3 3 ⋅VSource 1 173.2V∠0°
steady state fault I Fault = 3 ⋅ = = = 1.83 A∠ − 85°
Z 0 + Z1 + Z 2 0.6 ⋅ Z 0, Line + Z 0,Source + 1.2 ⋅ Z1, Line + 2 ⋅ Z 1, Source 94.8Ω∠85°
current for a single-
phase fault

Note: These equations can be used to verify the simulation.

18
 Example 2: Earth Fault Near the Circuit Breaker in a Single Feeder Configuration

2.1 Entering the Fault Parameters

Setting the Fault location in the Fault tab to 0.1 p.u. of line 2 simulates the fault
close to Bus A.
To enter the fault parameters:
1. On the View menu, click Test to open the Test View dialog box.
2. On the Test View dialog box, click the Fault tab.
3. In the Fault location box, type the value of 0.1 p.u.
Figure 2-3:
Fault parameters: the
fault location is set to
10% of line 2

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 NetSim

2.2 Entering the CB Parameters

Changing the circuit breaker (CB) parameters causes the disconnection of
Bus B for the entire simulation. This simulates the existence of a spur line.
Note: Changing the CB B parameter from Closed to Open is necessary to
cause the disconnection of Bus B.
To enter the CB parameters:
1. On the View menu, click Test to open the Test View dialog box.
2. On the Test View dialog box, click the CB tab.
3. In the Initial state window, in the CB B box, select Open.
Note: Leave the default values for the all the other settings of the loaded
configuration on the CB tab.
Figure 2-4:
CB Parameters:
changing the CB B
parameter from Closed
to Open

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 Example 2: Earth Fault Near the Circuit Breaker in a Single Feeder Configuration

2.3 Entering Measurement Conditions

To perform an automatic assessment of the test result, the nominal behavior
must be defined in the measurement conditions. The measurement conditions
are defined in the Measurement View.
The nominal value for the trip time of the relay is specified as 400ms ± 50ms.
The measurement condition is named CB-off and ignores any events occurring
before the Fault event. Time measurement starts with the Fault event and ends
with the trip signal changing from 0 to 1. The measured actual time Tact is
compared against the boundaries given by Tnom, Tdev+ and Tdev- to obtain the
assessment.
Figure 2-5:
Measurement condition
for assessment of trip
time

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 NetSim

2.4 Running the Test

The performance of a protection relay on Bus A is tested by injecting the
simulated voltages and the simulated currents and by reading back the trip
signal with a CMC test set.
To run a single test click Single Test On the Test menu, or click the Start Single
Test icon of the toolbar.
After the test, the measurement condition is updated with the actual trip time and
the assessment.
Note: With the parameters used in this example, the measured trip time lies well
inside the tolerance boundaries. Therefore the assessment is passed.
Figure 2-6:
Measurement condition
with result and
assessment

2.5 Results and Time Signals

The calculated voltages and calculated currents are shown in the Time Signal
View.
The voltages and the currents show the typical shapes of those quantities during
a single-phase fault. With the cursors, it is easy to measure the peak value of
the steady state of current, which is slightly more then 2.5A. This steady state of
current matches the current as calculated in Figure 2-2: ”Calculations of the
steady state fault current for a single-phase fault” on page 18.
Figure 2-7:
Time signal view with
transient fault quantities
and measured trip
signals

22
 Example 3: Fault with Autoreclosure and Persisting Fault

3 Example 3:
Fault with Autoreclosure and
Persisting Fault
 Task
To simulate a typical sequence of a failure event and an autoreclosure cycle.
The fault is assumed to be persistent, and the autoreclosure will be
unsuccessful.

9 Solution
A reasonable simulation of such a course of events is possible even though
NetSim is not a real-time simulation tool, and therefore cannot take into account
the reactions of the relay being tested for the actual signal calculations.
Two circumstances can be used to support the solution:
1. For the relay being tested, reasonable signals with causal timing have to
be provided. Since the circuit breaker has some action time, the relay
does not require the fault condition to disappear immediately after the trip
so it is appropriate to set up the test sequence in such a way that the fault
is cleared in a practical time.
2. Similar considerations apply for the reclosure time and the clearing of the
persisting fault. Since the pause time runs from the moment the clearing
of the fault is detected until the reclosure signal is issued by the relay, the
drop-off time, the pause time and the CB-close time have to be included
into the calculations. The timing for the persisting fault corresponds to the
explanation above.
The CB tab on the Test View dialog box provides the necessary settings to
configure the appropriate sequences for this example.
All other settings for the source and fault parameters are identical to ”Example
1: Earth Fault in Phase A” on page 9. Please refer to ”Entering the Source
Parameters” on page 12 and ”Entering the Fault Parameters” on page 13 for
further information.

