Unit 1.

Introduction to Information Technologies and

communication
1.1 Information and Communication Technologies
The significance of ICT cannot be limited due to its dynamic nature.
concepts, methods, and applications it encompasses, which remain in constant evolution. The
ICT interfere in almost every facet of daily life and have become one of the most
important priorities in formal and informal education.

Its scope is not limited to the educational field, as ICT has become a key factor
culture, economy, and politics with profound effects on the world's population even in areas
remote and underdeveloped areas that do not directly use technology.

The main objective of ICT is the empowerment and independence of individuals to

improve society. The technological revolution has deeply modified many aspects of
daily life, facilitating communication, socialization, and the development of relationships at a distance.

However, it is necessary to reflect on how behavior, values, and competencies

individuals, organizations, and societies can be influenced, manipulated and
addressed by these technologies.

1.1.1 Definition, importance and types

Definition

Information and communication technologies (ICT) are the result of putting into interaction the
computer science and telecommunications. Everything, with the aim of improving processing, storage
and transmission of the information.

In this way, improving the level of our communications. Creating new ways
of faster and higher quality communication. Improvements that reduce costs and time, applicable
both to the business world and to life itself. Providing us with greater comfort and
improving our quality of life while advocating for the environment.

What do the information and communication technologies consist of?

The terminals, networks, and services can therefore also be classified according to what they do.
use or another of these elements.

Regarding the devices, a lot has been

advanced. The computer has evolved since its
appearance and continues to do so at a dizzying pace. To
just like the peripheral devices that complement it,
offering other possibilities.

Technology has not stagnated in computers.

It continues to surprise us by introducing new types of
terminals in our lives o improving
its characteristics. What happened to that mobile phone whose
their only function was to make calls. Now they are much more sophisticated devices that have revolutionized the
communication. Video calls, free messaging applications, social networks,
etc. are some examples.

As for the networks that allow devices to be interconnected, the cornerstone

it would be the internet. Its impact on society cannot be explained in a few lines, but it is what makes
turn this world. ICTs have done a hard job in the field of networks. Improving the
fixed telephony, mobile telephony, the internet itself moving from telephone connection to broadband,
after fiber optics and bringing the connection to mobile devices. Thus allowing us to be
informed at the moment.

What is the importance of communication measured by ICT in today's society?

New forms of socialization

When examining the new generations and ICT, it is impossible to overlook the fact that the
Today's youth inhabit multiple worlds simultaneously. Many young people develop their
identities in their bedrooms, chatting on their personal computers.

Today's youth face a global media culture that represents a force

unifying, a type of cultural pedagogy that teaches them to consume and act "what to think, feel,
create, fear and desire.

The culture influenced by ICT creates an environment in which traditional modes of socialization
are altered and, at least to some extent, replaced by new ones. In today's world, ICT
They constitute a potentially more powerful force for socialization than home or school.

As Jennifer Light points out, 'technology is not a neutral tool with universal effects,
but rather a medium with consequences that are significantly shaped by the context
historical, social and cultural context of its use.

Health care

For the healthcare industry, electronic data storage and quick access to
information, represent significant improvements in diagnostic times and avoid the need for
of unnecessary tests.

With the help of ICT, health systems are trying to advance in preventive medicine and the
patient education, providing considerable economic savings and health benefits.

ICT and smart living environments can also play an increasingly important role
important in caring for the elderly at home, helping older people to do
facing daily activities, increasing their independence.

When the elderly can live more independently at home, they remain
more active. In this way, the weakening of memory is delayed. Thus, in the long term,
the need for expensive institutional care can be reduced and quality of life improved.

Education and learning

ICT for education refers to the development of information technology and the
communications specifically for teaching/learning purposes.

The adoption and use of ICT in education have a positive impact on teaching.
learning and research. ICT can affect education and allow for greater access to the
the same, since:

Flexibility increases so that students can access education regardless of the

time and geographical barriers.

It influences the way students are taught and how they learn.

They provide the right environment and motivation for the learning process, offering new
possibilities for students and teachers.

These possibilities can have an impact on student performance and achievement. Likewise
way, greater availability of best practices and the best teaching material in the
education, which can be shared through ICT, fostering better teaching and
improving the academic performance of students.

Work environments

ICT enables collaborative work in which links from companies and their
environments that rarely meet in person.

These technologies use global, always-active communication infrastructures, which allows

immediate interactions between individuals, groups, and organizations enhancing the exchange of
information and coordination of activities.

Some of the additional benefits of ICT within organizations are listed below
continuation:

At the managerial level, it allows to supervise the tasks performed by the work team by employing
monitoring systems.

