Understanding Cohesion and Adhesion
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ScribdTranslationsUnderstanding Cohesion and Adhesion
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ScribdTranslationsFORCES OF COHESION
Cohesive forces are the forces that attract and hold molecules together.
It is the action or property of molecules, of how they stick together, being forces.
of attractive character. This is an intrinsic property of a substance that is caused
by the shape and structure of their molecules that causes the distribution of the
electrons in irregular orbit when molecules approach each other, creating
electric attraction that can maintain a macroscopic structure such as a droplet
of water. In other words, cohesion allows for thesurface tension, the ccreation of a
condensed state.
Themercuryshows more cohesion thanadhesionto the glass.
Water, for example, is strongly cohesive as each molecule can make four
hydrogen bonds with other water molecules in a tetrahedral configuration. This
results in a relatively strong Coulomb force between the molecules.
Cohesion, along with adhesion (attraction between different molecules), helps to explain
phenomena such as the meniscus, surface tension, and capillarity.
ADHESION FORCES
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"Adherence" redirects here. For other meanings, seeAdhesion (topology).
Properties of liquids
Unit 5: States of Matter
Once we know the types of intermolecular forces, we can analyze and explain the
properties of liquids:
surface tension
capillarity
viscosity
vapor pressure
boiling point
A few drops of water sticking to aspider web.
Themortarused to hold and keep the bricks together is an example of the
adhesion.
Adhesion is the property of matter by which two surfaces join and bond.
ofsubstancesequal or different when they come into contact, and they remain together by
intermolecular forces.
Adhesion has played a very important role in many aspects of the techniques of
constructiontraditional. The adherence ofl brickwith elmortar(cement) is a
clear example.
Thecohesionis different from adhesion. Cohesion is the attractive force between
particlesadjacent within the same body, while adhesion is the
interaction between the surfaces of different bodies.1
Adhesion mechanisms
Thecohesionthe cause of water forming droplets is surface tension, which makes it
keep it spherical and the adhesion keeps it in place.
The water droplets are flatter on the flower ofHibiscussince they have better
adhesion.
Five mechanisms have been proposed to explain why a material adheres to
another.
Mechanical adhesion
Adhesive materials fill the gaps or pores of surfaces, maintaining the
surfaces joined by interlocking. There are large-scale forms of stitching, others
sometimes to half scale withme thevelcroand some textile adhesives that work at
small scales. It is a method similar to surface tension.
Chemical adhesion
Two materials can form a chemical compound by joining together. The strongest bonds...
they occur between atoms where there is permutation (ionic bond) or they are shared
electrons (bondcovalent) Uthe weakest link occurs when an atom of
hydrogen that is already part of a particle is attracted to another onenitrogen,
oxygen-fluorine, in that case we would be talking about a hydrogen bond.
Dispersive adhesion
In dispersive adhesion, two materials are held together by thes Van der Waals forces
Waalslthe attraction between two molecules, each of which has regions of charge
positive and negative. In this case, each molecule has a region of higher charge
positive or negative that joins the following of opposite charge. This effect can be
a permanent or temporary property due to the continuous movement of electrons
in a region.
In the science of surfaces, the term 'adhesion' always refers to an adhesion.
dispersive. In a normal solid-liquid-gas system (like a droplet of a liquid on
a surface surrounded by air) andlcontact angleis used to quantify the
adhesiveness. In cases where the contact angle is low, adhesion is very
present. This is because a larger surface area between the liquid and the solid entails
a greater surface energy.
Coefficient of surface tension
Some conductive materials allow it to [Link] a difference of
potential when combined. This results in a structure similar toacapacitory
create a forceelectrostaticsattractive among materials. my with various materials they
can you help
In a fluid, each molecule interacts with those around it. The range of action of
the molecular forces are relatively small, encompassing the neighboring molecules more
nearby. We are going to qualitatively determine the resultant of the forces of
interaction with a molecule that is found in
A, the interior of the liquid
B, near the surface
C, on the surface
Let us consider a molecule (in red) within a liquid in equilibrium,
away from the free surface just like the A. By symmetry, the resultant of all the
Attractive forces coming from the surrounding molecules (in blue) will be null.
On the other hand, if the molecule is found in B, due to existing in the mean value less
molecules above that below, the molecule in question will be subjected to a force
resultant directed towards the interior of the liquid.
If the molecule is in C, the resultant of the interaction forces is greater.
that in case B.
The interaction forces cause the molecules located in the vicinity of the
the free surface of a fluid experiences a force directed inward
liquid.
Like all mechanical systems, it tends to spontaneously adopt the state of lowest energy.
potential energy, it is understood that liquids have a tendency to present to the
outside the smallest possible surface.
Surface tension coefficient
Energy can be determined
superficial due to cohesion
through the device in the figure.
A soap film remains
attached to a bent wire in
double right angle and to a wire
sliding AB. To prevent that the
the sheet contracts due to the effect of
the forces of cohesion, it is
necessary to apply a force
sliding wire.
The force F is independent of the length x of the sheet. If we move the wire
sliding a length x, the external forces have performed a workF x, that is
it will have invested in increasing the internal energy of the system. As the surface of the
the sheet changes in S=2d x (the factor 2 is due to the sheet having two faces), which
assume that part of the molecules that were inside the liquid have
moved to the newly created surface, with the consequent increase in energy.
If we call to the energy per unit area will be verified that
the surface energy per unit area or surface tension is measured in J/m2or in
N/m.
Surface tension depends on the nature of the liquid, the medium surrounding it, and
the temperature. In general, surface tension decreases with temperature, as
the cohesion forces decrease as thermal agitation increases. The influence of
the external medium is understood since the molecules of the medium exert actions
attractive forces on the molecules located on the surface of the liquid, counteracting the
actions of the liquid molecules.
Surface tension of liquids at 20ºC
Liquid (10-3N/m
Olive oil 33.06
Water 72.8
Ethyl alcohol 22.8
Benzene 29.0
Glycerin 59.4
Oil 26.0
Source: Physics Manual, Koshkin N. I., Shirkévich M. G. Mir Publishing (1975)
Measurement of the surface tension of a liquid
The Du Nouy method is one of the best known. The additional force ΔF is measured.
what must be exerted on an aluminum ring just at the moment when the
The liquid film is going to break.
The surface tension of the liquid is calculated at
starting from the diameter 2R of the ring and the value of the
force ΔF measured by the dynamometer.
The liquid is placed in a container, with the ring.
initially submerged. Through a tube that
the liquid is extracted little by little from the siphon
container.
The figure represents:
The beginning of the experiment
2. When a layer of liquid is formed.
3. The final situation, when the sheet includes only two surfaces (in
this situation the measure of the force is the right one) just before breaking.