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 NetSim

3.1 Entering the Output Settings

PTs connected to the busbar is the output setting for this example. This setting
is essential for permitting a fast pick-up of the persisting fault.
Selecting another output setting, e.g., PTs connected to the line, makes the trip
time for the persisting fault considerably longer. This is because there is no
voltage present during the pause time and the relay does not obtain useful pre-
fault information. You can easily investigate this occurrence by changing the PT
connection settings.
Figure 3-1:
Output tab: settings for
PTs connected to
busbar

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 Example 3: Fault with Autoreclosure and Persisting Fault

3.2 Entering the Circuit Breaker Parameters

3.2.1 General
The CB tab on the Test View dialog box provides the means to define the circuit
breaker (CB) actions during the course of the simulation.
Figure 3-2:
CB tab: the default initial
states and state
changes

At the start of the simulation, the initial states of the CBs are defined in the Initial
state window located on the CB tab in the Test View dialog box. The Initial
state feature has been previously used in ”Entering the CB Parameters” on
page 20 for simulating the spur line by disconnecting busbar B.
The settings for changing the state of the CBs can be made in the Circuit
Breaker A and the Circuit Breaker B windows located on the CB tab in the Test
View dialog box. Up to four state changes can be defined per CB. The timing of
the state changes refers to the fault event. Settings for three-pole and single-
pole openings and for three-pole closing of the CB are provided.
Changes in the CB states are defined from top to bottom so any unused fields
remain in the <unchanged> default setting.
Note: For other test cases with more CBs, e.g., double line, additional CB tabs
will be available on the CB tab in the Test View dialog box.

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 NetSim

3.2.2 Timing for the Initial Fault

The following times are assumed:
• A trip time of approximately 30ms with a pick-up and instantaneous trip
for the relay.
• An opening time of approximately 50ms for the CB.
So, for this example, the CB states are set to "open" at 80ms after the "Fault"
event.
For the relay, this setting makes it look as if the CB "opened" on its trip time. One
condition for the causal timing is that the fault leads to an instantaneous trip of
the relay, i.e., it is a zone 1 fault for a distance relay.

3.2.3 Entering the Timing for the Reclosure and the

Persisting Fault
For the reclosure and the persisting fault settings, the following times are
assumed:
• a drop-off time of approximately 30ms for the relay
• a pause time of 200ms until the reclosure command is issued
• a closing time of approximately 50ms for the CB
• a trip time of approximately 30ms for the persisting fault
• an opening time of approximately 50ms for the CB.
Since the drop-off is counted from the fault clearance, which is the first "CB
open" event, the state of the CBs is changed to "closed" after (80 + 30 + 200 +
50)ms = 360ms. At this moment, the fault is still persisting.
80ms later, after the second trip and the CB opening, the CBs are set to "open"
after the fault event because the relay will trip again due to the persisting fault.

26
 Example 3: Fault with Autoreclosure and Persisting Fault

Figure 3-3:
CB settings for fault
sequence with
reclosure and persisting
fault

3.2.4 Entering Measurement Conditions

The measurement conditions are set for the measurement and the assessment
of the trip time.
Measuring the second trip, i.e., the persisting fault, is not possible since the
condition would be the same as for the first trip, i.e., the initial fault; therefore the
measurement would again deliver the first trip time.
Figure 3-4:
Measurement
conditions for trip time
and pause time

27
 NetSim

3.3 Running the Test

The performance of a protection relay at bus A can be tested by injecting the
simulated voltages and the simulated currents and reading back the trip signal
with a CMC test set.
To run a single test click Single Test On the Test menu, or click the Start Single
Test icon of the toolbar.

3.4 Results and Time Signals

The Time Signal View shows that the resulting simulation resembles a practical
"fault-reclosure-persisting-fault" sequence. Detailed investigations of the actual
values of the voltages and the currents or timing can be made by using the
cursors.
The trip time and the pause time are automatically measured by the
measurement conditions.
Figure 3-5:
Measurement
conditions with result
and assessment

The described test shows that NetSim provides flexible settings that allow a
simple simulation of realistic events.