More flexibility for some workers to be able to carry out most of their activities
from the comfort of their home and with more flexible hours.

Increase market reach beyond traditional borders through commerce

electronic.

ICT are complementary to other factors of production, particularly knowledge,

innovation and the skills of workers. Technology can be used more effectively
by skilled workers than by unskilled workers. Furthermore, workers
qualified individuals become more effective with better technology.

Society and private life

Multiple questions also surround freedom of expression and content regulation.

through ICT.
Thinking of mechanisms to control content opens the debate to find a reasonable solution,
due to the same technology that seeks the filtering of materials for being considered
inappropriate content can be used to filter truthful and interesting content. In this sense, censorship
It doesn't seem to be an option.

ICT also raises a series of questions about the protection of intellectual property and the
creation of new tools and regulations that allow to solve this problem.

The remarkable power of ICT has generated considerable concern about privacy, both in
the public sector as in the private sector. The reductions in the cost of data storage and the
Information processing makes it likely that computer enthusiasts can collect
detailed data about all citizens.

No one currently knows who collects data on individuals, how it is used and shared.
data or how they can be misused. These concerns diminish the trust of the
consumers in ICT.

ICTs have numerous economic, political, and social impacts on modern life and require
a serious investigation of the social sciences to manage its risks and dangers.

Accessibility to information and communication technologies

As information and communication technology has become more sophisticated, so too

it has become more economical and accessible. Complex technical knowledge is no longer required in
computing.

The available products offer non-experts the opportunity to leverage ICT to create
new networks of knowledge and information. The way to communicate and seek knowledge has
transformed.

People are instantly accessible through common forms of communication with

electronic devices, as the Internet allows access to large amounts of information and the
knowledge transfer with unprecedented speed.

The dissemination of information through electronic publishing allows people to communicate.

instantly with other people around the world from their home or office. The connections
Wireless connections in cafes and other places have also increased communication opportunities.
through mobile devices.

The other element that makes up information and communication technologies is the
services. The range of services offered to us is growing larger each time: email,
information search, online banking, e-commerce, e-administration, e-government*
private services, leisure services, etc.

What types of ICT exist?

We can make a general classification of information and communication technologies in

networks, terminals and services they offer.

1. Networks: fixed telephony, broadband, mobile telephony, television networks or networks in the
Home are some of the ICT networks.
2. Terminals: there are several devices or terminals that are part of ICT. These are the
computer, the Internet browser, computer operating systems, phones
mobile phones, televisions, portable audio and video players, or game consoles.

3. Services in ICT: ICT offers various services to consumers. The most important ones
is email, information search, online banking, audio and music, television
and cinema, e-commerce, e-administration and e-government, e-health, education, the
video games and mobile services. In recent years, more services like Peer have appeared.
to Peer (P2P), blogs or virtual communities.

1.1.2 Evolution of ICT

If we take a historical journey through the history of ICT, we could encounter these important events:

3500 BC: Cuneiform writing appears in Sumer and hieroglyphics in Egypt.

3000 BC: Egypt uses a manageable support for writing. Papyrus.
2500 BC: The abacus appears, which was the first tool used by humanity to perform
calculation operations.
2000 BC: The Book of Changes (I Ching) appears, and in it we find the first formulation of the
binary system.
1600 BC: pigeons begin to be used to transmit messages.
1500 BC: the Phoenician people create the alphabet.
600 BC: Thales of Miletus describes static electricity and that is where the term electron comes from.
500 BC: The Romans use abacuses and for the balls they use stones which they call calculations.
170 BC: in the city of Pergamon, parchment begins to be used for writing.
Year 105: paper is invented in China.
Year 1633: William Oughtred created a slide rule, which has been used by engineers until very recently.
Year 1642: Blaise Pascal builds the first mechanical calculator that performed additions and subtractions.
Year 1671: Gottfried Leibniz creates a machine that is capable of performing multiplications.
Year 1833: Charles Babbage designs although does not build a processing machine capable of executing programs.
computing.
Year 1837: Samuel Morse creates the telegraph.
Year 1847: Boolean algebra is born from the hand of George Boole. The studies of symbolic logic begin.
Year 1876: Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone.
Year 1877: Thomas Edison invents the phonograph, a device capable of reproducing sounds.
Year 1890: Hermann Hollerith uses a mechanical punch as a way to represent letters and digits through
paper cards. Later, in 1924, he would be the founder of IBM.
Year 1901: Marconi manages to transmit a radio signal from Comualles to Newfoundland.
Year 1906: On Christmas Eve of 1906, the first radio transmission takes place.
Year 1925: the first television signal is transmitted.
Year 1927: The BBC and CBS carry out the first public television broadcasts.
Year 1928: Experiments are developed to transmit color images.
Year 1941: Konrad Suze presents the first programmable electromagnetic computer with a punched tape. It is the
Z3 had 2,000 electromagnets, 64 words of 22 bits of memory, weighed 1,000 kilograms, and consumed 4,000 watts.
Performing an addition took him 0.7 seconds, while a multiplication or division took him 3 seconds.
Year 1943: Alan Turing builds the Colossus, a computer that allows decoding messages in just a few seconds.
Nazi secrets in World War II.
Year 1947: John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly develop the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator).
It is considered the first computer, as it operated completely electronically.
Year 1949: John Von Neumann creates the EDVAC. He had the idea of putting the instructions in the same memory as the data.
data. He wrote them in binary code. This is known as Von Neumann Architecture.
Year 1951: The first commercial computer is born. It is the UNIVAC 1, which was developed by Howard Aiken Sperry-Rand.
Corporation Y was bought by the United States Census Bureau. Its memory was 1,000 words and it was capable of reading
magnetic tapes.
Year 1956: The first home video recorder appears.
Year 1957: John Backus and his colleagues at IBM created the first Fortran, the first programming language.
Year 1958: BELL manufactures the first modem that allows binary data to be transmitted over simple telephone lines.
Year 1961: first theory about the use of packet switching for data transfer.
 Year 1962: ARPA is an agency of the United States Department of Defense. There J.C.R. Licklider successfully advocates
his ideas about a global network of computers.
Year 1967: The 1st conference about ARPANET takes place.
Year 1969: 4 universities connect to ARPANET and Bell Labs develops Unix.
Year 1971: Intel manufactures and releases the first silicon microprocessor. It is the Intel 4004. It was created for a
perform the basic operations of Babbage according to the Von Neumann architecture. It is the first CPU.
At the same time, IBM invented the floppy disk, a 5 1/4 inch diskette. Meanwhile, 23 computers are connected.
the ARPANET and the first email is sent.
Year 1973: Norway and England join the Internet with one computer each. Meanwhile, the use of
digital signals to transmit data via optical fiber.
Year 1974: The Altair 8800 appears, the first desktop computer, with an Intel 8080 microprocessor. It did not have a keyboard,
neither monitor, nor any application software.
Year 1975: It is the beginning of what is now Apple. Steve Jobs and Steven Wozniak wanted to manufacture and market a
computer to be used on a massive scale. Wozniak was able to design a board capable of supporting the entirety
of necessary components and created the programming language Basic. They obtained the first Apple computer. Towards
By the end of 1976, they had prepared the next model, the Apple II. That same year, Bill Gates and Paul Allen created
Microsoft.
Year 1977: The company Tandy creates the TRS 80 I with external peripherals. It is marketed by its Radio stores.
Shack since the late 70s and throughout the 80s.
Year 1978: Commodore develops and markets the best-selling desktop computer in the world.
Year 1979: American students create NewsGroups.
Year 1980: The Commodore 64 appears.
Year 1981: The first of the 'Personal Computers' is born. The first of the IBM PC compatible hardware platform.
IBM 5150. It also defines the TCP/IP protocol and the word Internet.
Year 1983: The first domain name server is created. Motorola introduces the first mobile phone. The DynaTAC 8000X.
Year 1984: 1000 computers connected to the Internet.
Year 1987: 10,000 computers connected to the Internet.
Year 1989: 100,000 computers connected to the Internet and a prototype of the World Wide Web is created.
Year 1990: ARPANET disappears.
Year 1991: The World Wide Web is made official and a transmission over fiber optics is tested at a speed of 4 gigabytes.
per second.
Year 1992: 1,000,000 computers connected to the Internet. Motorola creates the first portable digital mobile phone.
Year 1993: The Mosaic web browser appears, and the first Internet search engine is called Wandex. The IBM Simon.
it becomes the first mobile phone that integrates PDA functions.
Year 1994: The Internet search engines WebCrawler, Lycos, and Excite! appear.
Year 1995: The Internet search engines AltaVista and Yahoo! appear.
Year 1996: 10,000,000 computers connected to the Internet. The Nokia 9000 Communicator becomes the
smartphone and integrated an Intel 386 CPU.
Year 1997: Google makes its appearance.
Year 1998: the 1st digital book appears.
Year 2003: LinkedIn is launched as the first professional social network in history. This year also sees the emergence of MySpace.
Hi5.
Year 2004: Facebook, Flickr, Vimeo, Tagged, and the first social network from Google called Orkut appear.
Year 2005: YouTube, DailyMotion, and Reddit are created.
Year 2006: Twitter and Badoo appear.
Year 2007: The iPhone makes its debut.
Year 2009: WhatsApp is created and Microsoft's Internet search engine Bing.
Year 2010: Instagram, Pinterest, and Google Buzz appear.
Year 2011: Google Plus appears.
2014: Google enters the world of smartphones with the Google Nexus 6P.

