MACHINE DESIGN UNSXX - HUANUNI

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 'XX CENTURY'

ELECTROMECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DESIGN OF A WIND SYSTEM FOR PUMPING

DRINKING WATER IN RURAL AREAS

EDWIN COLQUE ANCIETA

UNIVERSITY STUDENT:

TEACHER: ENG. MARIA JULIETA APAZA PEÑA

SUBJECT: MACHINE DESIGN

Huanuni - Bolivia
 INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. FRAME THEORETICAL 1
3. DESCRIPTION TECHNIQUE OF TECHNOLOGY 2
4. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 4
4.1 PARAMETROS 4
5. INFORMATION FROM THE WORKPLACE 4
6. MATERIALS 5
6.1 ROTOR WIND 5
6.2 TRANSMISSION 6
6.3 SYSTEM OF SECURITY 6
6.4 SYSTEM THE BOMBING (BOMB) 7
6.5 TOWER FROM THE AEROBOMB 8
6.6 PUMP MANUAL 8
6.7 TANK OF STORAGE 9
6.8 TOWER OF AERATION AND FILTER 10
7. DIMENSIONING AND CALCULATIONS 10
7.1 POWER THE BOMBING 11
7.2 DIAMETER OF THE ROTOR 11
7.3 CURVE OF POWER 13
7.4 RPM OF THE ROTOR 14
7.5 ASPA OF THE ROTOR 15
7.6 NUMBER OF QUOTES 15
7.7 VELETA OF ORIENTATION 16
7.8 TOWER FROM THE AEROBOMB 17
7.9 FOUNDATION 20
7.10 PUMP CALCULATION 21
8. CONSIDERATIONS 21
8.1 CONDITIONS THE BOMBING 22
8.2 POTENTIAL WIND 22
8.3 CONDITIONS TOPOGRAPHIC 22
9. COSTS 23
10. INSTALLATION FROM THE AEROBOMB 24
10.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AEROBOMB 24
10.2 INSTALLATION CHARACTERISTICS 24
10.3 STEPS FOR INSTALLATION 25
10.4 INSTALLATION COMPLETED 26
11. ANNEXES 27
11.1 PLANS (AUTOCAD) 27
11.2 TECHNICAL SHEET OF THE SELECTED AEROBOMBA 30
11.3 OTHER ALTERNATIVES FOR AEROBOMBS (TECHNICAL SHEETS): 31
11.4 OTHER TECHNICAL SHEETS 34

Index
1. INTRODUCTION

This project originates from the need for water supply, necessary for life and the
human development. Although in first world countries, this supply may be something
everyday things that are hardly given importance, as practically the entire population has access to
water channels, this is not so common in developing countries or directly, in non
developed.
In developing countries, there is a high chance of being able to access running water.
the cities or in the capital of the country. The problem arises when the population that needs water finds itself
isolated, far from the main urban centers, that could serve as support. In these areas by standard
In general, any task carried out requires more resources, as it involves significant
displacements of people and material. Along with all of this, if the community living in the
The locality turns out to have few resources, making it more difficult to find solutions to its problems.
This is a scenario called "Isolated rural community", which, as mentioned before, assumes
a scarce availability of resources and difficult access to the enclave.
In this way, this project is born, which will be explained next. A community will be sought that
I need a similar project, so that it will be as realistic as possible to be able to have a
posterior application, and it will be analyzed what resources are available (wind regime and
availability of water) to then, knowing what consumption is needed, design a wind pump
able to supply water to the community in an area where bringing in a pipeline would be difficult
completely unfeasible.

2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Wind energy or the energy of moving air in the form of wind has been used for hundreds of
years both for mechanical applications and for navigation in ships. Historically, it is attributed to
the use of windmills and watermills, European agricultural development from the 12th century until
end of the 19th century. Primarily, wind turbines were used for grinding grains and in the
movement and pumping of water. Recent technological developments have enabled a wide use of the
wind energy in large-scale electricity generation systems especially in countries
developed, on the contrary in developing countries there has been widespread use of this energy to
agricultural fines, essentially, in water pumping tasks.
In particular, the mechanical windmills for pumping water (or better known as
Aerobombs are used for a variety of applications such as in the supply of clean water for
domestic fines, for water supply for livestock, irrigation work, drainage, movement of
water in fish farms, among others. Aerobombs extract energy from the wind through a rotor
and converts its rotational motion into mechanical action with some mechanism that allows to move a
pump and thus produce the pumping action. This is why there are different alternatives for arranging
mechanical elements for pumping water with the energy of the winds, as will be seen later.
Essentially, a aeropumping installation consists of: rotor, tower, a transmission system of
movement, the pump itself, a piping system for the movement of water and when required a
storage tank.
Depending on the application and technological availability, different types of systems of
Aerobombing has been developed. The choice of bomb types is quite extensive, and they have been carried out.
designs with piston pumps, centrifugal pumps, screw pumps, air lift pumps, rope pumps, etc.;
Undoubtedly, any combination depends on the available water source. The size of the
direct mechanical action aeropumps can have rotor diameters ranging from 1 to 8 meters, and
depending on the pumping height (hydraulic head) and the average wind speeds, the