28
 Example 4: Multiple Faults on Parallel Lines

4 Example 4:
Multiple Faults on Parallel Lines
 Task
To simulate a double line power transmission system under multiple fault
occurrences.
There are two faults involved; both of them are on different lines, at different
times, and have different fault types. The two faults are:
• On Line 1: a line-line fault (A-B) at 20% of the line length
• On Line 2: a three-phase fault at 40% of the line length, 80ms after the
fault on line 1
The CBs switch off according to the tripping of the relays. Relays A, C, and D
trip instantaneously, relay B has a slightly delayed transfer trip.
The mutual coupling between the parallel systems has to be taken in account.

9 Solution
The simulation is performed with a network configuration as shown in the
following figure:
Figure 4-1:
Network configuration
for short circuit even
simulation on double
line

Again, many of the setting are left as the default values and they are not
repeated throughout the manual. Only the essential settings are mentioned.

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 NetSim

4.1 Selecting the Network Configuration

The network configurations are structured as part of a test case. The
corresponding settings are located in the Select Test Setting dialog box, which
is available on the Parameters menu.
Figure 4-2:
Select Test Settings on
the Parameters menu

The default setting remains as in the Short Circuit test case,

On the Parameters view, click Select Test Settings to open the Select Test
Settings dialog box.
In the Test Case window, select Parallel Line to get a network configuration as
shown in ”Network configuration for short circuit even simulation on double line”
on page 29.
Figure 4-3:
Network configuration
for short circuit event
simulation on double
line

30
 Example 4: Multiple Faults on Parallel Lines

4.2 Entering the Source Parameters

The only parameter that needs to be modified on the Source tab is the angle of
Source 2. It is set this way in order to obtain a sensible pre-fault current.
A look at ”Network configuration for short circuit even simulation on double line”
on page 29 (and at the Lines tab) shows that the line segments between the
generators and the busbars are not explicitly modeled in this configuration, so
the total positive sequence impedance between the two generators is.

Z1,Line 2 + 2 ⋅ Z1,Source

Half of the current through this total impedance flows through each of the two
parallel lines.
When VSource2=100V<-66° is chosen for Source 2. this causes a pre-fault
current of:

1 VSource1 3 − VSource 2 3 62.9V∠57°

I Prefault = ⋅ = = 1.0 A∠ − 28°
2 Z1,Line 2 + 2 ⋅ Z1,Source 31.5Ω∠85°

The corresponding setting is made on the Source tab.

31
 NetSim

4.3 Entering the Line Parameters

The Lines tab for a parallel line configuration differs from the single line
configuration. Instead of providing parameters for the line segments between
the busbars and the generators, input fields for the mutual coupling between the
two parallel systems are provided.
Figure 4-4:
Mutual coupling
impedance input in the
Lines tab

This test is performed with the default values. For further details about the
definition of the mutual coupling impedance ZM of these settings refer to
Appendix 4.7.

32
 Example 4: Multiple Faults on Parallel Lines

4.4 Entering the Fault Parameters

The section ”Mutual coupling impedance input in the Lines tab” on page 33
shows the Fault tab with necessary setting for the simulation.
Figure 4-5:
Mutual coupling
impedance input in the
Lines tab

The non-default values are:

Line 1: Faulted phase(s): A-B
Line 2: Faulted phase(s): ABC; Fault location: at 0.4 p.u.; Prefault:280ms, this is
80ms more than the prefault for Line 1, so the fault on Line 2 occurs 80ms after
the fault on line 1.
The Fault: the times are not critical as they are chosen so that the CB actions
are finished before the fault conditions are removed.
Note: When the fault timing is more closely examined by using the cursors in the
Time Signal View, some deviations form the specified fault times may be
discovered. These deviations happen because the exact moment of the fault
inception depends on the reference phase and the fault inception angle.