1.2 Management Information Systems

Managers or administrators rely on formal and informal means to obtain data.
what they require to make decisions.
Formal information reaches the managers through administrative reports and statistics.
of routine.

These reports are standardized, produced regularly, and constitute the most visible part of
what is called Management Information System (MIS).

Informal information includes rumors and unofficial discussions with your colleagues. Experience
personal, education, common sense, intuition, and knowledge of the social and political environment are part
from the informal means of collecting data.

1.2.1 Definition and importance

A management information system is a set of systems and procedures that collect

information from a variety of sources, compiles it, and presents it in a readable format.
Managers use a management information system to create reports that provide them with
a comprehensive overview of all the information they need to make decisions that go
from daily minutiae to high-level strategies.
Today's management information systems largely rely on technology
to compile and present data, but the concept is older than computing technologies
modern

Objective

The main objective of a management information system is to facilitate decision-making.

the managers to be more efficient and productive.

By bringing together information from a variety of sources into a single database and presenting it
Information in a logical format, a GIS can provide managers with everything they need.
to make highly informed decisions and conduct a thorough analysis of the issues
operational.

The importance of GIS for managers is for two reasons:

It is the process by which the functions of planning, organization, and direction are performed.
and control.
Because it is an activity to which managers allocate a greater proportion of their
time.
Types of management information systems
Management information systems are one of the several information systems that are used.
in business. To better understand management information systems, let's analyze the
different types of information systems available in companies.
Transaction processing [Link] systems have been designed to collect,
process and store transactions that occur in the daily operations of a company.
The system can also be used to cancel or modify transactions made in the past
if necessary. A property of this system that allows them to work effectively is the
ability to accurately record multiple transactions, even if the different transactions
take place simultaneously.
They are designed to handle large volumes of transactions. Examples include
inventory control systems, payroll systems, order processing systems, etc.
Decision Support [Link] systems help decision-makers to make
the best decisions when generating statistical projections based on analyzed data. Although not
eliminates the need for the manager's judgment, significantly improves the quality of the decision by
to provide forecasts that help determine the best course of action.
These systems collect information from various sources in order to assist in decision-making.
Examples of these systems include computer-supported cooperative work, the
group decision support systems, logistics systems, and planning systems
financial.
Executive information systems. Also known as Executive Support System, this is
a tool that is used to inform data from the entire company to senior executives.
These systems provide quick and user-friendly reports that are displayed on screens.
graphs that are easy to compare.
They can be considered specialized decision support systems because they provide the
necessary information to help improve the quality of decisions.
Due to the high expectations of a system of this type, these systems must be highly
individualized, so they are generally tailor-made for specific clients. Also
they are customizable to meet the specific needs of the clients.
Management Information Systems. These systems make use of information technology.
to help managers ensure smooth and efficient operation of the
organization.
The information collected by these systems is structured so that managers can
easily evaluate the current performance of the company compared to previous results.
Some common types of management information systems include control systems.
of processes, human resource management systems, sales and marketing systems, systems
inventory control, office automation systems, planning systems
business resources, accounting and finance systems.
1.2.2 Structure of a GIS
Similarly, SIG is defined as:
An integrated user-machine system, which implies that some tasks are better performed
forthe man, while others are very well done by the machine, to foresee information that
support the operations, theadministrationand the decision-making functions in a company.
The system uses computing equipment and software, procedures, manuals, models for the
analysis of planning, control, and decision-making, as well as a database.
The management information system can be represented as a pyramid structure.

The bottom part of the pyramid consists of information related to the

processing of transactions inquiries about their status.

2.-The next level includes the information resources to support daily operations
control.

3.-The third level groups the information system resources to assist in tactical planning.
and the decision-making related to Administrative control.

The highest level includes the information resources necessary to support planning.
strategic and the definition of policy by the highest levels of management

1.3 Networks

Communication networks are nothing more than the possibility of universally sharing the
information between groups of computers and their users; a vital component of the era of
information.
The generalization of the personal computer (PC) and the local area network (LAN) during
The 1980s have given rise to the possibility of accessing information in databases.
remote, load applications from overseas points, send messages to other countries and share
files, all of it from a personal computer.
The networks that enable all this are advanced and complex equipment. Their effectiveness is based on the
confluence of very diverse components. The design and implementation of a global network of
Computers are one of the great 'technological miracles' of recent decades.

