ELECTROMAGNETISM LABORATORY

Electrostatic Phenomena
Introduction
Problem Statement:
One of the main problems would be whether the object to be loaded is loaded correctly or
no.
Another problem would be the condition of the materials to be used and whether this affects anything.
to the experiment.

Objectives:
1. Qualitatively study the electric force between charged and uncharged objects.
electrically.
2. Study the different methods used to charge bodies electrically
(induction, contact, and friction).
3. Interact with conductive and dielectric materials.
Electrostatics: In Electrostatics, all objects are composed of atoms that
They are made up of protons and electrons, which have a positive electric charge.
(Protons) or Negative (Electrons) and they carry this electric charge. The Charges
Electric charges feel a force between them called Coulomb's force (electric force).
which describes the force between two point charges y Within a medium
homogeneous as the air is, the relationship is expressed as:
q1q2
F= r^
4πε r2
Where F is the force, It is a constant characteristic of the medium, called permittivity. In
the case of the vacuum is denoted as 0. The permittivity of air is only 0.5% higher than the
from the void, which is why they are often used interchangeably. The force is proportional to
product of electric charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
among the charges. Action at a distance is carried out through the electric field.
This force is repulsive when the electric charges have the same sign of charge and is
attractive when the electric charges have different signs. Everyday objects are
usually neutral, that is, they have the same number of positive electric charges and
negatives. These objects can be loaded through different means such as, for example,
by rubbing one object against another.
It should be noted that:
An object is charged when it has more electric charges of one type than of another type.
(example: more positive charges than negative charges).
Electrons, the negative electric charges, are the particles that can move.
freely while the protons remain fixed in the atomic nucleus. An object or a
Material that has an excess of electrons will be a negatively charged object. If a
An object or material has fewer electrons than protons will be a charged object.
positively.
The Electric Field: (in units of volts per meter) is defined as the force (in
newtons) per unit of charge (in coulombs).
From this definition and Coulomb's law, it follows that the magnitude of a field
The electric field created by a point charge Q is:

F= r^
4π ε0r 2

Sectioned:
Tools used during the development of the laboratory.
Images of the Laboratory Setup or experiment.
The different data obtained from the laboratory work.
The analysis was done based on the data obtained from the laboratory.
A brief paragraph about what was observed in the laboratory.
Answers to the questions posed in the Laboratory Guide.
Set of references

Materials and Methods

Required equipment Quantity Observations
Plastic bar 1
Glass bar 1
Acrylic bar 1
Ebony bar 1
Silk cloth 1
Foam ball covered with 1
aluminum
Metal support 1
Van de Graaff generator 1
Ballpoint pen 1 Bring the student
Small globe 2 Bring them the student
Materials Used in the Laboratory

Evidence of the Experimental Setup

Plastic and Acrylic Plastic and Glass

Plastic and Pen Plastic and Ebonite

 Results:
A plastic bar and a foam ball should be placed on the metal support.
preformed with aluminum.
Plastic bar: bar in contact with the Van de Graaf generator.
when bringing the glass rod closer after being rubbed with the silk cloth, it is observed that
there is no reaction.
When bringing the acrylic closer, it is found that the plastic bar approaches the acrylic.
No reaction is obtained with Ebonite.
When conducting the same experiment, the plastic bar is brought closer.

Pre-formed polystyrene ball with aluminum:

At the moment of bringing the styrofoam ball closer to the Van de Graaff generator, when doing this it ...
It obtains an attractive electrification, but if the foam ball touches the Van de Graaff generator
of Graaf these repel each other because when they have different amounts of charge, they attract each other, but when
moment of having the same amount of charge as Aleja, that is when the ball discharges
of styrofoam this is
it attracts, but when it is charged, it moves away.

When approaching without touching, they attract.

When the Van de Graaff generator is touched, it attracts and repels.
At the moment of touching the foam ball with the Van de Graaf generator and after this
bringing the index finger close to the styrofoam ball generates a spark, this is due to the charge and
counter load of the objects.
Globe:
When bringing the balloon close to the Van de Graaff generator, it is repelled; this happens because it has the
same loads.
Material 1 Material 2 What did you observe?

Glass Without Nothing Happens

Rub

Close Without Touching Acrylic Without

Rub Nothing Happens
Plastic
Without Rubbing
 Ebonita Sin
Nothing Happens
Rub

Ballpoint pen
Nothing Happens
Without Rubbing

Table 1. Interaction of non-abrasive materials with silk cloth.

Material Plastic

Glass

Acrylic

Ebonita

Ballpoint pen

Table 2. Type of electric force generated between two charged objects.

Material What did you observe? Type of Electrification

Getting Close Without Touching

 Touch

Table 3. Interaction between aluminum ball and the Van de Graaff generator.

Material What did you observe? Why Did This Happen?