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Average hydraulic power can range from a few watts to nearly 1 kW. For demands
major hydraulic systems can use wind-electric pumping systems, which allow for generating
electricity and through an electrical transmission, an electric motor is operated with its respective pump.
These systems are available in the international market for typical applications with
demands up to 10 kW. However, higher power systems can also be used. In the
Currently, there are more than one million aeropump installations in operation around the world.
primarily in countries like India, China, Brazil, Nicaragua, Colombia, Botswana, Kenya, Zimbabwe,
South Africa, Australia, among others; where local technological developments have taken place.
interesting and the use of this energy alternative has been widespread in recent years.

3. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TECHNOLOGY

Aerobombing technology has been the subject of study and development of some interesting solutions,
particularly since 1980 where some solutions are commercial realities and available in the
market. It goes without saying that traditional direct aeropumping equipment such as multipaddle windmills
Americans have had little development in recent years, as these teams have demonstrated their
viability and robustness since the beginning of the 20th century.

The type of technical solution to the aeropumping problem depends on the availability of hydraulic resource.
since its location determines the pumping strategy. In this regard, two situations are distinguished
practices, namely: direct aeropumping and remote aeropumping.
The first pumping situation occurs when the water source is a well or cistern and the solution of
Aerobombeo is the application of direct pumping in which the mill is placed directly over the source.
of water. This type of installation is the most common among aeropumping applications. (See Figure 1).
One variant of this application may be when the pump is extracting water from a river and the pump
Hydraulics can be located at the base of the tower and the pumping action is carried out laterally.
Figure 2 summarizes these types of installations.

Figure 1

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 Figure 2

The second option, remote aeropumping, consists of the type of solution in which the water source
it is located away from the possible location of the aeropump tower. This situation is typical of
mountainous regions where wind resources have greater intensity at the top of the mountains and
The water source is a river, a well, or a cistern that is located at a great distance, both laterally and vertically.

Depending on the type of installation, whether direct or remote pumping, schemes have been developed
pumping in which movement transmissions of various forms are included. Therefore, each solution
determine the type of hydraulic pump that can be used.

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4. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Currently in the Oruro region - Corquese wants to supply drinking water to rural communities
existing and also to small agricultural sectors, supplying water consumption for the system
of irrigation. Since these places do not have sufficient water reserves and to solve this
problems must be transported to bring water, to solve these issues the use of
windmills for pumping water, that is, that the wind energy captured by the blades will be used
from the windmill rotor to be converted into mechanical energy, this will be responsible for pumping water
from underground wells.

4.1 PARAMETERS
To determine the amount of water required and that must be supplied by the aerobic pump, one can base it on
the following parameters:
1- Domestic activities: It is known that the daily water consumption per person can vary between 20L.
and 40L.
2- Livestock activities: The minimum daily water consumption for goats and small cattle can vary.
between 20L and 40L per head, for dairy cows and large cattle the consumption can reach up to
100L per head. For sheep, goats, and pigs, daily consumption can range from 1L to 10L of water per
head.
3- Agricultural activities: For this type of activities, water consumption depends on the type of
cultivation and the levels of evapotranspiration of the place. This information can be found in manuals
agricultural irrigation.

So it was finally estimated that the total amount in liters to supply the entire population would be
approximately 25,000 liters daily (or 25 m)3).