1.3.1 Definition, importance, and types

Definition of networks

It is a set of physical devices 'hardware' and programs 'software', through which

we can connect computers to share resources (disks, printers, programs, etc.)
as well as work (calculation time, data processing, etc.).
Each of the computers connected to the network is referred to as a node. It is considered that
A network is local if it only reaches a few kilometers.
Importance
A team is a machine used to manipulate data. Humans, as beings
communicative, they quickly understood why it would be useful to connect devices to each other to
exchange information. A computer network can have various purposes:
Resource exchange (files, applications or hardware, an internet connection, etc.)
Communication between people (email, live debates, etc.)
Communication between processes (for example, between industrial equipment)
Guarantee of unique and universal access to information (network databases)
Multiplayer video games Networks are also used to standardize applications.

Types of Networks

Information networks can be classified according to their extent and their topology. A network can
start small to grow along with the organization or institution. Next,
presents the different types of networks available:

Extension
According to the geographic distribution:

Network segment (subnet)

A network segment is often defined by the hardware or a specific network address.
For example, in the 'Novell NetWare' environment, all stations are included in a network segment.
of work connected to a network interface card of a server and each segment has its own
network address.

Local Area Network (LAN)

A LAN is a network segment that has workstations and servers connected or a
set of interconnected network segments, usually within the same area. For example
a building.

Campus network
A campus network extends to other buildings within a campus or industrial area. The various
segments or LANs of each building are usually connected via the support network cables.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A MAN network is a network that spans towns or cities and is interconnected by various
public or private facilities, such as the telephone system or system suppliers
communication by microwaves or optical means.

Wide area network (WAN and global networks)

WANs and global networks extend beyond the borders of cities, towns or
nations. Connections are made with public and private telecommunications facilities,
also by microwaves and satellites.

Topology
The topology or shapelogicof a network is defined as the
way of laying the cable to individual workstations;
through walls,floorsand roofs of the building. There is a number of
factors to consider to determine which topology is the most
appropriate for a situation dada. There exist
threetopologiescommon:
Ring
The stations are connected to each other forming a
circle by means of a common cable (Figure 1). The last
 The chain node connects to the first one, closing the ring. Thesignalsthey circulate in a single
sense around the circle, regenerating at each node. With thismethodology, each node
examine the information that is sent through the ring. If the information is not directed to
node that examines it, passes it to the next in the ring. The disadvantage of the ring is that if it breaks
a connection, the entire network goes down.

Star
The network connects at a single point, usually with apanel of
controlcentralized, like a wiring hub (Figure 2).
The information blocks are directed through the panel.
ofcontrolcentral towards its destinations. This scheme has a
advantage of having a control panel that monitors traffic and prevents
collisions and a disrupted connection do not affect the rest of the
red.

Bus.
The stations are connected by a single cable segment. Unlike
from the ring, the bus is passive, signal regeneration does not occur at each
node. The nodes in a 'bus' network transmit information and wait for
this should not collide with other information transmitted by another of the nodes. If
this happens, each node waits a small amount of random time, then
try to retransmit the information.

Hybrids

The linear bus, the star, and the ring are

sometimes they combine to form combinations of
hybrid networks.

Star ring. This topology is used in order to

facilitate theadministrationfrom the network. Physically, the network is
a centralized star in a concentrator, while at
at a logical level, the network is a ring.

"Bus" in star. The end is equal to the previous topology. In

in this case the network is a 'bus' that is physically wired as
a star through concentrators.

Hierarchical star. Thisstructurecabling is used

in most current local networks, through
of concentrators arranged in cascade to form a
hierarchical network.
1.3.2 Evolution of networks

Looking back, the essential idea of the Internet is extremely basic; however, with various
innovations, it has grown and evolved.

In its beginnings, there was a period of great synergy of technologies created and developed by
groups of magnificent engineers and developers amidst a period of challenges, creativity,
invention and impact. This synergy still persists and is what allows the advancement of the Internet.

The Internet did not suddenly appear as the global infrastructure that it is today, nor did it form
automatically from the initial telecommunications systems. During the late 1950s
In the early 60s, two independent paths intersected. One was research that,
eventually, led to the packet switching networks of the current Internet, and the other was
the creation and growth of the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the U.S. (ARPA
Advanced Research Projects Agency), the institution that founded and implemented these technologies.
These two paths merged in the mid-60s, creating the historic milestone that led to the
new network of computers called ARPANET. It is where the implementation phase began and
use of the new network, bringing in other contributors and successive stages of development.

