E.E.M.P.A. No.

1298
SOCIAL SCIENCES 1st Year 2020
THEME: What do we call Social Sciences?
Social sciences are those that study man in relation to society.
The scientific disciplines found within the social sciences are many, for
example:
Politics: studies the government and administration of human societies,
Economics: studies the development and distribution of resources.
Activity 1: Look for information about what other scientific disciplines are included.
of the Social Sciences

Let's start with Geography...

Maps, mirrors of the world
Throughout the history of humanity, maps have been instruments for knowledge of
territories, the conquests, the diffusion of national ideas and the planning and proposal of the
geographical spaces among other things.
One of the main functions of maps is the
representation of places, their location and their
characteristics. However, it is always necessary to keep in
it is said that maps are created with objects
determined by some knowledge and vision of the
reality. Even though the advancement of techniques of
representation has become more and more precise or
more conventional, common rules are followed; the maps
they continue to be a representation and as such this
mediated by the conditions and the conceptions they have
who carry it out.
On maps, we can find many types of
information, and in relation to it geographers distinguish
three main types of maps:
Physical maps: represent the relief and waters of
a territory
Maps politicians show the divisions
administrative
Thematic maps. They provide us with information.
about a specific aspect.

Activity 2: observe the following maps and respond to what type of maps
belong (political, physical or thematic)

1
1
 E.E.M.P.A. No. 1298

TOPIC: LOCATION OF CONTINENTS AND OCEANS ON THE MAP

The continents are enormous masses of emerged land, meaning that they rise above sea level.
sea, the one of the oceans.

Activity 3: With the help of an atlas, locate and write on the world map where
Atlantic Ocean
Africa - Antarctica - Europe - Asia.

Activity 4: Observe your planisphere and complete the following sentences:

a) America borders the East with _____________________________ and to the west with
__________________________.
b) America borders the North with _______________________________________ and to the South with

c) America is located to the ______________ of Europe, to the ______________ of Asia and to the
____________ from Africa.
The ocean ______________________ separates America from Europe.
The ocean ______________________ separates America from Asia.
The ocean ______________________ separates America from Africa.

THEME: Geographical coordinates

Sometimes it is important to locate a place accurately, to locate accurately.
Any point on the planet's surface can be located using the grid that forms
meridians and parallels.
Parallels are imaginary circles with an east-west direction. The parallel that is taken
As a reference, it is ECUADOR (0º) that divides the Earth into two hemispheres, the northern and southern.
Other important parallels are the tropics and the polar circles.
The tropics of Cancer and Capricorn are two parallels on which the rays of the
The sun falls completely vertical at noon on June 21 and December 21.
respectively.
The Meridians are imaginary lines running north-south, connecting the poles (north pole and
Greenwich meridian (0º) is the one taken as a reference dividing the earth.
in two equal halves or hemispheres: the eastern or oriental hemisphere and the western or occidental.

2
 E.E.M.P.A. No. 1298
LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE
The absolute location of a point is the location, indicating at the same time the latitude and
the length
Latitude: it is the distance between a place on the planet and the Equator.
This is measured in degrees, and it can be north or south.
Longitude: it is the distance measured in degrees between a place and the Meridian.
Greenwich. It is written with a number and degree (meridian) and indicates whether it is west or east.

IF WE PROJECT THE EARTH ON A PLANE, THE MERIDIANS (LONGITUDES) AND

PARALLELS (LATITUDES) WE WILL SEE THEM IN THE FOLLOWING WAY:

Activity 5:
a)Escribe el nombre de los continentes y océanos.
b) Color YELLOW the continents or the part of them that is located in the
Northern Hemisphere.
c) Paint the continents, or the part of them that is located in the hemisphere, in GREEN.
Sure.
d) Answer:
Which continent is located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere?
Which continents are completely located in the Southern Hemisphere?
Which ocean is located almost entirely in the Southern Hemisphere?
e) Observe the map and respond by marking with an X in the corresponding column. Justify.
the FALSE answers

3
 E.E.M.P.A. No. 1298
THEME: What is history and what is it for?
Concept of History: It has been said at some point: 'History is the science of the past', now we
we ask, what past? Of all the past? No, of the specifically human past,
because History as a science involves humans. This science seeks to understand humans.
men. The historian thinks not only about the human, but about the human in time.
HISTORY IS "THE SCIENCE OF MEN IN TIME."
History is a social science that studies human events.
FROM THE PAST THAT INFLUENCE THE PRESENT.

The past does not explain all of our present, but it does account for a large part of it. Whoever wants to study and
to understand the present, one cannot remain in it, but must resort to the past. The key to
historical study is to discover the relationship between the past and the present, since knowing
The past is better understood, the present is better understood, and in this way, one can act with greater
commitment to what surrounds us. The misunderstanding of the present arises from ignorance of the past.
That is to say, history questions the past to understand the present and propose possibilities for the future.
future.
History in the context of social sciences. History and the sciences
assistants.
History is part of the group of so-called social sciences, that is, the branches of human knowledge.
which refer to man as a member of society, along with sociology, economics, the
law, geography, etc. Most social sciences cannot establish laws of scope
universal, unlike natural sciences which can. The reason why the sciences
the inability of social sciences to formulate universal laws lies in the fact that, when studying man, he is free.
unpredictable in their actions. That is, we cannot say 'all men act in a certain way'
way.
All sciences seek to arrive at the truth. In the case of History, the aim is to arrive at the truth with
reference to the facts of human history.
Can something that happened in the past be completely reconstructed? No, it cannot. Because the
traces that reach us are incomplete, and we can only reconstruct a part of what happened in the
past; that is why historical truth is modified as new investigations arise
by historians.
Furthermore, primary sources are not always clear and precise, which is why History requires the
collaboration of other disciplines, considered auxiliary sciences. Some are:
Geography: helps to recognize the space where past events occur.
Anthropology: studies human remains by classifying them according to their most important characteristics.
Archaeology: it investigates the monuments, ruins, utensils, and other material objects used in the
antiquity.
Philology or linguistics: compares and studies languages to understand the content of sources.
written in ancient languages that are now extinct.
Numismatics: studies ancient coins and medals to determine their social significance.
economic.