5. WORKPLACE INFORMATION

Considering the points mentioned above, finally through a collection of approximate data
the following was obtained in the population:

Characteristics of the site location:

Average wind speed 3.5 m/s

Maximum wind speed 7.5 m/s

Average ambient temperature 10 °C

Altitude above sea level 1448 m

Water flow 0.208 L/s

pumping height 40 m

Water fountain Huaracane River (Moquegua)

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The following table (POWER GUIDE 1994) indicates the possibilities of using wind energy, with
based on average annual wind speed values:

Annual Average of
Wind speed at Possibility of Using Wind Energy
10 meters high
It is usually not feasible, unless there are
Less than 3 m/s special circumstances for a better
evaluation.
It can be a good option for
3 - 4 m/s aerobic pumping equipment, not very feasible
for wind power generation.
Aerobombs are competitive
4 - 5 m/s economically to the teams
Diesel, aerial-electric pumping is viable.
Viable for aeropumping and wind generation
More than 5 m/s
electric.
Viable for aeropumping, wind generation with
More than 6 m/s autonomous systems and for systems
connected to the electrical grid.

Our project would be in the ranges of (3 - 4 m/s) and (4 - 5 m/s) based on our data.
of average and maximum speed, so its implementation is recommended. It was not considered relevant
the maximum wind speed since being the maximum there may be a case where it decreases because
The wind speed in the area is not very constant, yet it is recommended and has also been implemented.
materials in the case of low wind speed.

6. MATERIALS

We will now proceed to describe the materials in general:

6.1 WIND TURBINE

The main component is our wind rotor, which extracts kinetic energy from the wind and converts it.
in rotational energy. The mechanical rotational energy at the axis of the wind rotor is converted into a
up-down oscillatory movement through the transmission to move the piston pump
This can have a speed reduction box generally as a safety system against
extreme wind speed conditions.

Wind Turbine

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6.2 TRANSMISSION
As mentioned before, the transmission in an air pump is that which takes the rotational movement.
of the rotor shaft and converts it into a linear movement of ascent and descent to pulse the pump of
piston. Generally, these reduction boxes consist of two pairs of gears to homogenize the
loads in the crank-slider mechanism and a lubrication system, thereby avoiding wear and
corrosion of its elements.

Transmission

6.3 SECURITY SYSTEM

Wind systems have a safety system to protect against inadequate increases in
speed, this system is associated with the orientation system, consisting of a weather vane located in the
rear part of the rotor, which when operating at low speeds the rotor is oriented
adequately, while with an increase in wind speed the rotor is misaligned,
decreasing the rotation speed.

Security system

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6.4 PUMPING SYSTEM (PUMP)
For mechanical aeropumping systems, a reciprocating positive displacement pump is used.
simple stainless steel constructed effect. This pump generally comes in various sizes,
depending on the type of mill and the pump head or height.
The typical applications of air pumping range from a few meters to 200 meters of net height.
pumping depending on the depth of the water well.
The pump uses an alternating up and down movement, a motion that is supplied by the
transmission system, which is generally located at the top of the tower of the
aerobomb. The oscillating movement is provided by a crank-slider system that generally
coupled to the speed reduction box.
In the single-acting piston pump, the liquid (in the following figure) is propelled only during
half a turn of the crank, since in the second half turn, the liquid is aspirated existing in
consequence of a major irregularity in the supply of liquid.

Pumping system - Pump

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6.5 AEROBOMB TOWER
This element helps to maximize the efficiency of wind energy, as it raises the rotor to a
height at which it discards any type of obstacles and takes advantage of a greater wind speed, are
generally built 10 meters high above obstacles or from the ground without
rugosity.
The most common type of tower used for aerodynes is the lattice type, which starts from bases.
triangular or square and assembled in a structural shape, which ensures greater firmness and
resistance. All the elements that make up this metal structure are galvanized and are subject to
using screws, which facilitates the assembly and disassembly of it.

Tower

6.6 HAND PUMP

This refers to a contingency plan, in case the wind speed is insufficient (slow)
for the aeropump to operate, this usually happens for a short period of time, to
It has a manual pump. A manual pump is a hydraulic pump that uses force.
human and the mechanical advantage to move liquids or air from one place to another. They are widely
used in all countries of the world for a variety of industrial, marine, and irrigation applications.
There are many different types of hand pumps available, which primarily operate through a
piston, a diaphragm or a principle of rotating blades with a one-way valve at the inlet and one or
more exit holes in the operating chamber in opposite directions. Most of the pumps
manuals have plungers or reciprocating pistons, and are of positive displacement.

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6.7 STORAGE TANK
Its purpose is to store water in an elevated tower to be supplied, thus also allowing
a flow and a constant output pressure.

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6.8 AERATION TOWER AND FILTER
Its purpose is the aeration of water for the supply of drinking water, it allows reducing the content of
iron present in the water through direct oxidation by contact of the fluid with the oxygen in the environment,
iron that is very common to find in groundwater. It is recommended to use in conjunction with a filter of
backline in piping to eliminate the formed iron oxide.