33
 NetSim

4.5 Entering the CB Settings

When working with the double line network configuration, separate tabs (CB(1)
and CB(2) for the CB settings of the two lines are provided. Timing for CBs on
Line 1 (A,B) is set in tab CB(1), for Line 2 (C,D) it is set in tab CB(2).
For this simulation, the following CB sequence is assumed:
• Relay A trips instantaneously, CB A opens 100ms after Fault 1
• Relay B sees the fault in zone 2 and performs a transfer trip, CB B opens
120ms after Fault 1.
• Relay C and D both trip instantaneously, CB C and D open 100ms after
Fault 2.
Note: The delay times for the CB-events refer to the fault event on the
respective line.
• The timing for CBs A and B for Line 1 (defined in the CB(1) tab) refers to
the fault event on Line 1.
• The timing for CBs C and D for Line 2 (defined in the CB(2) tab) refers to
the fault event on Line 2.
This applies even if no fault is simulated at all (setting Faulted phase(s) to
(none); the time of the fault event for the respective line remains the
reference for the CB action timing.
Figure 4-6:
Timing for CBs on
Line 1 (A, B)

34
 Example 4: Multiple Faults on Parallel Lines

Figure 4-7:
Timings for CBs on
Line 2 (C, D)

35
 NetSim

4.6 Running the Test

The following figure shows the Time Signal View with some selected signals
related to the "left" bus:
Figure 4-8:
Time Signal View with
voltage A and currents
A and C

On closer examination, interesting details may be seen in the enlarged views.

Section ”Time Signal View with voltage A and currents A and C” on page 36
shows the time interval when the two faults overlap and CBs A and B open up.
From Fault 2 on, all voltages break down to small values due to the three-phase
fault on Line 2. At 100ms, CB A opens. Phase C is first disconnected and since
it is free of fault in Line1, some voltage returns because of the infeed through CB
B, which has not opened yet. Also due to the infeed from the other side and due
to the DC component, which has not decayed yet, the arc in pole A of CB A
cannot extinguish and I A-A flows for another period, almost until CB B opens at
120ms.

36
 Example 4: Multiple Faults on Parallel Lines

Figure 4-9:
Switching off currents at
CB A during fault
overlap and delayed CB
opening

37
 NetSim

Figure 4-10:
Induced voltage through
mutual coupling when
zero sequence current
is present

Section ”Switching off currents at CB A during fault overlap and delayed CB

opening” on page 37 shows the induced voltages seen by relay A when CBs C
and D open and the currents on Line 2 return to zero. At the zero crossings of
the individual phases, the zero sequence current in Line 2 appears or changes
its value, which becomes effective as induced voltage on Line 1 through the
mutual coupling.
These details how exact NetSim is in simulating the different events and the
quantities during complex fault sequences in the system. The effects displayed,
depending on the multiple parameters, cannot be evaluated by analytical means
and demonstrate the advantages of a simulation.

38
 Example 4: Multiple Faults on Parallel Lines

4.7 Appendix - Mutual Coupling Impedance

The ZM (or RM, XM) setting for the mutual coupling in the Lines tab relates to the
impedances in the impedance matrix of the double line system.

 Z11 Z12 Z13 Z 00 Z 00 Z 00 

 
 Z 21 Z 22 Z 23 Z 00 Z 00 Z 00 
Z Z 32 Z 33 Z 00 Z 00 Z 00 
Z =  31 
 Z 00 Z 00 Z 00 Z 44 Z 45 Z 46 
Z Z 00 Z 00 Z 54 Z 55 Z 56 
 00 
Z
 00 Z 00 Z 00 Z 64 Z 65 Z 66 

in the following way:

Z M = 3 ⋅ Z 00

39
 NetSim

40
 Example 5: Testing Power Swing Detection

5 Example 5:
Testing Power Swing Detection
 Task
Verifying the power swing detection function of a distance relay and investigat-
ing the range of slip frequencies the power swing condition is detected in.

9 Solution
The simulation can be performed with NetSim, using the test case Power Swing.
To assess the range of slip frequencies where the detection works and where it
fails, multiple measurements at different slip frequencies have to be performed.
Again, many, if not most settings will be left as the default values. Those will not
be repeated, only the essential settings will be mentioned.