Foiled Ball Of
Aluminum

Small Globe

Table 4. Interaction between different materials with the Van de Graaff generator
ground connection.
Analysis of Results
Without load
1.1. When the Ebonite Bar approaches the Plastic, Acrylic or Glass Bar
Nothing will happen (No attraction or retraction).
1.2. The materials do not react with each other.
2. With Induction Charging:
2.1. Rubbing the glass with the silk cloth and bringing it close to the plastic bar No
Nothing would happen. (An error that could occur in this experiment would be not
Load the Glass correctly.
2.2. Rubbing the Acrylic with the Silk Cloth and Bringing It Close to the Plastic Bar
Generate an Attraction from the Acrylic Towards the Plastic Bar.
2.3. Rubbing the Ebony with the Silk Cloth and bringing it closer to the Plastic Bar No
Nothing will happen (An error that could occur in this experiment would be that of Not
Correctly load the Ebonite).
2.4. Rubbing the Pen with the Silk Cloth and Bringing It Close to the Plastic Bar,
The Plastic Bar will approach the Pen.
3. Van de Graaff Generator
3.1. When Bringing the Plastic Rod Close to the Van de Graaff Generator, a...
Light Sound.
3.2. Bringing the aluminum-coated Styrofoam ball closer to the Van de Graaff Generator
As it approaches completely, it generates a slight crackling sound, in addition to generating
a phenomenon of charging and discharging when approaching and being repelled.
 3.3. When bringing the aluminum-coated styrofoam ball close to the Van de Graaff Generator and
bringing a finger closer will generate a spark due to a discharge. (one of the things
to take into account in this experiment would be the fact that the finger could be
sweaty and this could influence the outcome of the experiment.
3.4. When bringing the balloon close to the Van de Graaff generator, it is attracted and repelled.
constantly, during this process the Balloon receives more load.

Conclusions:
Based on the results obtained in the practice, we can conclude that there are two types
different charges on the same object: positive and negative. Although we cannot
determine experimentally the type of charge on each object, it can be demonstrated by
interaction that two objects have the same or different types of charge, which determines
if they attract or repel each other.
It was learned that all bodies possess
electric charge and which generally is
find in neutral state, but this
It was learned that all bodies possess
electric charge and that generally
find in neutral state, but this
It was learned that all bodies possess
electric charge and which generally is
finds in neutral state, but this
It was learned that all bodies possess
electric charge and which generally is
find in neutral state, but this
It can be said that the different forms of electrification are reflected in the development of
the practice. Demonstrate the friction effect by rubbing a silk handkerchief against different
objects, and these remained with a positive or negative charge, and for the contact methods and
induction during the use of a Van de Graaff generator.
Control questions

According to the information provided, when two objects are not charged,
no electrostatic force is observed between them.
2. The methods for loading objects are:
Friction: it consists of rubbing two different materials together, which causes the
transfer of electrons between them and, therefore, their charge.
This method could indeed be appreciated in practice, for example, by rubbing the
glass bar with the silk cloth.
Contact: consists of bringing two different materials into contact, which
provokes the transfer of electrons between them and, therefore, the charge of
 the same. This method was also observed in practice, by
For example, when touching the styrofoam ball with the Van de Graaff generator.
Induction: it consists of bringing a charged object close to an uncharged object.
what causes the separation of charges in the uncharged object and, therefore,
loading of the same. This method was not observed in practice.
3. The elements used in the practice that belong to the group of
conductors are the aluminum bar of the foam ball and the metal support
from the Van de Graaff generator. The elements that belong to the group of
dielectric materials include the plastic rod, glass, acrylic, ebonite,
the silk and the styrofoam.
4. According to the information provided, glass and ebonite are charged
negatively when rubbed with silk and acrylic it becomes positively charged.
bring it closer to the plastic bar.
5. If glass and ebonite are negatively charged when rubbed with silk and the
Van de Graaff generator is positively charged, then the dome of
generator must have positive load.
6.

7. During the experiment of electrostatic phenomena, it was possible to verify the

principle of conservation of charge, which states that the total amount
Electric charge in an isolated system remains constant. In this
sense, it was observed that the energy accumulated by the Van de Graaff generator
allowed to load the objects used in the experiment, providing them with
 new electric charges when these objects had no charge
previously. It is important to note that at no time was observed the
creation or generation of electric charge from nothing, but rather the electric charge
It was transferred by means of the Van de Graaff generator. This is consistent with
the law of conservation of charge, which states that electric charge does not
It can neither be created nor destroyed, but can only be transferred from one object.
to another. In conclusion, this experiment allowed us to demonstrate the validity of the
principle of conservation of electric charge and reaffirm the importance of
properly use the fundamental principles of physics to
understand and explain the natural phenomena observed in the world that
surrounds us.
There are several sources of error that can affect precision and accuracy.
of the results. Some of these sources of error include mistakes in the
measurement of electric charge, errors in measuring the distance between the
charges, the influence of external electric fields and the residual charge in the
used objects. To minimize these errors, it is important to follow the
appropriate measurement procedures and ensure that the instruments
used should be of high quality and calibrated correctly. It is also
It is important to keep the equipment and the objects used clean and dust-free.
and dirt, which can affect the residual charge on objects.
In addition, it is important to take multiple measurements and average them.
results to reduce the influence of random errors. The repetition of the
measurements can help identify and eliminate systematic errors in the
experiment
Bibliography
Serway, R. A., Jewett J. W., (2008). Physics for Science and Engineering (7th ed.). Vol. 2.
Mexico City, Mexico: Cengage Learning.
Giancoli, D. C., (2008). Physics for Science and Engineering (4th ed.). Vol. I. Mexico City,
Mexico: Pearson Education.
Sears and Zemmansky, (2013). University Physics (13th ed.). Mexico City, Mexico:
Pearson Education. CONCLUSIONS B