Initially, the need for communication among a large number of computers was found.
embargo, the existing circuit switching technology was inadequate to support the
communication between multiple data sources. Then arose the concept of distribution or admission
of resources in the context of time-sharing of computing capacity. This time
shared was based on recognizing that users generate demands in bursts, and therefore great
part of the valuable computational resource is wasted when the computer is dedicated to a
single user. This inefficiency can be overcome by sharing resources during the intervals in
that a user is inactive. The principles and advantages of resource time-sharing were
key to the realization of efficient communication links in data networks, developing
the concept and technology of packet switching.

On the other hand, the role of the ARPA was crucial in defining the need for a data network, and
in the implementation of the organizational structure for its administration and for
provide the necessary funds for its implementation and use.

The need arose for a network to connect ARPA researchers.

large and expensive computers for research scattered across the U.S. This would allow them to
share, with each other, hardware, software and applications in an efficient and effective way.

By the mid-1980s, the paths of research on packet-switched networks

and the development of networks in ARPA came together, and the project soon became ARPANET.
It talks about two basic issues to consider in this project. One was the topic of creation of
switches and underlying communication links of the network infrastructure, with the
appropriate performance characteristics, including the data transfer rate, the time
response, storage capacity, losses, efficiency, scalability, topology,
channel capacity, routing procedures, queue discipline, reliability, robustness and
cost. The other issue was the creation of appropriate protocols for their use on computers
connected to the network in such a way that they could communicate properly.

In December 1989, the first four nodes of ARPANET using the stack were implemented.
of NCP protocols (Network Control Program), a network control protocol
symbiotic machine-to-machine.
ARPANET was originally created
connecting four minicomputers
located each one in universities
separated, the universities of California in
Santa Barbara, California in Los Angeles, the SRI
at Stanford and the University of Utah. The network
original was supposed to have a speed
of only 2400 bits per second (bps),
although technology was already available to
increase the line speed to 50 kb/s
(thousands of bits per second).

After a short evaluation period that

followed the initial implementation of the four
first nodes, continued the addition to the
ARPANET of a continuous sequence of networks
and message processors (IMP - Interface
Message Processor). In early 1970 the network contained 10 IMPs, and by March 1971 it had already spoken
grown to 15 IMPs. By the end of 1971, the new capacity of the network was announced: the mail
electronic (e-mail), and in July 1972 an administration utility was added to the mail that
allowed creating lists, selecting emails, archiving, forwarding, and replying to email messages
directly to the senders. The email turned out to be 'the killer application', that is, the application that
forever changed the Internet and made its growth exponential and its use spread
quickly. In less than a year, the mail corresponded to the majority of the traffic, which made
evident the network's ability to extend communication between people.

During the 1970s, the Internet grew and changed significantly due to the large amount of
technologies and innovations that emerged. In the early 1970s, another 19 computers were connected and
By 1972, there were 23. By then, the line speed was still 50 kb/s.

The reaction of computer manufacturers to this ARPANET phenomenon was the creation of
proprietary network architectures based on their own computer brands, such as SNA
from IBM and the DECnet from DEC. Meanwhile, the telephone companies continued to ignore the
phenomenon, but the open network that was ARPANET continued to grow strongly.

Soon, additional networks, including wireless networks such as satellite links, are
They were added to the ARPANET. Allowing its expansion without the need for fixed lines. The first
The satellite link was called SATNET, and it effectively connected the U.S. with Europe.

The interconnection and interoperability of these networks, referred to by the term 'internetworking'
(interconnection of networks), proved to be possible but not perfect, which attracted great interest,
incentivizing research and the development of new technology. It was from the neologism
"internetworking" which the expanding ARPANET was given the new name of Internet.

By 1979 there were about 111 computers connected to the network, still with a line speed of
50 kb/s. When the 1980s began, significant changes were made to the network, and by the end
by that decade, the network was already on its way to becoming the Internet that many of us know and
we experimented today. Among the changes that occurred, we have the availability of
smaller, faster, and more affordable computers and hardware, resulting within reach of most
individuals and organizations such as universities and businesses; the creation of many
organizations for the development and management of new users like the Name System
by Daminic (DNS); the development and implementation of the TCP/IP communication protocol that is used
currently; and innovations, such as routers, that improved communications between subnets
and computers. Thus, over a period of ten years, the Internet grew from approximately 150
computers to about 200,000 by the end of 1989, and the speed of the line had increased to about
1.5 Mb/s (millions of bits per second). By 1991, data transfer speeds were already
they reached 45 Mb/s.

The Internet had transitioned from being a tool primarily used by researchers and
technology experts to be a household utensil that can be found in almost every home
and resulted in an economic explosion.

During the 1990s, the Internet continued its growth and advancement thanks to the large number of
innovations, including those of a social and commercial nature that allowed for the injection of
money and research in this incredible technology.