5.1 Selecting the Test Case

Power swings are no short circuit faults, they are a separate test case to be
selected. As described in Example 4, do the the selection from the
P A R A M E T E R S menu.
Figure 5-1:
Network configuration
for short circuit event
simulation on double
line

41
 NetSim

The power swing test case is further described by the attribute "Asynchronous,"
which means that generator 2 (source 2) is assumed to be out of step while
generator 1 (source 1) remains stable at the nominal frequency. A positive value
for the slip frequency means that the frequency of source two is reduced by this
amount against the nominal frequency. At practical ratios between the voltages
of the two sources, the impedance locus travels straight through the entire
tripping area, leaving it at the opposite side to where it entered.
Figure 5-2:
Typical impedance
locus during an
asynchronous power
swing

A different case would be the so-called synchronous power swing, which

corresponds to a situation where the slipping generator regains stability. The
phase angle of the affected source suffers only a transient disturbance and
returns to its initial value by reversing the phase change. Typically, the
impedance locus leaves the tripping area close to the point where it entered it.
For practical investigations on protective relays, the asynchronous power swing
is best suited and it is also very easy to set up by just specifying the slip
frequency. In NetSim, the asynchronism is simulated for exactly one "turn" of the
slipping generator. When the phase angle of source 2 returns to its initial prefault
value, the slipping is stopped.

42
 Example 5: Testing Power Swing Detection

5.2 Entering the Source Parameters

Since the impedances are similar to those in Example 1, a Delta phi of -36 is
again chosen for source 2, giving now a prefault current of slightly more that 1A,
since the total impedance of the default configuration is a little bit smaller that in
Example 1.

5.3 Entering the Fault Parameters

With this test case, the "Fault Parameters" are the settings for the power swing.
The expression "Fault" is set in quotes here because a power swing just appears
like a fault on the line, even if there is none! The phenomenon in the voltages
and currents result from the conditions of the generators.
Figure 5-3:
Parameters for
specifying an
asynchronous power
swing test

Beside the durations for prefault and postfault, only the slip frequency must be
specified. The "fault time" is implicitly defined by this, since the "fault" event is
exactly one period of the slip frequency. Since the length of the calculated
transient file is limited and increases with lower slip frequencies, the minimum
value for this is around 0.2 Hz. With these settings, a single test could be run
now, but we will go for a more sophisticated procedure.
Most power swing detection algorithms somehow determine the rate of change
of the measured impedance (this is the calculated ratio voltage/current at the
relay location). If the change is comparable slow against the change during a
typical fault event, the presence of a power swing is assumed. When the slip
frequency is raised, the rate of change of the measured impedance also
increases. So the power swing detection function can be expected to fail at
certain values of the slip frequency.
To determine the range where the power swing detection works and to find the
limit where it begins to fail, multiple tests with different slip frequencies have to
be performed. To facilitate this, NetSim offers the Sequence feature for the
automatic variation of parameters for repeated tests.

43
 NetSim

5.4 Setting up a Sequence of Tests

To repeat a test with different parameters, the Sequence tab is used.
First, one or two parameters must be selected whose values will be specified in
this tab. Consequently, the corresponding fields in other tabs (Fault, Line,
Sources, etc.) will not accessible any more. By default, the parameter selections
are set to [none] and single tests can be performed with the current parameters
in the tabs.
As soon as a parameter is selected, a field becomes active for the input of the
value. A test point with this parameter can then be added to the test point table.
This way, a sequence of tests can be arranged manually.
For this specific example, it could be estimated from the relay settings that
power swings with slip frequencies up to about 2.5Hz will be detected. Above
this slip frequency, the power swing detection will not pick up. We will need a
sequence of tests with slip frequencies that cover the range around the
estimated limit with a useful stepping. To set this up quickly, the automatic
sequence function can be accessed through the Sequence...-button. By
specifying From, To and Step values, multiple test points with varying
parameters can be automatically set up. It must be kept in mind that, especially
with two varied parameters, the number of test points can easily grow to
unpractical figures if this feature is used carelessly.
The next figure shows the Sequence tab with Slip frequency as the only one
varied parameter and with test points from 1.6 Hz to 3.0 Hz in a step of 0.2 Hz.
Figure 5-4:
A sequence of tests with
varying slip frequency

44
 Example 5: Testing Power Swing Detection

5.5 Setting up a Measurement Condition

To verify the detection of the power swing, a corresponding status signal of the
relay has to be routed to a binary contact which must be wired to a binary input
of the CMC, which is labelled "PS det" in this example. The closing of this
contact can then be used in a measurement condition as shown below:
Figure 5-5:
Measurement condition
for power swing
detection.