The filter function for drinking water supply allows reducing the content of iron oxide and
solid particles present in the water through felt. It is recommended to use in conjunction with the system of
pre-aeration to produce the iron oxide to be filtered.

7. DIMENSIONING AND CALCULATIONS

Using our previously mentioned data:

Site location characteristics:

Average wind speed 3.5 m/s
Maximum Wind Speed 7.5 m/s
Average ambient temperature 10 °C
Altitude above sea level 1448 m
Water flow 0.208 L/s
Height of elevation 40 m

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7.1 PUMPING POWER
The pumping power is given by the following equation:

Where:

The data for the equation are:

Replacing, we have that the pumping power is:

7.2 ROTOR DIAMETER

To obtain the rotor diameter, we equalize the pumping power equation with the equation of the
power of a windmill.
The power of a multi-blade mill is given by the following equation:

Where:

The density of air is given by the following equation:

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Where:

Replacing the data in the equation we have that the air density at the site location is:

The aerodynamic performance of a multi-blade windmill is directly related to its specific speed.
We obtain this factor according to the figure and table.
Design specific speed

Aerodynamic Performance for Wind Turbines

Thus, for a specific speed of 1, the aerodynamic efficiency reaches a maximum value of 0.29.

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Replacing the value of air density as well as the aerodynamic performance of the multipaddle windmill
obtains the following equation which is a function of the rotor area.

By equating the equation, we obtain the rotor diameter, which is presented below.

7.3 POWER CURVE

Since the rotor diameter is already known, the power curve of the multi-blade mill can be graphed in
wind speed function for the design interval, this is from 3m/s to 7.5m/s. This can be
appreciate in the figure.

Power curve

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7.4 RPM OF THE ROTOR

The rotor speed for the average wind speed or design speed is determined
through the equation.

Where:

Replacing the data, we have that the rotational speed is:

The figure shows how the rotor speed varies as a function of wind speed for the
interval from 3m/s to 7.5m/s.

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7.5 ASPECT OF THE ROTOR

The selection of the profile for the rotor blades is made according to the table.

Sail profiles for windmills

The cross profile for our mill will be of the curved sheet type with a 10% curvature.
The characteristics of the selected profile according to the table are as follows:

7.6 NUMBER OF QUOTES

The number of rotor blades depends on the specific design speed, which in this case is
one (TSR= 1 = λ). In the table, you can see how the number of rotor blades is related to the
design specific speed also called velocity.

Number of blades for windmills

According to the table, for a speed of 1 and rotor solidity of 75%,

We can choose between 6 and 24 blades. We opt for 16 blades.
The following figure shows the solidity of the rotor of a wind turbine as a function of speed.
specific design.

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 Sturdiness of a wind turbine

7.7 ORIENTATION VANE

The orientation vane is responsible for keeping the rotor always facing the wind.
it can convert the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical energy. The calculation process is shown in
continuation.
Turntable pivot center:
The pivot point of the turntable is given by the equations:

Where:

Turntable

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Replacing data in the equations we have:

7.8 AEROBOMB TOWER

The tower is the backbone of the aeropump as it houses the mechanisms that make up
the gondola this is, rotor, speed reducer, orientation vane, pump drive shaft,
etc. The arrangement of forces acting on the tower is shown in the figure.
Forces acting on the tower

Wind force on the blades:

The magnitude of the wind force on the blades is determined using the equation:

Where:

Replacing data in the equation, the force of the wind on the blades is:

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Wind strength on the tower:
The magnitude of the wind force on the tower is determined by the equation:

Where:

Replacing data in the equation, the wind force on the tower is:

Weight of the rotor:

The weight of the rotor is given by the equation:

Where:

Replacing data in the equation, the wind force on the tower is:

Weight of the speed reducer:

The weight of the speed reducer is given by the equation:

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Where:

Replacing the data in the equation, the weight of the reducer is:

Dimensions of the tower elements:

As we already know the magnitude of the forces acting on the tower, we can obtain the total value of the
horizontal and vertical load on tower using the equations:

Where:

Replacing data in the equations, it follows that:

With this, the design conditions for the tower would be:

Height of the tower: 10m

Maximum wind speed: 15m/s
Total horizontal force: 213,629kg
Construction material: Structural steel
Number of modules: Five

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7.9 FOUNDATION
The calculation of the foundation in this case corresponds to the calculation of the footings for the tower's support.
The dimensions calculated for the footings are the height and the support side, as it is about a
concrete cube with a square support section, the equations allow obtaining the dimensions
from the shoe.