Concept and classification of historical sources

As past events cannot be addressed directly, historians seek the
traces that the past has left. These traces are the sources of History and are classified into sources.
primary and secondary.
Primary sources are testimonies produced in the time we are studying. They can be:
Oral narratives: stories of the protagonists.
Written: testimonies written as personal letters, official documents, publications in newspapers or
magazines, etc.
Materials: architectural constructions, objects used in that era, coins, paintings, etc.
Graphics or audiovisuals: images, movies, recordings, music.

4
Biological: bones, fossils, etc.
 E.E.M.P.A. No. 1298
Secondary sources are works produced by other historians. For example, a book
published on the subject that will be investigated, or the History book we are working with in class.

Historical time: past, present, and future. Chronology and periodization

Cicero said that history was 'the teacher of life.' There is no doubt that history can be a
effective teaching; knowledge of the past helps to understand the current reality and, just like the
people learn from the mistakes made in their lives, history helps make better decisions
for the future.
In summary, History studies human past to understand the present and face it with greater
security the future. Thus, when we talk about 'historical time' we are not only referring to the past, which
it is often a very common mistake, since in the study of History the past, the present, and the future are
intertwine.
History needs to place events in time. For this, chronology is used, a science that aims to
object to determine the order and dates of historical events. To measure History one does not
they use days or months, just as we do with the events of our lives. In History, they are
necessary longer periods: years, centuries, or millennia.
Currently, the most widely used chronology is the Christian calendar, which starts from the birth.
of Christ. All events prior to this fact are chronologically arranged in descending order;
the higher the number, the older that date is. The expression 'before' is added to these dates.
Christ. For example, the appearance of writing dates back to around 3200 BC.
All the events that occurred after the birth of Christ are located in a form
ascending: the greater the number, the closer to our days the event occurred. These dates
They can identify themselves with the expression 'after Christ' or only with the reference to the year. For example,
We can say that the fall of the Western Roman Empire occurred in 476 AD or in 476.

Periodization is known as the field of social sciences that deals with dividing History into
different periods. In history, the broadest periodization gives periods called ages, while
that the so-called eras designate shorter or local divisions. In the field of geology, it
use the expression eras (geological eras). There is no universal agreement on the periodization in
History, although there is a consensus on the ages of the History of Western Civilization.

Ages of History:
Historians have divided History into successive periods that facilitate its study. This periodization
what is known as the ages of history was formulated by European historians and includes
a series of stages from prehistory to the present. The time limits of each of these
ages are determined by significant events that mark the end of a stage and the
beginning of another.
The ages of History should not be understood as rigid molds but as flexible periods for
facilitate the study. The periodization of History into ages is as follows:
PREHISTORY: it is the period that encompasses from the appearance of the first men (ago
approximately 3 million years) until the invention of writing (around 3200 BC). Within
From Prehistory, the two main ages are: Paleolithic and Neolithic.
ANCIENT AGE: begins with the appearance of the first written documents (3200 BC), and
ends with the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476 A.D.). This period corresponds to the study
from the first civilizations such as Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome.
MIDDLE AGES: it is the period of one thousand years that passed since the fall of the Western Roman Empire
(476), until the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire (1453). During this period, the political system took place
and social known as feudalism.

5
 E.E.M.P.A. No. 1298
MODERN AGE: it begins with the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire (1453), and ends with the
outbreak of the French Revolution (1789). During this period, there is a weakening of the
feudal relations, the rise of absolute monarchies, and the transition to capitalism.
CONTEMPORARY AGE: it begins with the outbreak of the French Revolution (1789) and
extends to the present.

a) Make your own definition of History.

b) Arrange the following years chronologically from the oldest to the most recent:
3200 BC - 1789 - 2010 - 476 - 1200 BC - 10000 BC - 1810
c) Classify the following elements according to the group of historical source they belong to.
A carved stone. A letter from a woman of the 11th century.
A book about the French Revolution. A code of laws from the Roman era.
A coin.
d) What ages of History do the following historical events belong to?
Consolidation of feudalism The arrival of Columbus in America
Appearance of writing The French Revolution
Democracy in Athens The Revolution of 1810
e) Arrange chronologically the dates indicated below, from the oldest to the most recent.
close and place them in the box. (Keep in mind the example and the box of the centuries)
Ex. 44 BC: Death of Julius Caesar in Rome 476: Fall of the Western Roman Empire
1492: Columbus's Arrival in America 1453: Fall of the Eastern Roman Empire.
1789: Revolución Francesa 2180 BC: End of the Old Kingdom in Egypt
331 B.C.: Alexander the Great incorporates
Babylon to its domains

Date Century Millennium Historical age

2180 AD. 22nd century BC Millennium III BC Ancient Age