In the early 1990s, there were already around 300,000 computers on the network, and by the end of the
decade, the number would be in the hundreds of millions and today, it is estimated
approximately two billion computers connected to the internet. This network of networks has
forever transformed the world. In addition to technological changes, it has also changed
society and has an impact on every aspect of our lives.

1.4 Internet
The internet has revolutionized the world and is probably the most important invention of the 20th century.
You can downloadmusicosoftware, view movie segments, performinvestigations,
to dopurchases, andsend and receive messages, among other things.
1.4.1 Definition and importance
Interneta networkofnetworkswhat connectscomputersdistributed around the world, allowing
the exchange ofinformationamong them.
Main Characteristics of the Internet
Universal. The internet is practically spread all over the world.
Easy to use. No need to knowcomputer scienceto use the Internet.
Varied. You can find almost everything on the Internet,
Economic. On the Internet thesavingsoftimeymoneyIt is impressive.
Useful. Having a lot of information andservicesquickly accessible
Importance.

This tool is very important because it provides us with information of all kinds, it is like a
a gigantic library where we can find any information we desire. Also
There are forums where people can express their knowledge and say whatever they want.
The internet is available 24 hours a day and you can find anything you want.

The ease of being able to inform ourselves about anything at the exact moment of the search is
impressive. On the Web pages we can find concrete information, and they provide us with the date.
in which the document has been published. Almost all universities and research organizations
They have a website so that people who want to find information about them can do so.

If you have a business and want to create a website to introduce yourself and provide information
about the services that your company offers, and to create events, you simply have to take care of them
a technical person to create it, and make it appear on the Internet.

1.4.2 Evolution of the Internet

Forty years ago, while the main forms of communication were the telegraph and the telephone,
Computers were large machines that performed calculations and stored information,
What its use was simply scientific or governmental.

So, how did we come to live in a so-called Information Society where technology
does it flood all aspects of our life? To find the answer, we must go back to the
History of the Internet.

It was the year 1957, the Cold War was pitting the United States against the Soviet Union in terms
ideological, economic, political, military and of course technological.

Due to the conflict, the US was interested in finding a way to protect its information and
communications in the event of a Soviet nuclear attack. The innovations that tried to solve
this problem led to what we now know as the Internet.

First concepts and purposes of the Internet

ARPA
As the USSR launched the first artificial satellite in history, Sputnik 1, the US was creating in
response to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA by its name
in English) in 1958.

ARPA is key in the history of the Internet, as it was responsible for the research and development of
new technologies for defensive and military purposes, among them, computer networks.

Packet Switching Theory and Galactic Network

In 1961, Leonard Kleinrock presented his packet switching theory in his doctoral thesis.
MIT.

It stated that two servers could communicate to send and receive information carried by
packages through a network of nodes.

These packets could take different paths depending on the saturation of the network, and be reformed.
upon arrival at the destination.

It was in 1962 when J.C.R Licklider, head of ARPA and pioneer of the Internet, described the concept of
a Galactic Network for quickly accessing data from anywhere in the world.

Independently, Paul Baran was working on packet switching at the RAND Corporation.
In 1962, he presented a communications system that, through computers connected to a
decentralized network, it was immune to external attacks, since if one or several nodes were
they were destroying, the others could continue functioning.

The purpose was fulfilled! If this technology were developed on a large scale, the information of
The USA would be protected since it could be accessed from any computer.

First wide area network (WAN)

The great step in the history of the Internet occurred in 1965 when Lawrence G. Roberts
Massachusetts and Thomas Merrill in California connected a TX2 computer with a Q-32.
through a low-speed switched telephone line.

The experiment was a success and is marked as the milestone that created the first wide area network (WAN)
of history.

ARPANET
The history of the Internet continues in 1966 when Roberts joined ARPA and created the ARPANET plan.
to develop the first packet-switching network together with Robert Kahn and Howard Frank.
Although in 1968 the National Physical Laboratory of the United Kingdom (NPL) had already designed the first
prototype of a decentralized network based on packet switching, it would not be until
1969 when a computer from the University of California (UCLA) successfully connected
with another from the Stanford Research Institute (SRI).

The node connection was so successful that months later four American universities
they were already interconnected. ARPANET had been born!

Birth of the NCP and email

In 1970, ARPANET was established with hundreds of connected computers.

S. Crocker and his team from the Network Working Group established the control protocol called
Network Control Protocol (NCP), which enabled the development of applications from computers
that were connected to ARPANET.

This is how in 1972 Ray Tomlinson created the basic software for email, becoming
in the most important application during the decade, as it changed the nature of communication and
collaboration between people.