Where:

Replacing data in the equation, it is found that the height and width of the footing are:

The embedment depth of the bolt in the foundation for the tower attachment is given by the equation:

Where:
l= Height of the pin embedding in the footing.
Replacing data in the equation, the embedment depth of the bolt in the footing is:

Boots

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7.10 PUMP CALCULATION
The pump that will be used in this case is a piston pump.
Piston diameter:
The diameter of the piston is determined by the equation:

Where:

Replacing data in the equation, the diameter of the pump's piston is:

8. CONSIDERATIONS

The selection of a aeropumping team can be easily made with the diagram of
team selection JOBER; simply identifying the three critical points A, B, and C, which
they show in each of the graphs of thediagram:

The following presents the handling procedure of thediagramas an example.

From our project and as an example, the conditions of the location are the
following:

Amount of water required per day Q = 25 m3

Pumping height or total head H = 12 m
Average wind speed V = 3.51 m/s
Average height of nearby obstacles h = 6 m

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8.1 PUMPING CONDITIONS
Identify the amount of water required per day and the height of pumping from where the point is located.
critic A, for this case:
Required amount of water Q = 25 m3
Pumping height H = 12 m
Resulting in the following:
Daily Hydraulic Energy EH = 300 m4
• Pump diameter DB = 3"

8.2 WIND POTENTIAL

Identify by experience or by wind maps the approximate wind speed of the region or area.
of the equipment installation. By connecting the critical point A with the chosen wind speed curve, it
find the critical point B, for this case:
Average wind speed V = 3.51 m/s
Critical point A, that is, Daily Hydraulic Energy EH = 300 m4
So that:
Rotor diameter, upper limit approximation, DR = 3.5 m

8.3 TOPOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS

Identify the approximate height of the equipment tower. By connecting critical point B with the highest point of the
present obstacles at the site, the critical point C is located, for this case:
Height of the obstacles h = 6 m
• Critical point B, that is, Rotor diameter D R = 3.5 m
Selection diagram:

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9. COSTS

Aerobomb S/. 5131.42

Installation (Civil works) S/.359.2

(Cost: S/. 5131.42)

Operation and Maintenance per year $256.57

(With cost: S/. 5131.42)

Storage Tank S/. 1282.86

Aeration Tower S/. 431.04

Filter S/. 102.63

TOTAL S/.7563.71

Determining the annual value for an interest rate of 10% and an estimated system lifespan
at approximately 20 years, the annual cost would be approximately S/.256.57 including operation and
maintenance, taking into account the cost of the aeropump. Considering that the quantity
The average pumped water will be considered based on the initial parameters, ultimately having
approximately 25,000 liters to pump daily, it must also be taken into consideration that the
working time of the aeropump will be between 10 and 15 hours daily, so the estimated cost per
The cubic meter of pumped water will be approximately S/. 0.50.

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10. INSTALLATION OF THE AEROBOMBA

10.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AEROBOMBA

10.2 INSTALLATION CHARACTERISTICS

It must be done in such a way that the rotor captures the maximum amount of wind.
possible.
The wind turbine must operate with the prevailing and intense winds, avoiding
obstacles that divert or alter the course of the wind.
The wind turbine must be installed above the obstructions.

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10.3 STEPS FOR INSTALLATION
Step 1: Check the Rotor measurements.
Step 2: Preparation of the Turntable.
Step 3: Tower Preparation.
Step 4: Pump Installation.
Step 5: Placement of the Turntable.
Step 6: Tower Lifting.
Step 7: Placement of Quotation Marks.
Step 8: Placing the Weathervane on the Turntable.
Step 9: Transmission Alignment.
Step 10: To finish the installation, the legs are anchored.

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10.4 INSTALLATION COMPLETED

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11. ANNEXES

11.1 PLANS (AUTOCAD)

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Wind System for water pumping Page 28
Wind System for Water Pumping Page 29
11.2 TECHNICAL DATA SHEET OF THE SELECTED AEROBOMBA

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11.3 OTHER ALTERNATIVES OF AEROBOMBS (TECHNICAL SHEETS):

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Wind system for water pumping Page 32
Wind System for Water Pumping Page 33
11.4 OTHER TECHNICAL SHEETS

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Wind System for Water Pumping Page 35
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