Flow Measurement Methods in Hydraulics
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ScribdTranslationsFlow Measurement Methods in Hydraulics
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsPERUVIAN UNION UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
E. P. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORY
FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY GUIDE
PRACTICE N°
FLOW METER
That is why I tell you: Believe that you have received everything you are asking for in prayer, and you will receive it.
Mark 11:24
I. OBJECTIVE
Know the methods and procedures for calculating the flow rate of water that flows in
various circumstances.
II. REGULATIONS
ASTM - UNE
III. GENERALITIES
The measurement of flow is the quantification of the amount of water that passes through a cross section.
of a water conduit (river, stream, canal, pipe); it is also known as flow measurement of
water. The measurements of water in the different water service systems, irrigation, and others,
It constitutes a constant practice with various purposes, such as knowing the flow of runoff, the
efficiency of distribution, etc. This measurement is carried out through flow meters, which are
devices that use different mechanical or physical principles to allow a flow of water
can be quantified.
Among the main flow measurement methods used are:
o Velocity and section method (float, limnimetric)
o Method by Hydraulic Structures (weirs, gutters)
o Volumetric method
o Gravimetric method
o Chemical method
o Method with instruments (current meters, pitot tube, electromagnetic, etc.)
APPLICATIONS
Depending on the location of the checkpoint, the records obtained are:
Flow record of springs for extractions.
Record of the flow rates in rivers of the watershed.
Water discharge records from the reservoirs.
Record of flows captured and that enter the irrigation system.
Water flow distribution record in irrigation system canals.
Record of flows delivered for irrigation in the plot.
Record of flows delivered through pipes.
IV. MATERIALS
Water resource, sourced from the reservoir supported by the University.
V. EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS
Hydraulic Bench Base H89.8DSU
Flow measurement accessory with orifices of the hydraulic bench
Known volume deposit
Timer
FLUID MECHANICS _ LABORATORY GUIDE No. 01 UPEU E.P CIVIL ENGINEERING
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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
E. P. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORY
Tape measure
Balance
VI. METHODOLOGY
5.1. VOLUMETRIC METHOD
The volumetric method is the most direct method for measuring flow rates and is based on a principle.
very simple, it is to account for the volume of water in a given period of time. This method
it is only useful for measuring small flows. An application of volumetric measurements occurs in the case of
flow measurements in wells, pipe networks or in small channels, springs, for this purpose
They use volumetric counters, graduated or known volume containers, and timers.
APPLICATIONS
It consists of measuring the time it takes to fill a container of known volume. The flow rate is obtained by
divide the volume of the container by the filling time. To calculate the flow rate, using this
method, the following is done:
Q=V/t
Where:
Flow rate (m3
V = Volume (m3)
t = Time (s)
5.2. GRAVIMETRIC METHOD
A similar procedure to the previous one is followed, but the collected volume of water in the interval of
timed, instead of being measured it is weighed, and the weight (W) of water is converted to volume,
dividing it by the specific weight ϒ of the fluid at the test temperature.
The empty container must be previously dried, cleaned, and weighed; then, once the water is collected,
he/she must weigh himself/herself again on the same scale.
Through the gravimetric method, the measured flow rate is determined using the following reasoning:
Q=V/t
FLUID MECHANICS _ LABORATORY GUIDE No. 01 UPEU E.P CIVIL ENGINEERING
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SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
E. P. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORY
5.3. METHOD BY ORIFICES
The hydraulic press base, according to the description made in the respective practice, among others
functions are also used to measure the flow that circulates at a certain moment at a certain
motor speed in combination with the flow meter through the included orifice bank.
FLOW MEASURING DEVICE
It is an equipment accessory that the hydraulic press has. The flow of circulating water and
used during the trials is measured with the evacuation system of it based on the principle
of orifices.
The flow measurement accessory of the hydraulic bench consists of:
Internal tube for collecting and calming water from the drainage tank.
Transparent outer tube equipped with a series of calibrated holes made in the wall and
disposed with a constant pace along the cylinder.
The outer tube also has an interception valve (V5) for the evacuation orifice located in
the casing. This open valve is used to measure higher flow rates, Closed it is used in the
measurement of small flows.
The outer cylinder is equipped with a graduated scale, through which once obtained the
water pressure stabilization, it is possible to read the level that the stabilized water flow reaches, with
whose value we can enter in the respective diagram for the determination of the instantaneous flow rate that
It circulates the pump driven at certain RPM.
FLUID MECHANICS _ LABORATORY GUIDE No. 01 UPEU E.P CIVIL ENGINEERING
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PERUVIAN UNION UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
E. P. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORY
VII. CALCULATION METHODOLOGY
The calculations to determine the flow rates measured in the different tests will be carried out with the
respective equations as appropriate. Develop the calculation operation memory in
sequential form.
VIII. PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
Volumetric method:
No. t V Vwater Q Q
(s) (Lit) (m3) (Lit/min) (m3
Gravimetric method:
No. t Wdeposit Wwater deposit Wwater ϒwater Q Q
(s) (Kg) (Kg) (Kg) (Kg/m3) (Lit/ (m3/s)
min)
Orifice method:
No. h Q Q
(m) (liters per minute)
(m3/s)
. Summary table of results:
NUMBER OF
SUMMARY (m3/s)
M. Mr. M. OBSERVATION
ESSAY
Volm. Grav. Orif.
IX. RESULTS ANALYSIS
If the calculated flow rates are different, it should be developed:
Calculation of margin of error
FLUID MECHANICS _ LABORATORY GUIDE N° 01 UPEU E.P CIVIL ENGINEERING
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SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
E. P. IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORY
Sources of error.