Such was its impact that ARPANET was increasingly moving away from military use towards civilian use.
science communicator. Therefore, in 1974, more than 50 American universities
they were connected to ARPANET.

Transition from ARPANET to TCP/IP

Despite its success, the NCP protocol was not sufficient to communicate with networks or machines.
outside of ARPANET like satellite or radio packet networks.

For this reason, Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed a new version of the protocol in 1974 that
it responded to an open architecture network environment. This new protocol was called TCP/IP.

The TCP/IP protocol, rather than acting as a controller, facilitated communication between networks without
the need for them to make changes to their interface. Furthermore, it claimed that no package of
information would be lost and I checked that they arrived in the order they were sent.

Just starting the 80s, ARPANET changed the NCP protocol for the new TCP/IP.
1983. IP had become the carrier service of the Global Information Infrastructure.

In 1985, the Internet was already established as the main global communication network.

Birth of the World Wide Web

But the advances did not stop there. In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee developed the World Wide Web to
facilitate collaborative work at CERN.

Basically, the WWW functions as a hypertext document distribution system.

(HTTP) interconnected and accessible through a web browser connected to the Internet.

The system became so popular at CERN that in 1991 it was opened to the external public.
welcomed thanks to the creation of the Mosaic browser in 1993. In fact, its reception was so quick
that by 1997 there were more than 200,000 websites.

Marketing of the Internet

Did you realize that the first computer networks were restricted to an audience of
Scientists, engineers, and government workers? Well, this situation wouldn't last much longer.

With the arrival of TCP/IP, individual, educational, and commercial networks began to have
access to almost immediate communication and the information available that the Internet offered. The
connectivity ceased to be exclusive and became accessible to everyone thanks to the WWW.

For this reason, the Internet has permeated all the dynamics of people, including their activity
commercial, as it has managed to satisfy needs and find a more optimal way to execute
processes, for example, through digital platforms.

In fact, the commercialization of the internet led to the development of private network services with
TCP/IP that caused, among other things, the emergence of virtual education, the birth of the
ecommerce, the transition from traditional marketing to digital marketing and the arrival of the
digital transformation.

Current scenario of the Internet

The internet has radically changed since its inception, as it is no longer just a space where
they exchange emails and store information.

Now it is in all the objects and places where it offers value, as the emergence makes clear.
of the Internet of Things.

Google
After the creation of the WWW, the launch of Google in 1997 marked a new turning point.
break in the history of the Internet. Google brought this network to a wide audience by offering a browser
easy to use.

Today, Google serves as a browser and search engine, with nearly one billion pages.
indexed and provides easy access to information thanks to its algorithms.

Social networks
As big as Google has been the emergence of social networks. Although it was not the first,
Facebook is the most successful case of the use of the Internet as a means of communication and
information, as it provides access to news and allows communication with other people in real time.

YouTube also marked a before and after in the history of the Internet, as it demonstrated that it also
serves as a means of entertainment, replacing traditional media such as the
television or the radio.

Likewise, due to the massive influx of users to the Internet, companies have realized the
enormous potential to reach your audience through these channels. That is why it cannot be
talk about today's Internet without advertising and SEO techniques.

Internet 2.0
The Internet has unleashed the Fourth Industrial Revolution, leading the world to establish itself as a
Information Society.

In fact, Internet 2.0 is already being discussed as a new stage that allows users to stop
to be spectators to interact and collaborate with each other as content creators.

Internet 2.0 is a trend that is based on designing user-centered websites.

WWW that facilitate information exchange and interoperability.

E-commerce
Virtual stores have evolved exponentially in recent years and are becoming increasingly
more natural for users.

In Latin America, e-commerce is growing at a high speed while the use of devices
mobile phones gain strength among consumers.
They usually search on Google before buying a product or hiring a service, which generates
demand for the production of search engine optimized content.

1.4.3 Protocols
The data transmitted over the Internet through a series ofprotocolsknown
howTCP/IP(Transmission Protocol/Internet Protocol.
A protocol is a series of conventions that define the rules of communication.
to say that the TCP/IPit is thelanguageestablished for the Internet Network.

The main feature of TCP/IP is that it establishesthe communicationby means of packages of

information. When acomputerwants to send to another afile, the first thing he does is to split it
in small pieces and then send each piece separately. Each information packet
it contains the address on the network where it is supposed to arrive.

Another main feature of the TCP/IP protocol is that it supports the possibility that one
or more packages are lost before reaching their destination, this can happen when turned off or saturated
an intermediary computer, but we always have the option to request the lost package
complete the information without the need to transfer the entire document again.

Sources:

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Importance of GIS for Decision Making.
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