Evolution of Atomic Models
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ScribdTranslationsAtomic models
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These models basically seek to explain what matter is made of.
Thematic index
What are atomic models?
Atomic models refer to the various graphic representations of thestructurey
operation of theatomsAtomic models have been developed throughout history of
thehumanitybased on the ideas that were discussed in each era regarding the composition of thesubject.
The first atomic models date back to classical antiquity, when philosophers and naturalists
they dared to think and deduce the composition of the things that exist, that is, of matter.
See also:Octet Rule
Atomic model of Democritus (450 B.C.)
The 'Atomic Theory of the Universe' was created by the Greek philosopher Democritus along with his mentor, Leucippus.
that time theknowledgethey were not reached by theexperimentationbut through
thereasoninglogical, based on the formulation and debate of ideas.
Democritus proposed that the world was made up of very small and indivisible particles.
ofexistenceeternal, homogeneous and incompressible, whose only differences were in shape and size, never in
internal functioning. Theseparticlesthey were baptized as "atoms", a word that comes from the
Greek atom means 'indivisible'.
According to Democritus, theproperties
of matterwere determined by the way atoms
They grouped. Later philosophers such as Epicurus added to the theory themovementrandomness of atoms.
Dalton's atomic model (1803A.D.)
The first atomic model with scientific foundations was born within thechemistryproposed by John Dalton in his
Atomic Postulates. He argued that everything was made of atoms, indivisible and indestructible, even
by means ofchemical reactions.
Dalton proposed that the atoms of the same chemical element were identical to each other and had the samemasse
same properties. On the other hand, he proposed the concept of relative atomic weight (the weight of each element
regarding the weight of hydrogen), comparing the masses of each element with the mass of hydrogen. Also
he proposed that atoms can combine with each other to form chemical compounds.
Dalton's theory had some errors. It claimed that chemical compounds were formed using the least
possible number of atoms of its elements. For example, the molecule ofwateraccording to Dalton, it would be HO and not
H2Oh, what is the correct formula. On the other hand, I was saying that the elements ingaseous statethey were always
monatomics (composed of a single atom), what we know is not real.
More in:Dalton's atomic model
Lewis atomic model (1902AD)
Also called the 'CubicAtom Model', in this model Lewis proposed the structure of atoms.
distributed in the form of a cube, at whose eight vertices were theelectronsThis allowed progress in the
study of thevalencesatomic and thechemical bondsespecially after its update by Irving
Langmuir in 1919, where he proposed the 'cubic octet atom'.
These studies were the basis of what is known today as the Lewis diagram, a very useful tool for
explain the covalent bond.
Thomson's atomic model (1904A.D.)
Thomson assumed that atoms were spherical with electrons embedded in them.
Proposed by J. J. Thomson, discoverer of the electron in 1897, this model is prior to the discovery of
theprotonsyneutrons, because I assumed that atoms were composed of a sphere of charge
positively the negatively charged electrons were embedded in it, like raisins in pudding.
saidmetaphorhe bestowed upon the model the epithet of "Raisin Pudding Model."
This model made an incorrect prediction about the positive charge in the atom, as it claimed that it was
distributed throughout the atom. Later, this was corrected in Rutherford's model where the nucleus was defined.
atomic.
Rutherford's atomic model (1911A.D.)
Ernest Rutherford conducted a series ofexperimentsin 1911 from gold sheets. In these experiments
it was determined that the atom is composed of a positively charged atomic nucleus (where the majority is concentrated
part of its mass) and the electrons, which revolve freely around this nucleus. In this model it is proposed
for the first time the existence of the atomic nucleus.
Continue in:Rutherford's atomic model
Bohr's atomic model (1913 A.D.)
When jumping from one orbit to another, electrons emit a photon differing the energy between orbits.
This model begins in the world of thephysicsto the quantum postulates, which is why it is considered a
transition between classical mechanics and thequantumThe Danish physicist Niels Bohr proposed this model for
explain how electrons could have stable orbits (or stable energy levels) surrounding the nucleus.
Additionally, explain why atoms have characteristic emission spectra.
In the spectra recorded for many atoms, it was observed that the electrons of the same energy level
they had different energies. This proved that there were errors in the model and that there must be sublevels of
energy at each energy level.
The Bohr model is summarized in three postulates:
Electrons trace circular orbits around the nucleus without [Link].
The allowed orbits for electrons are those with a certain value of angular momentum (L) (amount of
rotation of an object) that is an integer multiple of the value, with h=6.6260664×10-34y n=1, 2, 3…
Electrons emit or absorb energy when jumping from one orbit to another, and in doing so, they emit a photon that
represents the difference in energy between both orbits.
Sommerfeld atomic model (1916A.D.)
The Sommerfeld model was based in part on Albert Einstein's relativistic postulates.
This model was proposed by Arnold Sommerfeld to try to cover the deficiencies presented by the
Bohr model.
It was based in part on the relativistic postulates of Albert Einstein. Among its modifications is the assertion that
whether the orbits of the electrons were circular or elliptical, that the electrons had currents
tiny electric ones and that from the second energy level there were two or more sublevels.
Schrödinger's atomic model (1926A.D.)
Proposed by Erwin Schrödinger based on the studies of Bohr and Sommerfeld, he conceived electrons as
undulations of matter, which allowed for the later formulation of a probabilistic interpretation of the
wave function (magnitude used to describe theprobabilityto find a particle in space) by
part of Max Born.
This means that the position of an electron or its amount can be studied probabilistically.
ofmovementbut not both things at the same time, due to the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.
This is the atomic model in force at the beginning of the 21st century, with some subsequent additions. It is known as
Quantum-Wave Model