The exact timing of the power swing detection is hard to predict and can be
expected to vary with the slip frequency. So a very general condition is specified,
which requires the input to become active somewhere within one second after
the "fault" event. With this, a raw yes/no assessment can be performed.
Testing this with just a trip contact would require more conditions to be fulfilled.
So the power swing blocking function would have to be activated to influence the
behavior of the trip contact. Since measuring and assessment of "something not
happening" is generally more difficult, the interpretation of the measurement
condition would have to be inverted. In this case, tripping would be expected at
slip frequencies above about 2.5 Hz.

5.6 Running the Test

At this point, also the difference of the (test single) and the (test all)
buttons becomes really essential.
From the test points defined in the Sequence tab, we can select one as shown
in Figure 5-5 and run a single test by pressing .
By pressing , the whole sequence of test points will be executed.
Even with no sequence defined, a test can be run with the button using the
current settings. But after such a test, the results will be volatile. Changing
parameters is still possible and this will cause the results to become overwritten
by the new calculated preview values. To make results and assessment
persistent after a test, use the button.

45
 NetSim

The following figure shows the time signal view for the test point with a slip
frequency of 2.2 Hz.
Figure 5-6:
Time Signal View for a
power swing with slip
frequency 2.2Hz

When the whole sequence is executed, the test points for frequencies above
2.4 Hz are assessed as "failed". Since we expected the power swing detection
not to work at these slip frequencies, the result is correct and as expected for our
test case.
Figure 5-7:
Assessment of test
sequence with varying
slip frequency

46
 Contact Information / Technical Support

Contact Information / Technical

Support
Europe, Africa, Middle East
OMICRON electronics GmbH
Phone: +43 5523 507-333
E-Mail: info@[Link]
Web: [Link]

Asia, Pacific
OMICRON electronics Asia Ltd, Hong Kong
Phone: +852 2634 0377
E-Mail: info@[Link]
Web: [Link]

North and South America

OMICRON electronics Corp. USA
Phone: +1 713 830-4660 or 1 800 OMICRON
E-Mail: info@[Link]
Web: [Link]

For addresses of OMICRON offices with customer service centers, regional

sales offices or offices for training, consulting and commissioning please see our
website.

47
 OMICRON Contact Addresses

48
 Index

Index
H
hotline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

A
About NetSim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
address
I
manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Introduction to NetSim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Advanced Transplay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

M
C manufacturer address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
CMC Test Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 14, 28 Measurement
Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Multiple Faults on Parallel Lines . . . . . . . . . 29
D
Default Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
N
NetSim
E About NetSim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Running the Test . . . . . . . . . . 14, 22, 28, 36
Earth Fault Starting NetSim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
In Phase A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Network
Near Circuit Breaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Examples Selecting Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Earth Fault In Phase A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Earth Fault Near Circuit Breaker . . . . . . . 17
Fault w/ Autoreclosure & Persisting Fault 23
Multiple Faults on Parallel Lines . . . . . . . 29
Testing Power Swing Detection . . . . . . . . 41 O
OMICRON address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

F
Fault w/ Autoreclosure & Persisting Fault . . . 23

49
 NetSim

P T
Parameters Tab
Circuit Breaker Parameters CB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Entering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Measurement Conditions . . . . . . . . . . 27 Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Timing for Initial Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Timing for Reclosure & Pers. Fault . . . 26 Trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Timing Reclosure and Persisting Fault 26 Task
Fault Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 19, 33 Earth Fault in Phase A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Line Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Earth Fault in Phase A example . . . . . . . 41
Output Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Earth Fault Near Circuit Breaker . . . . . . . 17
Source Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 31 Fault w/ Autoreclosure & Persisting Fault 23
Progress bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Fault with Autoreclosure and
Persisting Fault example . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Multiple Faults on Parallel Lines . . . . . . . 29
technical support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
R Test
Running the Test . . . . . . . . . . 14, 22, 28, 36
Report View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Test Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Results and Time Signals . . . . . . . . . 14, 22, 28 Test View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Testing Power Swing Detection . . . . . . . 41
Time Signal View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 14

S
Service
OMICRON address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 V
Settings Values
CB Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Default Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Measurement Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 View
Output Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Measurement View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 21
Short Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Report View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Solution Results and Time Signals . . . . . . 14, 22, 28
Earth Fault in Phase A . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 41 Test View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Earth Fault Near Circuit Breaker . . . . . . . 17 Time Signal View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 14
Fault w/ Autoreclosure & Persisting Fault 23
Multiple Faults on Parallel Lines . . . . . . . 29
Multiple faults on parallel lines . . . . . . . . . 29
Starting NetSim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
State Sequencer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

50